Module 2- Lighting Controls_The effect of illuminance on the speed and the quality (percentage of errors) with which workers assemble electronic devices was studied in an electronics factory in The Netherlands. For the study, the horizontal illuminance wa

The effect of illuminance on the speed and the quality (percentage of errors) with which workers assemble electronic devices was studied in an electronics factory in The Netherlands. For the study, the horizontal illuminance was alternated per work shift between 800 and 1200 lux. The first test was done during the summer and a second test during the winter. A significant effect of illuminance has been found. With 1200 lux at the working plane, the speed of production in the summer was 2.9% higher than with 800 lux. In the winter it was 3.1% higher with the increased illuminance. There was no significant effect of the illuminance on the percentage of errors.

1. Optimal Lighting Controls In this lecture, we learn about: Benefits of Optimal Lighting Controls in a Building Lighting Technologies Lighting Control Technologies & Sensors used DALI Lighting Controls Optimal Lighting Controls by Dr. Ramaprasad Poojary 1

2. Article on Productivity vs Lighting level The effect of illuminance on the speed and the quality (percentage of errors) with which workers assemble electronic devices was studied in an electronics factory in The Netherlands. For the study, the horizontal illuminance was alternated per work shift between 800 and 1200 lux. The first test was done during the summer and a second test during the winter. A significant effect of illuminance has been found. With 1200 lux at the working plane, the speed of production in the summer was 2.9% higher than with 800 lux. In the winter it was 3.1% higher with the increased illuminance. There was no significant effect of the illuminance on the percentage of errors. Optimal Lighting Controls by Dr. Ramaprasad Poojary 2 Source: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17575718/

3. How Lighting Technology can save money? Optimal Lighting Controls by Dr. Ramaprasad Poojary 3 16 x 40W incandescent lamp Total power consumption: 640W For 4 hours a day: 2.5KWH 7W LED bulbs are used in place of incandescent bulbs Total Power consumption: 110W For 4 hours a day: 450WH Before After Lumens: 400 – 500 Lumens: 400 – 500

4. Luminance vs Illuminance Optimal Lighting Controls by Dr. Ramaprasad Poojary 4 Example: The brightness of a computer screen, LED display, or the sun Example: The light level on a desk under a lamp

5. Benefits of Optimal Lighting Controls Energy Savings  – lights can be automatically dimmed or turned off according to occupancy or available daylight. Extend Bulb Life  – the amount of life a bulb has is increased due to less use, particularly with incandescent and halogen lights. Adjust Light Levels Relative to Tasks  – lower levels can be used for ambiance, higher levels can be used for tasks that require it. Programmable Preferences  – after a user’s preferences are set, nothing else needs to be done. Security  – outdoor lights will automatically turn on between dusk and dawn, security alarms can trigger indoor and outdoor lights to turn on CO2 emission also can be reduced by choosing appropriate lighting technology. Maintains occupant’s comfort & productivity. Optimal Lighting Controls by Dr. Ramaprasad Poojary 5

6. Case Study 1- University of California As part of its Smart Lighting Initiative, UC Davis undertook a campus-wide exterior lighting retrofit that involved installing over 1,500 network-controlled LED streetlights, area lights, post-tops, and wall packs. The “ultra-smart” lighting system has reduced the campus's exterior lighting energy use by 86% (1,231,758kWh annually), saving at least $120,900 in annual energy and maintenance costs. Optimal Lighting Controls by Dr. Ramaprasad Poojary 6

7. Case Study 2- https://www.cibsejournal.com/cpd/modules/2010-11/ Optimal Lighting Controls by Dr. Ramaprasad Poojary 7

8. Factors to be considered for designing lighting system Lighting, whether artificial or daylight , is an important factor that engineers take into account when designing buildings. Utilizing appropriate lighting technologies would allow buildings to consume minimum energy while maintaining occupants’ comfort, productivity and safety. Ambient lights are used to illuminate indoor and outdoor areas. Recent advances in the field allow buildings to reduce the consumed energy without the loss of amenity as inefficient lighting produces a lot of heat which would increase the energy consumed for air conditioning. Furthermore, inappropriate lighting can affect the workers because it can create glare problems and cause user irritation which would eventually result in less productivity . Optimal Lighting Controls by Dr. Ramaprasad Poojary 8

9. Important factor about Artificial lights (Lamps) Some types of light fixture may fail in satisfying building occupants due to their inability to provide the correct luminance, the appropriate color temperature or a good level of Color Rendering Index ( CRI ). The CRI denotes how accurately the light source renders colors in comparison to the ideal light source. Optimal Lighting Controls by Dr. Ramaprasad Poojary 9

10. Important Terms Luminous Flux: Amount of light radiated the light source (Lumens) Power Dissipation: Amount of power needed to produce light energy (Watts) Luminous Efficacy: Ratio of Luminous Flux/Power Dissipation Optimal Lighting Controls by Dr. Ramaprasad Poojary 10

11. Lux Meter or Illuminometer or Light meter Two different metrics used Lux (Lumen/Sq meter) and Foot Candle (Lumen/Sq ft) To measure the illumination of a room, average of 5 Lux values at 5 different areas in the room. One meter above the ground level. Measured values are saved in the memory (Data logging is easy) Lighting loggers are also available in the market https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R7N2i2ebOcU Energy Auditing- Ramaprasad Poojary 11

12. Lux meter Block diagram Energy Auditing- Ramaprasad Poojary 12 https://www.superbrightleds.com/blog/residential-recommended-lighting-levels.html

13. Numericals on Lux calculation The Calculation of LUX level in a room The LUX level in a room is calculated from the following formula E(LUX) = F( lm ) x UF x MF / A Where E is the the LUX level achieved F is the average lumens value form the light source UF is the utilisation factor (coefficient of utilization) for the space which takes into account the colouring of the surfaces in the space together with the geometry MF is the maintenance factor for the lamp which allows for a level of light depreciation over time. It is clear to see from this formula that the light level experienced is reduced by the 2 factors which are the maintenance factor of the lamp and the utilisation factor of the space. Clearly these values are situation dependent but typical values for these would be 0.4 for the utilisation factor and 0.9 for the maintenance  factor. This means that in a real situation you would achieve typically 35% of the light level that could theoretically be achieved in an optically perfect space. Energy Auditing- Ramaprasad Poojary 13

14. Ex1 Example - Illumination 10  incandescent lamps of  500 W (10600 lumens per lamp)  are used in an area of  50 m 2 . With  C u  = 0.6  and  MF  = 0.8  illumination can be calculated as E = 10 (10600 lumens) (0.6) (0.8) / (50 m 2 )   =  1018  lux Energy Auditing- Ramaprasad Poojary 14

15. At what height should we place the light meter for lux measurement? When measuring the lux of a room, the light meter should typically be placed at the same height as the surface or area that needs to be illuminated. If you're measuring the lux of a room to ensure that the lighting is adequate for reading or working, for example, you should place the light meter at the height of the work surface. However, if you're measuring the overall light levels in a room for general purposes, such as determining the average light levels for energy efficiency purposes, you may want to take measurements at different heights throughout the room and average them. So, the height at which you place the light meter will depend on the purpose of your measurement and what you want to achieve with the results. Note: differential reading is taken if lux due to light source is to be measured as lux is affected by ambient light. Energy Auditing- Ramaprasad Poojary 15

16. Types of Lamps Fluorescent Lamps Compact Fluorescent Lamps Incandescent Lamps Light Emitting Diodes Halogen Lamps Optimal Lighting Controls by Dr. Ramaprasad Poojary 16

17. Lumens vs Watts Lumen: Measure of the total amount of visible light from a lamp or light source or a Measure of the brightness of a light. Watts: The Wattage of the light is the amount of energy it takes to produce a certain amount of light. The higher the wattage, the brighter the light, but also the more power it uses. Optimal Lighting Controls by Dr. Ramaprasad Poojary 17

18. Fluorescent Lamps (Linear Fluorescent Lamps)-LFL Advantages: Voltage fluctuation will have small effect on light output. Luminous efficiency is more as the length of the tube is more. It gives light close to natural light. Heat radiations are negligible. Energy efficient Disadvantages: Cost is high Maintenance cost is high Because of Mercury (Disposal & Breakage concern) Optimal Lighting Controls by Dr. Ramaprasad Poojary 18 It needs a ballast to control the amount of current Electronic ballast Conventional ballast (choke)

19. Compact Fluorescent Lamps (CFL) In a CFL, an electric current is driven through a tube containing  argon  and a small amount of  mercury  vapor. This generates invisible  ultraviolet light  that excites a fluorescent coating (called  phosphor ) on the inside of the tube, which then emits  visible light . CFLs need a little more energy when they are first turned on, but once the electricity starts moving, CFLs use about 70% less energy than incandescent bulbs. Optimal Lighting Controls by Dr. Ramaprasad Poojary 19

20. Advantages & Disadvantages of CFL Advantages of Flurorescent lamp: CFL light bulbs on average use 75% less electricity and last ten times longer than the average incandescent bulb. Each CFL bulb can reduce your homes greenhouse gas emissions by several hundred pounds over the course of its lifetime. While they are slight more expensive than incandescent bulbs, they are often considerably cheaper than light emitting diode fixtures. Disadvantages Flurorescent lamp : They contain mercury, a toxic metal. Breakage & disposal concerns are there. They are bit expensive. Poor color rendering (ability of a light source to reveal the  colors  of various objects). Dimming is difficult Optimal Lighting Controls by Dr. Ramaprasad Poojary 20

21. Incandescent Lamps This lamp is composed of a very thin wire which is sealed with a glass bulb, when the tungsten heats up, it emits light. The major disadvantage of incandescent lamps is that it devours energy as most of the energy is converted to heat and only 10% of it is converted to light. Due to this disadvantage, many countries have set up regulations to eliminate the use of this type of lamps in order to enforce the transition to energy efficient alternatives. Cheaper to produce. Dimming is easy It is banned in many countries as it takes more energy CRI is high compared to other lamps Optimal Lighting Controls by Dr. Ramaprasad Poojary 21

22. Light Emitting Diodes (LED) Solid-state technology Energy efficient Good color rendering The light quality emitted by LED lights is close to daylight which makes it comfortable to building occupants. they also come in very small and light forms that they can be fitted in almost any structure. LED lights serve more than any other commercially-available light source of up to 50,000 operating hours, which sums up to 5.7 years of continuous operation. The operational time of LED is influenced by the electrical current, voltage, humidity, chemicals, radiation, mechanical forces and temperature. Dimming is easy Optimal Lighting Controls by Dr. Ramaprasad Poojary 22

23. Halogen Lamps Energy Inefficient when compared to FL and LEDs They generate excess heat. composed of ductile tungsten placed in a high-pressure gas filled bulb. It is an advanced form of  incandescent lamp . The filament is composed of ductile tungsten and located in a gas filled bulb just like a standard tungsten bulb, however the gas in a halogen bulb is at a higher pressure. -Longer life than a conventional incandescent -Does not use mercury like CFLs(fluorescent)  Optimal Lighting Controls by Dr. Ramaprasad Poojary 23

24. Lighting Control Technologies Sensors: Occupancy Sensor (Motion Sensors) An occupancy sensor can be defined as it is a motion-detecting sensor used in indoor used to sense the incidence of a person for controlling lights automatically. Types: PIR sensor PIR sensor is passive sensor as it senses infrared signal emitted by various objects including human body. A receiver chip of a pyroelectric infrared detector manufactured by InfraTec consists of single-crystalline lithium tantalate . Ultrasonic sensor Active IR Sensors Optimal Lighting Controls by Dr. Ramaprasad Poojary 24 Passive Infrared (PIR) Sensor

25. Advantages & Disadvantages of PIR Sensor ➨Detects motion reliably in indoors as well as in day or dark. ➨They are cheaper compare to microwave sensors. ➨They are good for electrical applications used in smaller and compact premises. ➨They have lower sensitivity and less coverage compare to microwave sensors. ➨It does not operate greater than 35 degree C. ➨It works effectively in LOS (Line of Sight) and will have problems in the corner regions. ➨It is insensitive to very slow motion of the objects. Optimal Lighting Controls by Dr. Ramaprasad Poojary 25

26. Occupancy Sensors with Dual Technology Optimal Lighting Controls by Dr. Ramaprasad Poojary 26

27. Active IR Sensors Optimal Lighting Controls by Dr. Ramaprasad Poojary 27

28. Digital Addressable Lighting Interface (DALI) Standard It is an open protocol used for digital addressable control of luminaries or lighting system. It is a  dedicated protocol for digital lighting control  that enables the easy installation of robust, scalable and flexible lighting networks. Developed by IEC (International Electrotechnical Commission) and DiiA (Digital Illumination Interface Alliance) It is independent of manufacturer. Optimal Lighting Controls by Dr. Ramaprasad Poojary 28

29. Difference between Conventional controllers and DALI Optimal Lighting Controls by Dr. Ramaprasad Poojary 29 Conventional controller

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31. Features of DALI protocol Optimal Lighting Controls by Dr. Ramaprasad Poojary 31

32. DALI Groups Individual lights can be placed in groups.  Individual groups can be controlled by single command. By grouping administration becomes simple. 16 different groups can be formed using DALI controller Optimal Lighting Controls by Dr. Ramaprasad Poojary 32 Group 1 consists of three  lights  at the front of the room. Group 2, 3 and 4 are the  lights  that follow towards the end of the room. In group 5 are all wall lighting. With use of one button on user interface you can send the command to shut down all the wall lighting or dim the  lights  at the front off the room to 50%

33. DALI scenes Scenes refer to different lighting settings. 16 different scene settings is possible with DALI controller. Lighting setting is possible for each individual lamp or for a group. Lighting scene during presentation with the projection: Group 1 lights can be turned off Group 2,3 & 4 lights can be dimmed to 30% Group 5 lights can be dimmed to 50% as they do not interfere with the projection. One command is enough to execute this setting. Optimal Lighting Controls by Dr. Ramaprasad Poojary 33

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36. DALI software by Tridonic Optimal Lighting Controls by Dr. Ramaprasad Poojary 36

37. DALI products DALI Power Supply: It provides supply voltage to upto DALI 64 devices Max. Supply current 250mA Provides control signal & supply voltage through DA+ & DA- (Interchangeable)terminals. Its polarity free. Shape of the PS depends on whether its ceiling type or Wall type etc. Optimal Lighting Controls by Dr. Ramaprasad Poojary 37

38. DALI Presence Sensors/Daylight sensors Optimal Lighting Controls by Dr. Ramaprasad Poojary 38

39. DALI Ballasts for Fluorescent Lamps Optimal Lighting Controls by Dr. Ramaprasad Poojary 39

40. Dimming Actuator for Incandescent Lamps Optimal Lighting Controls by Dr. Ramaprasad Poojary 40

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42. DALI Transformers for Halogen Lamps Optimal Lighting Controls by Dr. Ramaprasad Poojary 42

43. DALI Emergency Converters Optimal Lighting Controls by Dr. Ramaprasad Poojary 43

44. DALI Gateways DALI gateways can be used to integrate DALI controllers/devices to KNX or other BMS protocols. DALI gateways act as Master and DALI devices such as ballast, dimmer, transformer act as Slaves. Optimal Lighting Controls by Dr. Ramaprasad Poojary 44

45. References https://www.warehouse-lighting.com/blogs/lighting-blog/the-benefits-of-using-lighting-controls-and-lighting-control-systems Wafaa Yousef Al Awadi , Reducing of the Energy Consumption in the Federal Buildings in UAE Using Lighting and Control Technologies (MSc Thesis), British University in Dubai. https://cltc.ucdavis.edu/publication-type/case-studies https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6WjcleCmb0A https://www.digitalilluminationinterface.org/dali/ https://www.tridonic.se/se/download/technical/DALI-manual_en.pdf Optimal Lighting Controls by Dr. Ramaprasad Poojary 45

46. Daylight Harvesting The term used in the building controls industry for a control system that reduces electric light in building interiors when daylight is available, in order to reduce energy consumption. Daylight Sensor: A device that reads available light and sends a signal to the control system. Optimal Lighting Controls by Dr. Ramaprasad Poojary 46 Source: https://www.lutron.com/TechnicalDocumentLibrary/3683587_Daylight_Sensor_Design_and_App_Guide_sg.pdf

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49. Principle of operation of LEDs, Color, Efficiency

50. Advantages of LEDs