Montreal protocol, Kyoto protocol & Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD)

General review and highlights for AECC-Environmental Studies, Unit 6 - International Agreements such as Montreal protocol, Kyoto protocol & Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) in-order to preserve mother nature.

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1. INTERNATIONAL AGREEMENTS 1. Montreal protocols 2. Kyoto protocols 3. Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD). Unit 6 : ENVIRONMENTAL POLICIES & PRACTICES Ability Enhancement Compulsory Course (AECC – Environment Studies) 1

2. INTERNATIONAL AGREEMENTS International agreements are formal understandings or commitments legally binding agreement between two or more countries . A agreement / treaty can be called a Convention, a Protocol, a Pact or an Accord. Usually governed by the United Nations . Types; BILATERAL ( between two countries) MULTILATERAL (between several countries) 2 International Agreements

3. Several hundred International E nvironmental A greements are signed. Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer , Montreal, 1989 Kyoto to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change Protocol  - greenhouse gas emission reductions Convention on Biological Diversity  (CBD), Nairobi, 1992 Convention on Nuclear Safety, Vienna, 1994 Convention on the Protection and Use of Transboundary Watercourses and International Lakes (ECE Water Convention), Helsinki, 1992 Many other….. 3 International Agreements

4. 1. MONTREAL PROTOCOL ON SUBSTANCES THAT DEPLETE THE OZONE LAYER Under Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer, 1985. G lobal agreement to protect the stratospheric ozone layer by phasing out the production and consumption of ozone-depleting substances (ODS) The stratospheric ozone layer filters out harmful ultraviolet radiation , which is associated with an increased prevalence of skin cancer and cataracts, reduced agricultural productivity, and disruption of marine ecosystems.  4 International Agreements

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7. 1. MONTREAL PROTOCOL ON SUBSTANCES THAT DEPLETE THE OZONE LAYER… Agreed on 26 August 1987, Force on 26 August 1989 1 st meeting in Helsinki, May 1989. Eight ammendments 1990 (London ) 1991 (Nairobi) 1992 (Copenhagen) 1993 (Bangkok) 1995 (Vienna) 1997 (Montreal) 1998 (Australia) 1999 (Beijing) 2016 (Kigali, adopted, but not in force) 7 International Agreements

8. Initially signed by 46 countries, now all are signatories . Countries have binding, time-targeted and measurable commitments . Developing and developed countries have equal but differentiated responsibilities 8 International Agreements 1. MONTREAL PROTOCOL ON SUBSTANCES THAT DEPLETE THE OZONE LAYER…

9. International Agreements 9 Specific responsibilities related to the phase out of the different groups of ODS; C ontrol of ODS trade A nnual reporting of data N ational licensing systems to control ODS imports and exports other matters. 1. MONTREAL PROTOCOL ON SUBSTANCES THAT DEPLETE THE OZONE LAYER…

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12. International Agreements 12 The Montreal Protocol has proven to be innovative and successful T he first treaty to achieve universal ratification by all countries in the world. Leveraging worldwide participation The Montreal Protocol has sent clear signals to the global market and placed the ozone layer, which was in peril, on a path to repair.  http://ozone.unep.org/sites/default/files/MP_handbook-english-2018.pdf 1. MONTREAL PROTOCOL ON SUBSTANCES THAT DEPLETE THE OZONE LAYER…

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14. International Agreements 14 The Earth Summit held on June 4, 1992 in Rio de Janeiro led to the signature of three conventions, the U nited N ations F ramework C onvention on C limate C hange (UNFCCC ) is one among it. UNFCCC, an international environmental treaty, states the goal of the Kyoto Protocol as; “ The stabilization of greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system .” 2. Kyoto to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change Protocol

15. International Agreements 15 Negotiated in 11 th December 1997 at the city of Kyoto , Japan. Force on February 16th, 2005 . 192 signatory countries Legally binding agreement under which industrialized countries will reduce their collective emissions of greenhouse gases by 5.2% compared to the year 1990 Affect the energy balance of the global atmosphere in ways expected to lead to an overall increase in global average temperature, known as global warming . 2. Kyoto to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change Protocol…

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17. International Agreements 17 The goal is to lower overall emissions from six greenhouse gases carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) Methane ( CH 4 ) Nitrous oxide ( N 2 O) S ulfur hexafluoride ( SF 6 ) Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) Perfluorocarbons ( PFCs) 2. Kyoto to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change Protocol…

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21. International Agreements 21 As set a heavier burden on developed nations under the principle of “ common but differentiated responsibilities ” Because of their historical responsibility for current levels of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere . COMMITMENT PERIOD 2008 to 2012 2013 to 2020 2. Kyoto to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change Protocol…

22. International Agreements 22 Joint implementation Clean development mechanism Emissions trading 2. Kyoto to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change Protocol…

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24. 3 . Convention on Biological Diversity ( CBD) E ntered into force on 29 December 1993 . 3 main objectives:  The conservation of biological diversity The sustainable use of the components of biological diversity The fair and equitable sharing of the benefits arising out of the utilization of genetic resources 24 International Agreements

25. 3 . Convention on Biological Diversity ( CBD)… 7 thematic programmes of work corresponds to some of the major biomes on the planet, establishes a vision for, and basic principles to guide future work. Agricultural Biodiversity Dry and Sub-humid Lands Biodiversity Inland Waters Biodiversity Forest Biodiversity Island Biodiversity Marine and Coastal Biodiversity Mountain Biodiversity 25 International Agreements

26. 3 . Convention on Biological Diversity ( CBD)… Supports initiatives; Business Local Authorities Parliamentarians Universities and the Scientific Community Children & Youth The Green Wave for Schools Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) 26 International Agreements

27. 3 . Convention on Biological Diversity ( CBD)… The Convention’s governing body that meets every two years, or as required. 14 th meeting of the COP (Conference of the Parties) Sharm El-Sheikh ( Egypt ) 17-29 Nov 2018 Two conventions in CBD; 3a. The Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety 3b. The Nagoya Protocol on Access and Benefit- sharing 27 International Agreements

28. 3 . Convention on Biological Diversity ( CBD)… 3a. The Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety It was adopted on 29 January 2000 Entered into force on 11 September 2003. To ensure the safe handling, transport and use of living modified organisms (LMOs) resulting from modern biotechnology that may have adverse effects on biological diversity, taking also into account risks to human health . 28 International Agreements

29. 3 . Convention on Biological Diversity ( CBD)… 3b. The Nagoya Protocol on Access to Genetic Resources and the Fair and Equitable Sharing of Benefits Aims at sharing the benefits arising from the utilization of genetic resources in a fair and equitable way. It entered into force on 12 October 2014 29 International Agreements

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31. Thank you International Agreements 31