Module-4-Lesson-4-Intellectual-Changes-that-Molded-the-Society.pptx

Science technology and society

1. CITY COLLEGE OF EL SALVADOR El Salvador City, Misamis Oriental Email: [email protected] MODULE 4: INTELLECTUAL CHANGES THAT MOLDED THE SOCIETY SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, AND SOCIETY   1 STS- MODULE 1 (LESSON 1): INTELLECTUAL CHANGES THAT MOLDED THE SOCIETY

2. INTRODUCTION Science, Technology, and Society (STS) is an essential module/course in the General Education curriculum for tertiary education. It was conceptualized to develop deep appreciation and critical understanding of the role of science and technology in the development of the people and society. Moreover, it is designed to guide undergraduate students to develop critical thinking and creativity as they utilize science in understanding various human conditions and social issues, explore the role of science and technology in nation building, analyze scientific ideas, theories, innovations, research, and practices, and discover technological advancements brought by science to the society. 2 STS- MODULE 1 (LESSON 1): INTELLECTUAL CHANGES THAT MOLDED THE SOCIETY

3. MODULE 1 (LESSON 1): INTELLECTUAL CHANGES THAT MOLDED THE SOCIETY Suggested Time Allotment: 6 hours INTENDED LEARNING OUTCOMES At the end of the lesson, students will learn to: A. Discuss how the ideas postulated by Copernicus, Darwin, and Freud contributed to the spark of scientific revolution B. Analyze how scientific revolution is done in various parts of the world like in Latin America, East Asia, Middle East, and Africa 3 STS- MODULE 1 (LESSON 1): INTELLECTUAL CHANGES THAT MOLDED THE SOCIETY

4. TOPIC: 1.1. THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION 4 STS- MODULE 1 (LESSON 1): INTELLECTUAL CHANGES THAT MOLDED THE SOCIETY

5. CONCEPT NOTE/ DISCUSSION Science is an old field. No one can exactly identify when and where science started. From the genesis of time, science has existed. It has been interwoven with the society. 5 STS- MODULE 1 (LESSON 1): INTELLECTUAL CHANGES THAT MOLDED THE SOCIETY

6. CONCEPT NOTE/ DISCUSSION Science Defined 1. Science as an idea - It includes ideas, theories, and systematic explanations and observations about the natural and physical world. 2. Science as an intellectual activity - It includes a systematic and practical study of the natural and physical world. This study involves observation and experimentation. 6 STS- MODULE 1 (LESSON 1): INTELLECTUAL CHANGES THAT MOLDED THE SOCIETY

7. CONCEPT NOTE/ DISCUSSION Science Defined 3. Science as a body of knowledge - It is a field that deals with the learning process based on facts and evidences. 4. Science as a personal and social activity - This means that science involves activities done by humans to understand the phenomena around them. These activities are very important in survival and improving life. 7 STS- MODULE 1 (LESSON 1): INTELLECTUAL CHANGES THAT MOLDED THE SOCIETY

8. CONCEPT NOTE/ DISCUSSION Humans have started scientific activities to know and understand everything around them. They have persistently studied the natural and physical world to find answers to many questions. They have developed noble ideas, later known as philosophy, to provide possible explanations to certain phenomena. Humans also use religion to find answers as to the origin of life and all lifeless forms. 8 STS- MODULE 1 (LESSON 1): INTELLECTUAL CHANGES THAT MOLDED THE SOCIETY

9. CONCEPT NOTE/ DISCUSSION The idea of scientific revolution was believed to have started in the 16th and 18th century in Europe. Why in Europe? It is because of the following reasons: 1. Invention of the printing machine 2. Increase in intellectual activities in various places of learning 3. Growing number of scholars in various fields of human interests 9 STS- MODULE 1 (LESSON 1): INTELLECTUAL CHANGES THAT MOLDED THE SOCIETY

10. CONCEPT NOTE/ DISCUSSION However, the aforementioned statement doesn’t mean that scientific activities were only concentrated in Europe. History tells us that all great civilizations of the ancient world had their own sophisticated traditions and activities related to science like medicine and mathematics. 10 STS- MODULE 1 (LESSON 1): INTELLECTUAL CHANGES THAT MOLDED THE SOCIETY

11. CONCEPT NOTE/ DISCUSSION Scientific Revolution was the period of enlightenment when the developments in the fields of mathematics, physics, astronomy, biology, and chemistry transformed the view of society about nature. It explained the birth of modern science as a result of these developments from the disciplines mentioned. The ideas produced during this period allowed the people to reflect, rethink, and reexamine their beliefs and their way of life. In other words, this period ignited vast human interests to rethink how they do science and view scientific process. 11 STS- MODULE 1 (LESSON 1): INTELLECTUAL CHANGES THAT MOLDED THE SOCIETY

12. CONCEPT NOTE/ DISCUSSION Scientific Revolution was characterized by the following: 1. It is the golden age for people committed to scholarly life in science. 2. It led to scientific individuals’ painful death or condemnation from religious institutions who tried to preserve their faith, religion, and theological views. 3. Some rulers and religious leaders did not accept many early works of scientists. 4. It is very important in the development of human beings, transformation of the society, and in the formulation of scientific ideas. 5. It improved the conduct of scientific investigations, experiments, and observations. 6. It led to the creation of new research fields in science. 7. It transformed the natural world and the world of ideas. 12 STS- MODULE 1 (LESSON 1): INTELLECTUAL CHANGES THAT MOLDED THE SOCIETY

13. CONCEPT NOTE/ DISCUSSION 13 STS- MODULE 1 (LESSON 1): INTELLECTUAL CHANGES THAT MOLDED THE SOCIETY

14. TOPIC: 1.2. SOME INTELLECTUALS AND THEIR REVOLUTIONARY IDEAS 14 STS- MODULE 1 (LESSON 1): INTELLECTUAL CHANGES THAT MOLDED THE SOCIETY

15. CONCEPT NOTE/ DISCUSSION To understand better what exactly happened during the scientific revolution, it is necessary to study the contributions of individuals who challenged the dominant theories and ideas during this period. Scientists in all periods of time are driven by their: 1. Curiosity 2. Critical thinking 3. Creativity to explore the physical and natural world . Their love for science is driven by their deep passion to know and to discover. 15 STS- MODULE 1 (LESSON 1): INTELLECTUAL CHANGES THAT MOLDED THE SOCIETY

16. CONCEPT NOTE/ DISCUSSION 16 STS- MODULE 1 (LESSON 1): INTELLECTUAL CHANGES THAT MOLDED THE SOCIETY

17. CONCEPT NOTE/ DISCUSSION Scientists are not driven by clamor for honor and publicity. They are ordinary people having the passion to do extraordinary things. Some scientists were never appreciated during their times. Some were sentenced to death and condemned by the Church during their time. Despite the hardships they experienced, they continued to experiment, theorize, and discover new knowledge and ideas. 17 STS- MODULE 1 (LESSON 1): INTELLECTUAL CHANGES THAT MOLDED THE SOCIETY

18. CONCEPT NOTE/ DISCUSSION Scientists Who Had Shaken the World Because of Their Ideas 1. Nicolaus Copernicus - A Polish - A holder of doctorate degree - Appointed canon at Frombork Cathedral - Influenced by a book entitled Epitome published by German author Johannes Mueller. The book contains Mueller’s observations of the heavens and some commentaries on Ptolemy’s earlier works - Suggested the “heliocentric model” – sun is center of universe as opposed to the widely accepted geocentric model (earth is the center) during his time. - Was not afraid to be persecuted by the Church if he would publish his works - The publication of his book “On the Revolution of the Heavenly Spheres” in 1543 is often cited as the start of the scientific revolution. - Is a courageous man because he was never afraid to be persecuted by church - His heliocentric model of the solar system was considered to be heretic (non-conforming). Thus, it became unacceptable idea to be taught to Catholics. In fact, his model was banned by the Catholic Church and consequently was ignored by Rome for the rest of 16th century. 18 STS- MODULE 1 (LESSON 1): INTELLECTUAL CHANGES THAT MOLDED THE SOCIETY

19. CONCEPT NOTE/ DISCUSSION Highlights of the Heliocentric Model (Copernican Model) 1. Sun is the center of the universe. 2. All planets are orbiting around the Sun each year. 3. Moon is orbiting around the Earth. 4. Orbits of Venus and Mercury lay inside the orbit of the Earth, thus closer to the Sun. 5. Orbits of Mars, Saturn, and Jupiter lay outside the orbit of Earth, thus farther from the Sun. 6. This model allows him to estimate the length of time it takes for a planet to orbit around the Sun. Thus, the closer a planet to the Sun, the shorter the orbital time and vice versa. 7. Heliocentric Model places the planets in order of increasing distance from the Sun 19 STS- MODULE 1 (LESSON 1): INTELLECTUAL CHANGES THAT MOLDED THE SOCIETY

20. CONCEPT NOTE/ DISCUSSION 2. Charles Darwin - Famous for his theory of evolution (deemed as the Father of Evolution) - Changed the concept of the world’s creation and its evolution - A genius from intellectually-gifted and wealthy family - He would spend his time reading and taking long walks to observe his surroundings while collecting specimens (Gribbin, 2003). - Went to the best schools, but considered to be a mediocre student. He struggled in medicine and ministry - His life changed when he was recommended by his professors to join a 5-year voyage thru the HMS Beagle on the Islands of Galapagos. - Published two important books: 1. The Origin of Species (1589) 2. The Descent of ManS - He was truly remarkable because of his courage to challenge religious and unscientific ideas that were prominent during those days. - His science is marked by observation and experiment and based on evidences 20 STS- MODULE 1 (LESSON 1): INTELLECTUAL CHANGES THAT MOLDED THE SOCIETY

21. CONCEPT NOTE/ DISCUSSION 2. Charles Darwin Highlights of The Origin of Species 1. Life is not spontaneous (creation of life out of the blue). 2. Life comes from preexisting life. 3. It claims that no two individuals are identical. 4. Populations evolve over the course of generations thru natural selection. 5. Different populations (diversity of life) of organisms originate from a common descent through a branching pattern of evolution. 21 STS- MODULE 1 (LESSON 1): INTELLECTUAL CHANGES THAT MOLDED THE SOCIETY

22. CONCEPT NOTE/ DISCUSSION 2. Charles Darwin Highlights of The Origin of Species 6. Natural selection is sometimes known as the survival of the fittest (more adapted to the ever-changing condition of the environment). So, what happens during a natural select? 6.1. Within a population, there is a genetic variation due to mutation (change of the genes). 6.2. Genetic variation due to mutation can lead to phenotypic variation (change in physical appearance). This means that some individuals in a population are better adapted to the environment than others. 6.3. Thus, individuals that are more adapted to the environment have better survival and reproduction success. Consequently, they produce more offspring, thereby producing more generations of individuals. This means that each generation will be slightly better adapted to the environment than the last, and thus evolution occurs. 6.4. If a population is divided, and each fragment is separated geographically from each other (like a river or continental drift), then they can’t interbreed. Each new population will now face a different environment and therefore different selection pressures. This means that each population will start to evolve different adaptations to suit their environment, and will eventually become so physically and genetically different that they can’t breed and produce live fertile offspring. This means that the two populations are now two separate species, and speciation has occurred. If they are reintroduced to each other, they will not interbreed. 22 STS- MODULE 1 (LESSON 1): INTELLECTUAL CHANGES THAT MOLDED THE SOCIETY

23. CONCEPT NOTE/ DISCUSSION 23 STS- MODULE 1 (LESSON 1): INTELLECTUAL CHANGES THAT MOLDED THE SOCIETY

24. CONCEPT NOTE/ DISCUSSION Highlights of The Descent of Man 1. It presents the evidence that the physical structures of humans and all mammals (with mammary glands) are virtually the same by degrees. 2. It supports his theory of evolution that humans and other animals (particularly mammals) all began with the same progenitor lower form 3. Embryos of humans, apes, and dogs look the same until later in the gestation period. 24 STS- MODULE 1 (LESSON 1): INTELLECTUAL CHANGES THAT MOLDED THE SOCIETY

25. CONCEPT NOTE/ DISCUSSION Highlights of The Descent of Man 4. It shows the changes of human structures as humans began to walk erect and how internal organs, limbs, and bones adapted, strengthening the necessary parts and letting other unused parts (like the tail) become rudiments. 5 It explains how human’s advanced brain (as a result of an adaptation) separates humans from other kinds of animals. 25 STS- MODULE 1 (LESSON 1): INTELLECTUAL CHANGES THAT MOLDED THE SOCIETY

26. CONCEPT NOTE/ DISCUSSION The advanced human brain has the following results: 5.1. It makes humans the most dominant animal on the planet 5.2. Greater Intelligence 5.3. Greater memory 5.4. Development of language 5.5. Ability to have sympathy and to relate to others to form larger societies and nations 26 STS- MODULE 1 (LESSON 1): INTELLECTUAL CHANGES THAT MOLDED THE SOCIETY

27. CONCEPT NOTE/ DISCUSSION 3. Sigmund Freud - Austrian Neurologist - Founder of psychoanalysis (a clinical method for treating psychiatric disorders through a dialogue between a patient and a psychoanalysts) (talk therapy) - Believes that that the mind has two levels: 1. Conscious (only one-tenth of the mind) 2. Unconscious 27 STS- MODULE 1 (LESSON 1): INTELLECTUAL CHANGES THAT MOLDED THE SOCIETY

28. CONCEPT NOTE/ DISCUSSION 3. Sigmund Freud - According to him, unacceptable urges and desires are kept in our unconscious through a process called repression - For example, we sometimes say things that we don’t intend to say by unintentionally substituting another word for the one we meant. You’ve probably heard of a Freudian slip, the term used to describe this. Freud suggested that slips of the tongue are actually sexual or aggressive urges, accidentally slipping out of our unconscious. Speech errors such as this are quite common. Seeing them as a reflection of unconscious desires, linguists today have found that slips of the tongue tend to occur when we are tired, nervous, or not at our optimal level of cognitive functioning (Motley, 2002). 28 STS- MODULE 1 (LESSON 1): INTELLECTUAL CHANGES THAT MOLDED THE SOCIETY

29. CONCEPT NOTE/ DISCUSSION 3. Sigmund Freud - Also believes that the unconscious level has 3 interacting systems: 1. Id 2. Superego 3. Ego - Formulates his theory of personality 29 STS- MODULE 1 (LESSON 1): INTELLECTUAL CHANGES THAT MOLDED THE SOCIETY

30. 30 STS- MODULE 1 (LESSON 1): INTELLECTUAL CHANGES THAT MOLDED THE SOCIETY

31. CONCEPT NOTE/ DISCUSSION 3. Sigmund Freud Freud’s Theory of Personality 1. Personality (your being you) develops from the conflict between two forces: 1.1. Our biological aggressive and pleasure-seeking drives 1.2. Our internal (socialized) control over these drives 2. Personality is the result of our efforts to balance these two competing forces. 3. Personality is greatly influenced by the 3 interacting systems: id, superego, ego. 31 STS- MODULE 1 (LESSON 1): INTELLECTUAL CHANGES THAT MOLDED THE SOCIETY

32. 32 STS- MODULE 1 (LESSON 1): INTELLECTUAL CHANGES THAT MOLDED THE SOCIETY

33. CONCEPT NOTE/ DISCUSSION 3. Sigmund Freud Freud’s Theory of Personality 33 STS- MODULE 1 (LESSON 1): INTELLECTUAL CHANGES THAT MOLDED THE SOCIETY

34. CONCEPT NOTE/ DISCUSSION 3. Sigmund Freud Freud’s Theory of Personality ACCORDING TO FREUD… 1. A person who has a strong ego, which can balance the demands of the id and the superego, has a healthy personality. 2. Imbalances in the system can lead to neurosis (a tendency to experience negative emotions), anxiety disorders, or unhealthy behaviors. 3. A person who is dominated by their id might be narcissistic (excessive self-admiration and self-centeredness) and impulsive (having a tendency to act on sudden urges). 4. A person with a dominant superego might be controlled by feelings of guilt and deny themselves even socially acceptable pleasures. 5. A person with weak or absent superego tends to become a psychopath (aggressive, violent, antisocial, and showing lack of remorse or empathy). 34 STS- MODULE 1 (LESSON 1): INTELLECTUAL CHANGES THAT MOLDED THE SOCIETY

35. CONCEPT NOTE/ DISCUSSION 3. Sigmund Freud Freud’s Theory of Personality What will happen if the ego is unable to mediate the conflict between the id and superego ? 1. Freud believes that feelings of anxiety result. 2. Freud believes that the ego seeks to restore balance through various protective measures known as defense mechanisms. 3. When certain events, feelings, or yearnings cause an individual anxiety, the individual wishes to reduce that anxiety. To do that, the individual’s unconscious mind uses ego defense mechanisms, unconscious protective behaviors that aim to reduce anxiety. 4. When we use defense mechanisms, we are unaware that we are using them. Further, they operate in various ways that distort reality. According to Freud, we all use ego defense mechanisms. 35 STS- MODULE 1 (LESSON 1): INTELLECTUAL CHANGES THAT MOLDED THE SOCIETY

36. 36 STS- MODULE 1 (LESSON 1): INTELLECTUAL CHANGES THAT MOLDED THE SOCIETY

37. TOPIC: 1.3. CRADLES OF EARLY SCIENCE 37 STS- MODULE 1 (LESSON 1): INTELLECTUAL CHANGES THAT MOLDED THE SOCIETY

38. CONCEPT NOTE/ DISCUSSION   Development of Science in Mesoamerica Mesoamerica - Refers to the diverse civilizations that shared similar cultural characteristics in the geographic areas comprising modern-day countries of Mexico, Honduras, Belize, El Salvador, Nicaragua, and Costa Rica. - Rich in culture and knowledge prior to the arrival of European colonizers - Has different civilizations: 38 STS- MODULE 1 (LESSON 1): INTELLECTUAL CHANGES THAT MOLDED THE SOCIETY

39. CONCEPT NOTE/ DISCUSSION   Development of Science in Mesoamerica 1. Maya civilization - Lasted for around 2, 000 years - Known for astronomy (scientific study of the heavenly bodies) - The following are their important scientific contributions to the world: 1.1. Prediction of eclipses (because of their advanced knowledge in astronomy) 1.2. Use of astrological cycles in planting and harvesting 1.3. Invention of complicated calendar system 1.4. They developed the technology for growing different crops. 1.5. They built elaborate cities using ordinary machineries and tools. 1.6. They built hydraulics system to supply water to different communities. 1.7. They invented looms (weaving apparatus) for weaving clothes. 1.8. They produced paints from mica. 1.9. They produced rubber products (3, 000 years before Goodyear received its patent in 1844). 1.10. They invented their writing system known as Mayan hieroglyphics. 1.11. They were also skilled in mathematics and created a number system based on the numeral 20. 1.12. They independently developed the concept of zero and positional value, even before the Romans did. 39 STS- MODULE 1 (LESSON 1): INTELLECTUAL CHANGES THAT MOLDED THE SOCIETY

40. CONCEPT NOTE/ DISCUSSION Development of Science in Mesoamerica 2. Inca civilization - The following are their scientific contributions: 2.1. Road paved with stones 2.2. Stone buildings that surmounted earthquakes and other disasters 2.3. Irrigation system and technique for storing water for their crops to grow in all types of land 2.4. Calendar with 12 months to mark their religious festivals and prepare them for planting season 2.5. First suspension bridge 2.6. Inca textiles since cloth was one of the prized artistic achievements. 40 STS- MODULE 1 (LESSON 1): INTELLECTUAL CHANGES THAT MOLDED THE SOCIETY

41. CONCEPT NOTE/ DISCUSSION Development of Science in Mesoamerica 3. Aztec Civilization - The following are their contributions: 3.1. Mandatory education (early form of universal or inclusive education) - The Aztec children were mandated to get education regardless of their social class, gender, or age. 3.2. Chocolates - The Aztec in Mexico developed chocolate during their time. - In the Mayan culture, chocolates were used as currency. The Aztec valued the cacao beans highly and made it as part of their tribute to their gods. 3.3. Antispasmodic medication - They used a type of antispasmodic medication that could prevent muscle spasms and relax muscles, which could help during surgery. 3.4. Chinampa - A form of Aztec farming technology in which the land was divided into rectangular areas surrounded by canals 3.5. Aztec calendar - Enabled them to plan their activities, rituals, and planting seasons 3.6. Canoe - Light narrow boat used for traveling in water systems 41 STS- MODULE 1 (LESSON 1): INTELLECTUAL CHANGES THAT MOLDED THE SOCIETY

42. Chinampa 42 STS- MODULE 1 (LESSON 1): INTELLECTUAL CHANGES THAT MOLDED THE SOCIETY

43. CONCEPT NOTE/ DISCUSSION Development of Science in Asia Asia is the biggest continent in the world and the home of many ancient civilizations. It is a host of many cultural, economic, scientific, and political activities of all ages. In the field of science, technology, and mathematics, many great civilizations existed: India, China, and Middle East. 43 STS- MODULE 1 (LESSON 1): INTELLECTUAL CHANGES THAT MOLDED THE SOCIETY

44. CONCEPT NOTE/ DISCUSSION Development of Science in Asia 1. India The following are the scientific contributions of India 1.1. Manufacturing of iron and metallurgical works - Indian steel is considered to be the best in the whole of the Roman Empire. 1.2. Medicine - Ayurveda (a system of traditional medicine originating in India before 2,500 BC) is still practiced as a form of alternative medicine. They discovered some medicinal properties of plants that led them develop medicines to cure various illnesses. 1.3. Astronomy 1.4. Mathematics - They designed the Mohenjo-Daro ruler (used to have an accurate measurement of length) - They introduced trigonometric functions, tables, and techniques, and algorithms of algebra. - They also suggested that gravity is a force of attraction. - They also introduced the Hindu-Arabic numeral system (now universally used throughout the world) 44 STS- MODULE 1 (LESSON 1): INTELLECTUAL CHANGES THAT MOLDED THE SOCIETY

45. CONCEPT NOTE/ DISCUSSION Development of Science in Asia 2. China - One of the ancient civilizations with substantial contributions in many areas like medicine, astronomy, science, mathematics, arts, philosophy, and music. - Its civilization influenced many of its neighbor countries like the Philippines, Japan, Korea, Vietnam, Thailand, Cambodia, Myanmar 45 STS- MODULE 1 (LESSON 1): INTELLECTUAL CHANGES THAT MOLDED THE SOCIETY

46. CONCEPT NOTE/ DISCUSSION Development of Science in Asia 2. China - The following are China’s contributions: 2.1. Traditional medicines - They discovered various medical properties and uses of plants and animals to cure human illness. An example of a traditional medicine is the practice of acupuncture. 46 STS- MODULE 1 (LESSON 1): INTELLECTUAL CHANGES THAT MOLDED THE SOCIETY

47. CONCEPT NOTE/ DISCUSSION Development of Science in Asia 2. China - The following are China’s contributions: 2.2. Compass 2.3. Papermaking 2.4. Gunpowder 2.5. Printing tools 2.6. Iron plough 47 STS- MODULE 1 (LESSON 1): INTELLECTUAL CHANGES THAT MOLDED THE SOCIETY

48. CONCEPT NOTE/ DISCUSSION Development of Science in Asia 2. China - The following are China’s contributions: 2.7. Wheelbarrow 2.8. Propeller 2.9. Various designs of bridges 2.10. First seismological detector (they became more prepared to calamities) 2.11. Astronomy (scientific studies on eclipses, comets, and supernovas [explosion of stars]) Aside from the above-mentioned scientific contributions, China also excelled in the fields of Mathematics, logic, Philosophy, and medicine. 48 STS- MODULE 1 (LESSON 1): INTELLECTUAL CHANGES THAT MOLDED THE SOCIETY

49. CONCEPT NOTE/ DISCUSSION Development of Science in Middle East Countries 1. Middle East countries are dominantly occupied by Muslims. 2. With the spread of Islam in the 7th Century (1601-1700) and 18th Century (1701-1800), a period of Muslim scholarship (Golden Age of Islam) lasted until the 13th Century (1201-1300). 3. Muslim scientist, as compared to the Greeks, placed greater value on science experiments rather than speculative process. 4. Because of their scientific approach, Muslim scientist developed the scientific process/method. 5. A Muslim scientist named Ibn al-Haytham was regarded as the Father of Optics because of his great contribution to the study of the properties of light. 49 STS- MODULE 1 (LESSON 1): INTELLECTUAL CHANGES THAT MOLDED THE SOCIETY

50. CONCEPT NOTE/ DISCUSSION Development of Science in Middle East Countries 6. The Hindu-Arabic numeral system (set of 10 symbols - 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10) originally came from India, but was refined by Muslim mathematicians like the introduction of the decimal point notation. 7. Muslim chemists also played an important role in the foundation of modern chemistry (Durant, 1980). In particular, some scholars considered Jabir ibn Hayyan to be the “Father of Chemistry” (Derenwenda, 2007; Warren. 2005). 8. In the field of medicine, Inn Sina pioneered the science of experimental medicine and was the first physician to conduct clinical trials (Jacquart, 2008). He also wrote books on medicine (Book of Healing and The Canon of Medicine, which were used as standard medicinal texts in both the Muslim World and in Europe during the 17th Century. Moreover, he also discovered the contagious nature of infectious diseases and the introduction of clinical pharmacology (Craig and Walter, 2000). 9. There are numerous Muslim scholars who made significant contributions in the field of science, mathematics, astronomy, philosophy, and social sciences. 10. The decline of the Golden Age of Islam began in the 11th to 13th Centuries due to the conquest of the Mongols wherein libraries, observatories, and other learning institutions were damaged. 50 STS- MODULE 1 (LESSON 1): INTELLECTUAL CHANGES THAT MOLDED THE SOCIETY

51. CONCEPT NOTE/ DISCUSSION Development of Science in Africa Africa is blessed with natural and mineral resources. Science already flourished in the area long before the Europeans colonized it. History would tell us that early African civilizations are also knowledge producers. 51 STS- MODULE 1 (LESSON 1): INTELLECTUAL CHANGES THAT MOLDED THE SOCIETY

52. CONCEPT NOTE/ DISCUSSION Development of Science in Africa Egyptian Civilization The following are the scientific contributions of the Egyptian Civilization: 1. Development of geometry (branch of mathematics that is concerned with the properties and relationships of points, lines, angles, curves, surfaces, and solids) - Used to establish and preserve the ownership of Egyptian farmlands - Used to build Egyptian structures/buildings 2. Buildings of the Egyptian pyramids 3. Building of dams (as a water reservoir by diverting water from the Nile River) - Used to prevent flooding and for irrigation 4. Center of alchemy (early form of chemistry that sought to change base metals into gold and discover a life-prolonging elixir, a universal cure for disease) 5. Study of anatomy and pharmacology (properties and effects of drugs and substances) - For the diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis od diseases. 52 STS- MODULE 1 (LESSON 1): INTELLECTUAL CHANGES THAT MOLDED THE SOCIETY

53. CONCEPT NOTE/ DISCUSSION Development of Science in Africa Egyptian Civilization Other African Civilizations The following are their scientific contributions: 1. Astronomy - They develop three types of lunar calendar: lunar, solar, and stellar 2. Metallurgy (study of the structure and properties of metals, their extraction from the ground, and the procedures for refining, alloying, and making things from them) - They invented metal tools used in their homes, agriculture, and building their magnificent architectures. 3. Mathematics - They are good at the four fundamental mathematical operations. - They have knowledge of the basic concepts algebra, geometry, and trigonometry. 53 STS- MODULE 1 (LESSON 1): INTELLECTUAL CHANGES THAT MOLDED THE SOCIETY

54. ASSESSMENT/REFLECTION Instructions: 1. Your answers must be written on a one whole yellow paper. You may use extra sheets if necessary. 2. Your answers will be evaluated according to the points reflected in the succeeding rubric (scoring guide). 54 STS- MODULE 1 (LESSON 1): INTELLECTUAL CHANGES THAT MOLDED THE SOCIETY

55. ASSESSMENT/REFLECTION 1. In your own words, explain Copernicus’ contribution to science. 2. In your own words, discuss Darwin’s contribution to modern science. 3. Do you think the Church must intervene in scientific activities? Why? 4. How can science influence the following fields in modern times: 4.1. Economy 4.2. Agriculture 4.3. Political science 4.4. Religion 5. Discuss how the 3 interacting systems shape a person’s personality according to Freud. 55 STS- MODULE 1 (LESSON 1): INTELLECTUAL CHANGES THAT MOLDED THE SOCIETY

56. ASSESSMENT/REFLECTION 6. In your own opinion, what is the disadvantage if a person keeps on using the defense mechanisms? 7. How can you describe Freudian ideas as a scientist? 8. How did society shape science and how did science shape society? 9. Considering the current state of our society, do you think science literacy among people has contributed to the growth of our economy? 10. Discuss how you can relate Darwin’s Natural Selection to the COVID-19 pandemic. 56 STS- MODULE 1 (LESSON 1): INTELLECTUAL CHANGES THAT MOLDED THE SOCIETY

57. REFERENCE/S http://www.flowofhistory.com.readings Flowcharts/revival-west/the-age enlightenment http://hti.osu.ed/scientific revolution/lesson Plans PowerPoint presentation on the individual scholars and great works. Clifford, P. (2008). Archimedes to Hawking: Laws of Science and the Great Minds Behind them. New York: Oxford University Press Durant, W. (1980). The Age of Faith. In the Story of Civilization. New York: Simon and Schuster Gribbin, J. (2003). Science: A History. London, UK: Penguin Books 57 STS- MODULE 1 (LESSON 1): INTELLECTUAL CHANGES THAT MOLDED THE SOCIETY

58. THANK YOU! 58 STS- MODULE 1 (LESSON 1): INTELLECTUAL CHANGES THAT MOLDED THE SOCIETY