Module-10-Marcomolecules.pptt kahit ano basta

kahit ano

1. Macromolecules

2. Macromolecules A long molecule made of monomers bonded together to form polymers.

3. Look at the label to the left. 3 of the 4 macromolecules are labeled!! 1____________________ 2____________________ 3____________________ FATS CARBOHYDRATES PROTEIN

4. Four Major Classes Of Biological Macromolecules Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic acids

5. Carbohydrates Store and supply energy,structural support, cell to cell recognition and signaling. represented by the stoichiometric formula (CH2O)n, where n is the number of carbons in the molecule.

6. Three Subtypes Monosaccharides Disaccharides Polysaccharides

7. Monosaccharides mono-“one” sacchar - “sweet” are simple sugars, the most common of which is glucose (C6H12O6)

8. Three types of monosaccharides, namely: GLUCOSE or blood sugar (dextrose) FRUCTOSE (levulose or fruit sugar) GALACTOSE (milk or brain sugar)

9. Disaccharides form when two monosaccharides undergo a dehydration reaction (also known as a condensation reaction or dehydration synthesis).

10. Common disaccharides include: LACTOSE (glucose + fructose) MALTOSE (glucose + glucose) SUCROSE (glucose + galactose)

11. Polysaccharides A long chain of monosaccharides linked by glycosidic bonds is known as a polysaccharide (poly-“many”).

12. Five common examples of polysaccharides: STARCH GLYCOGEN CELLULOSE CHITIN PEPTIDOGLYCAN

13. Proteins one of the most abundant organic molecules in living systems and have the most diverse range of functions of all macromolecules. The building blocks of proteins (monomers) are amino acids . A long chain of amino acids is known as a polypeptide.

14. Four Structures Of Proteins: A. Primary Structure (sequence) the simplest level of protein structure, and is simply the sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain.

15. B. Secondary Structure (alpha helix and beta pleated sheet) it refers to local folded structures that form within a polypeptide due to interactions between atoms of the backbone.

16. C. Tertiary Structure it is the overall three-dimensional structure of a polypeptide.

17. D.Quarternary Structure Proteins are made up of multiple polypeptide chains, also known as subunits.

18. Types of Amino Acids 9 ESSENTIAL AMINO ACIDS cannot be made by the body. As a result, they must come from food. The 9 essential amino acids are: histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan, and valine.

19. 11 NON-ESSENTIAL AMINO ACIDS means that our bodies produce an amino acid, even if we do not get it from the food we eat. Include: alanine, arginine, asparagine, aspartic acid, cysteine, glutamic acid, glutamine, glycine, proline, serine, and tyrosine.

20. CONDITIONAL AMINO ACIDS usually not essential, except in times of illness and stress. These include: arginine, cysteine, glutamine, tyrosine, glycine, ornithine, proline, and serine.

21. LIPIDS include a diverse group of compounds that are largely nonpolar in nature. Nonpolar molecules are hydrophobic or insoluble in water Lipids include fats, oils, waxes, phospholipids, and steroids.

22. CLASSIFICATIONS: a. SIMPLE LIPIDS These consist of long chain fatty acids which may be either free or combined with an alcohol by an ester linkage.

23. Triglycerides or fats and oils (liquid lipids) These are esters of fatty acids Waxes esters of long chain of fatty acids and long chain of alcohol

24. b. COMPOUND LIPIDS contain additional groupings such as phosphoric acid, sugars, nitrogenous bases or proteins.

25. Phospholipids is a molecule with two fatty acids and a modified phosphate group attached to a glycerol backbone Glycolipids are lipids with a carbohydrate attached by a glycosidic bond.

26. Lipoproteins are special particles made up of droplets of fats surrounded by a single layer of phospholipid molecules.

27. c. DERIVED LIPIDS These are the derivatives of hydrolysis of simple and complex lipids which posses the characteristics of lipids.

28. Nucleic acids The most important macromolecules for the continuity of life. Nucleotide is monomer of nucleic acids.

29. Classifications A. DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID (DNA) the genetic material found in the nucleus of eukaryotes and in the organelles, chloroplasts, and mitochondria. The information in DNA is stored as a code in the nitrogenous bases pairing: Adenine + Guanine and Cytosine + Thymine.

30. B. RIBONUCLEIC ACID (RNA) is usually single-stranded and is made of ribonucleotides that are linked by phosphodiester bonds.

31. Four Major Types Of RNA: a. Messenger RNA (mRNA) carries the message from DNA b. Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) is a major constituent of ribosomes on which the mRNA binds

32. c. Transfer RNA (tRNA) is one of the smallest of the four types of RNA, usually 70–90 nucleotides long d. MicroRNA (miRNA) the smallest RNA molecules and their role involves the regulation of gene expression by interfering with the expression of certain mRNA messages.

33. THANK YOU!