Ms.SaajjdaLodhiNotes Based on Class 9th Pak.Std Chapter 5.docx

Ms.Saajjdalodhi Notes
Class 9
th
FBISE
Chapter 5
Chapter 5:Land and Environment
Section A: 50 MCQs with answers
Section B: 20 Short Questions with answers (3 marks each)
Section C: 20 Short Questions with answers (one line
answer )
Section D :Long Questions with detailed answers (8 marks
each)
SECTION A: Multiple Choice Questions (50)
1.The highest peak of Pakistan is:
A) Nanga Parbat
B) Tirich Mir
C) K-2 ✅
D) Malika Parbat
2.K-2 is located in:
A) Himalayas

B) Hindu Kush
C) Karakoram ✅
D) Salt Range
3.Nanga Parbat lies in which mountain range?
A) Karakoram
B) Hindu Kush
C) Himalayas ✅
D) Sulaiman
4.The Siachen Glacier is situated in:
A) Hindu Kush
B) Karakoram ✅
C) Salt Range
D) Balochistan Plateau
5.Khyber Pass connects Pakistan with:
A) Iran
B) India
C) China
D) Afghanistan ✅
6.Bolan Pass is located in:
A) Balochistan ✅
B) Punjab
C) Sindh
D) Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
7.The total coastline of Pakistan is approximately:
A) 850 km
B) 1046 km ✅
C) 1200 km
D) 900 km
8.The two main ports of Pakistan are:
A) Karachi and Gwadar ✅
B) Ormara and Pasni
C) Gwadar and Pasni
D) Karachi and Ormara

9.The Indus River originates from:
A) Karakoram Range
B) Tibet Plateau ✅
C) Sulaiman Range
D) Hindu Kush
10.The Indus Plain is divided into:
A) East and West
B) Upper and Lower ✅
C) North and South
D) Mountain and Coastal
11.The Balochistan Plateau is rich in:
A) Forests
B) Minerals ✅
C) Rivers
D) Lakes
12.Quetta is located in:
A) Sindh
B) Punjab
C) Balochistan ✅
D) KPK
13.The largest province of Pakistan by area is:
A) Punjab
B) Sindh
C) KPK
D) Balochistan ✅
14.The largest river of Pakistan is:
A) Jhelum
B) Chenab
C) Indus ✅
D) Ravi
15.Tarbela Dam is built on:
A) Indus River ✅
B) Jhelum River

C) Chenab River
D) Kabul River
16.Mangla Dam is on:
A) Indus
B) Jhelum ✅
C) Chenab
D) Sutlej
17.Warsak Dam is on:
A) Kabul River ✅
B) Indus
C) Chenab
D) Ravi
18.Pakistan’s climate is mostly:
A) Polar
B) Tropical to temperate ✅
C) Equatorial
D) Mediterranean
19.The monsoon season occurs from:
A) March–June
B) July–September ✅
C) November–February
D) October–November
20.The “Ten Billion Tree Tsunami” project is for:
A) Energy generation
B) Education
C) Tree plantation ✅
D) Road construction
21.Sui gas field is located in:
A) Punjab
B) Balochistan ✅
C) Sindh
D) KPK

22.The Khewra Salt Mines are the:
A) Largest in Pakistan ✅
B) Smallest
C) Abandoned
D) Artificial
23.The coastal areas of Pakistan lie along:
A) Indian Ocean
B) Arabian Sea ✅
C) Bay of Bengal
D) Red Sea
24.The length of the Sindh Coast is about:
A) 500 km ✅
B) 300 km
C) 200 km
D) 100 km
25.The Makran Coast is part of:
A) Sindh
B) Balochistan ✅
C) Punjab
D) Gilgit
26.Forest area of Pakistan is approximately:
A) 10%
B) 15%
C) 5% ✅
D) 25%
27.The northern mountains are rich in:
A) Oil
B) Forests and glaciers ✅
C) Coal
D) Desert
28.Which river forms the boundary between Punjab and
Sindh plains?
A) Jhelum

B) Indus ✅
C) Chenab
D) Ravi
29.Karachi is famous for its:
A) Agriculture
B) Port and industry ✅
C) Tourism
D) Forests
30.The largest desert in Pakistan is:
A) Thar ✅
B) Cholistan
C) Thal
D) Kharan
31.Which factor moderates the climate of coastal areas?
A) Altitude
B) Distance from sea ✅
C) Latitude
D) Winds
32.Western Mountains are found in:
A) Sindh
B) Balochistan and KPK ✅
C) Punjab
D) Gilgit
33.The Sulaiman Range lies in:
A) KPK and Punjab
B) Balochistan and KPK ✅
C) Sindh
D) Kashmir
34.The Kirthar Range separates:
A) Sindh and Balochistan ✅
B) Punjab and Sindh
C) Sindh and KPK
D) Punjab and KPK

35.Which city is called the “Gateway to Balochistan”?
A) Quetta ✅
B) Khuzdar
C) Kalat
D) Pasni
36.The Saindak Project is related to:
A) Coal
B) Copper and Gold ✅
C) Iron
D) Salt
37.The average annual rainfall in Pakistan is:
A) 200 mm ✅
B) 800 mm
C) 1000 mm
D) 1500 mm
38.Which of the following is a renewable energy source?
A) Oil
B) Coal
C) Solar ✅
D) Gas
39.Which of the following is an environmental issue in
Pakistan?
A) Deforestation ✅
B) Rapid forest growth
C) Flood control
D) Water abundance
40.The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) was
established to:
A) Build roads
B) Protect environment ✅
C) Collect taxes
D) Manage agriculture

41.Pakistan’s main source of irrigation is:
A) Rainfall
B) Rivers and canals ✅
C) Tube wells only
D) Springs
42.The Thar Coal Project is in:
A) Punjab
B) Sindh ✅
C) Balochistan
D) KPK
43.Which province has the most fertile land?
A) Punjab ✅
B) Sindh
C) KPK
D) Balochistan
44.The word “Makran” is associated with:
A) Plateau
B) Coastal region ✅
C) Desert
D) Valley
45.The Western Mountains include:
A) Karakoram and Himalayas
B) Sulaiman and Kirthar ✅
C) Hindukush and Himalaya
D) Salt and Koh-e-Suleman
46.The main occupation in Indus Plain is:
A) Mining
B) Agriculture ✅
C) Fishing
D) Industry
47.The main source of hydel power in Pakistan is:
A) Rivers ✅
B) Coal

C) Gas
D) Wind
48.Which project is improving trade through Gwadar?
A) CPEC ✅
B) SAARC
C) ECO
D) UNO
49.Which river is known as the lifeline of Pakistan?
A) Indus ✅
B) Ravi
C) Sutlej
D) Chenab
50.Which is the national action plan for tree plantation?
A) Green Pakistan Programme ✅
B) Vision 2030
C) Digital Pakistan
D) Clean Water Plan
Section B: 20 Short Questions with answers
(3 marks each)
1. Describe the location and importance of the Northern
Mountains of Pakistan.
The Northern Mountains lie in the north of Pakistan and include
the Himalayas, Karakoram, and Hindu Kush ranges. These
mountains are home to some of the world’s highest peaks such
as K-2 and Nanga Parbat. They are the source of major rivers,
glaciers, and forests, and play an important role in controlling
climate and providing water for agriculture.

2. What is the significance of the Western Mountains?
The Western Mountains are located along the border with
Afghanistan and include ranges like Sulaiman, Waziristan, and
Kirthar. These ranges contain important passes such as Khyber
and Bolan, which have been used for trade and invasions for
centuries. The region is rich in minerals and forms a natural
defense boundary for Pakistan.
3. Explain the main features of the Balochistan Plateau.
The Balochistan Plateau is the largest plateau of Pakistan,
covering most of the Balochistan province. It is mostly dry and
rugged with little rainfall. Despite harsh conditions, it contains
valuable mineral resources such as coal, gas, and copper. Major
cities include Quetta, Kalat, and Khuzdar.
4. Describe the importance of the Indus Plain for Pakistan.
The Indus Plain is the agricultural heart of Pakistan, formed by
the Indus River and its tributaries. It is divided into Upper and
Lower Indus Plains, located in Punjab and Sindh respectively.
The plain is fertile, supports dense population, and contributes
significantly to Pakistan’s food production and economy.
5. What are the characteristics of Pakistan’s coastal areas?
Pakistan’s coastline stretches over 1,046 km along the Arabian
Sea. It includes two main coasts: the Sindh Coast and the
Makran Coast. Important ports like Karachi and Gwadar are
located here. The coastal region supports fishing, trade, and
ship-related industries, and is vital for Pakistan’s sea trade and
economy.

6. How does latitude affect Pakistan’s climate?
Pakistan lies close to the Tropic of Cancer, giving it a generally
tropical to subtropical climate. This position means most areas
experience hot summers and mild winters. The southern parts
are warmer, while the northern highlands remain cooler due to
elevation.
7. How does altitude influence the temperature of Pakistan?
Altitude plays a major role in temperature variation. High-
altitude areas like Gilgit, Skardu, and Murree are cool even in
summer, while lowland regions such as Sindh and southern
Punjab experience very high temperatures. Thus, temperature
decreases with increasing height.
8. Explain the role of monsoon winds in Pakistan’s climate.
Monsoon winds bring most of Pakistan’s rainfall during July to
September. They originate from the Bay of Bengal and the
Arabian Sea. Areas like Punjab, KPK, and northern regions
receive heavy rainfall, which supports agriculture. However,
sometimes excessive monsoon rains cause floods.
9. What are the major sources of water in Pakistan?
The main sources of water are the Indus River system, rainfall,
glaciers, and underground water. The Indus and its tributaries
provide irrigation water to farmlands through canals. Glaciers
in the northern mountains also supply continuous freshwater,
especially during summer melting.
10. Discuss the importance of dams and barrages in Pakistan.
Dams like Tarbela, Mangla, and Warsak help store water for
irrigation and generate hydroelectric power. They control floods

and ensure year-round water supply to crops. These projects
play a vital role in agricultural productivity and energy
generation.
11. What mineral resources are found in Pakistan and where?
Pakistan is rich in minerals such as coal (Thar), natural gas
(Sui), oil (Attock), copper and gold (Saindak), and salt
(Khewra). These minerals contribute to industrial growth, export
earnings, and employment generation. However, many of them
remain underutilized due to lack of modern technology.
12. Explain the importance of forests in Pakistan.
Forests cover around 5% of Pakistan’s area and are mainly
found in the northern regions and riverine areas. They provide
timber, fuel, and shelter for wildlife. Forests also prevent soil
erosion, reduce floods, and improve air quality. Reforestation is
vital for maintaining environmental balance.
13. What are the major environmental problems faced by
Pakistan?
Pakistan faces serious environmental issues such as
deforestation, water pollution, air pollution, and land
degradation. Rapid population growth and industrialization
have worsened these problems. Climate change, frequent floods,
and droughts also threaten agriculture and public health.
14. How does deforestation affect Pakistan’s environment?
Deforestation leads to soil erosion, reduced rainfall, and loss of
wildlife habitat. It also contributes to increased floods and rising
temperatures. Lack of trees reduces oxygen levels and worsens

air quality. The government has launched plantation campaigns
to counter deforestation.
15. What steps has the government taken to protect the
environment?
The government has established Environmental Protection
Agencies (EPAs) at federal and provincial levels. Projects like
the Ten Billion Tree Tsunami and Clean Green Pakistan are
underway. Awareness campaigns and renewable energy projects
have also been initiated to promote sustainability.
16. What are renewable and non-renewable energy resources?
Renewable resources are those that can be naturally
replenished, like solar, wind, and hydropower. Non-renewable
resources include coal, oil, and gas, which are finite and take
millions of years to form. Pakistan is focusing on renewable
energy to reduce dependency on imported fuels.
17. Describe the importance of the Khyber and Bolan Passes.
The Khyber Pass (in KPK) and Bolan Pass (in Balochistan) are
ancient trade and invasion routes connecting Pakistan with
Afghanistan and Central Asia. Historically, these passes were
used by traders, armies, and travelers. Today, they serve as
important roads for trade and transport.
18. What is the significance of Gwadar Port for Pakistan?
Gwadar Port, located on the Makran Coast, is a deep-sea port
developed with Chinese assistance. It serves as the gateway to
the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC). The port will
help Pakistan become a regional trade hub and improve
connectivity with Central Asia and the Middle East.

19. What are the effects of climate change on Pakistan?
Climate change is causing rising temperatures, irregular
rainfall, and frequent floods and droughts. Glaciers are melting
faster, increasing flood risks. Agricultural productivity is
affected, and water shortages are becoming severe. Pakistan
ranks among the countries most vulnerable to climate change
impacts.
20. Why is it important to manage Pakistan’s natural resources
properly?
Proper management of resources ensures sustainable
development and economic stability. Misuse or overexploitation
leads to scarcity, pollution, and environmental degradation. By
using resources wisely—like conserving water, replanting
forests, and using renewable energy—Pakistan can secure its
future generations.
SECTION C: Short Questions and Answers (one line answer )
1. What are the main physical regions of Pakistan?
→ Northern and northwestern mountains, western mountains,
Balochistan plateau, Indus plain, and coastal areas.
2. Name the three main mountain ranges in the north of
Pakistan.
→ Himalayas, Karakoram, and Hindu Kush.
3. Which is the second highest peak in the world and where is it
located?
→ K-2 (Mount Godwin Austen) in the Karakoram Range.
4. What are the names of the famous glaciers in Pakistan?
→ Siachen, Baltoro, and Biafo.

5. Which mountain passes connect Pakistan with Afghanistan?
→ Khyber Pass, Bolan Pass, and Khojak Pass.
6. Name the main features of the Balochistan Plateau.
→ Dry, rugged land rich in minerals; important towns include
Quetta, Kalat, and Khuzdar.
7. Which river system forms the Indus Plain?
→ The Indus River and its tributaries: Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi,
and Sutlej.
8. What are the two parts of the Indus Plain?
→ Upper Indus Plain (Punjab) and Lower Indus Plain (Sindh).
9. What is the total length of Pakistan’s coastline?
→ About 1,046 kilometers.
10. Name the two main ports of Pakistan.
→ Karachi Port and Gwadar Port.
11. How many main seasons are there in Pakistan?
→ Four: cold, hot, rainy (monsoon), and post-monsoon.
12. What are the main factors affecting Pakistan’s climate?
→ Latitude, altitude, distance from sea, and winds/rainfall
patterns.
13. Name the main dams of Pakistan.
→ Tarbela Dam, Mangla Dam, and Warsak Dam.
14. Where are Pakistan’s major gas fields located?
→ Sui (Balochistan).
15. Where are the Khewra Salt Mines located?
→ In Punjab, in the Salt Range near Jhelum.

16. What is the percentage of forest area in Pakistan?
→ About 5% of the total land area.
17. Mention two renewable sources of energy in Pakistan.
→ Solar energy and wind energy.
18. List three main environmental problems in Pakistan.
→ Deforestation, water pollution, and air pollution.
19. What is the purpose of the Environmental Protection Agency
(EPA)?
→ To monitor and control pollution and promote environmental
conservation.
20. Name a major tree plantation initiative in Pakistan.
→ Ten Billion Tree Tsunami Programme.
Section D : Long Questions with Detailed Answers
(8 Marks Each)
Q1. Describe the main physical features (landforms) of
Pakistan in detail.
Answer:
Pakistan is blessed with a great variety of physical features
which can be divided into five main regions:
1. Northern and North-Western Mountains
These include the Himalayas, Karakoram, and Hindu Kush
ranges .
They contain some of the world’s highest peaks — such as K-2
(8,611 m) and Nanga Parbat (8,126 m) .
These mountains are rich in glaciers, forests, and minerals , and

are the source of all major rivers of Pakistan.
They also play an important role in climate control and tourism .
2. Western Mountains
Located along the western border , they include the Sulaiman,
Waziristan, and Kirthar ranges .
They form a natural boundary with Afghanistan .
The Khyber, Khojak, and Bolan Passes located here are
important for trade and travel.
This area is also rich in coal and minerals .
3. Balochistan Plateau
A vast, dry and rocky plateau , covering most of Balochistan
province .
It contains towns such as Quetta, Kalat, and Khuzdar , and is
rich in natural gas, coal, and copper .
Although sparsely populated, it has great strategic and economic
importance due to mineral wealth and Gwadar Port.
4. Indus Plain
This region is formed by the Indus River and its tributaries .
It is divided into the Upper Indus Plain (Punjab) and Lower
Indus Plain (Sindh) .
It is the most fertile and populated region of Pakistan, producing
major crops like wheat, rice, and cotton .
It forms the agricultural backbone of the country.
5. Coastal Areas
The coastal belt extends along the Arabian Sea (about 1,046
km) .
It includes the Sindh Coast (Karachi) and Makran Coast
(Balochistan) .

Important ports — Karachi and Gwadar — are vital for trade
and shipping .
The region supports fishing and industrial activities .
Conclusion:
These physical regions collectively shape Pakistan’s geography,
climate, agriculture, and economy, making the land diverse and
resource-rich.
Q2. Explain the main climatic regions and seasonal variations
of Pakistan.
Answer:
Pakistan’s climate varies from tropical to temperate due to its
latitude, altitude, and distance from the sea . It experiences a
range of temperatures and rainfall across different regions.
1. Factors Affecting Climate:
Latitude: Pakistan lies near the Tropic of Cancer, giving it
generally hot summers.
Altitude: Higher areas (e.g., Murree, Gilgit) remain cool,
while plains are hot.
Distance from Sea: Coastal areas like Karachi have
moderate climates; inland areas like Multan are extreme.
Winds and Rainfall: Monsoon and western winds bring
rainfall in different seasons.
2. Seasons of Pakistan:
1.Cold Season (Nov–Feb):
Cool weather in plains; snowfall in northern mountains.
Ideal for crops like wheat.

2.Hot Season (Mar–Jun):
High temperatures, often exceeding 45°C in southern plains.
Dust storms are common.
3.Rainy / Monsoon Season (Jul–Sep):
Monsoon winds bring rain, especially in northern and
eastern regions. Floods sometimes occur.
4.Post-Monsoon Season (Oct–Nov):
Mild weather and clear skies; transitional period before
winter.
3. Climatic Zones:
Coastal Areas: Moderate climate with humid air.
Plains: Hot and dry summers, mild winters.
Northern Highlands: Cool to cold climate with heavy
snowfall in winter.
Deserts: Extremely hot and dry conditions (Thar,
Cholistan).
Conclusion:
Pakistan’s climate diversity influences agriculture, settlement,
and lifestyle. Proper water and resource management can
reduce the effects of extreme weather.
Q3. Discuss the main natural resources of Pakistan and their
importance for development.
Answer:
Natural resources are materials provided by nature that are
essential for economic progress. Pakistan is rich in water,
minerals, forests, and energy resources .

1. Water Resources:
Pakistan’s rivers — Indus, Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi, and Sutlej —
form the Indus River System .
Dams like Tarbela, Mangla, and Warsak store water for
irrigation and generate hydroelectricity.
However, water scarcity is increasing, so conservation is
necessary.
2. Mineral Resources:
Pakistan has abundant minerals such as:
Coal: Found in Thar and Quetta.
Natural Gas: Discovered at Sui (Balochistan) , used for
energy and industry.
Oil: Found in Attock, Badin, and Dhurnal.
Copper & Gold: From Saindak Project (Balochistan) .
Salt: Extracted from Khewra Mines (Punjab) , among the
world’s largest.
3. Forest Resources:
Forests cover about 5% of Pakistan’s land.
They are found in northern mountains, riverine areas, and
coastal mangroves.
They provide timber, prevent soil erosion, and help maintain
ecological balance.
4. Energy Resources:
Pakistan generates energy from hydel, thermal, solar, wind , and
nuclear sources .
Projects like CPEC aim to improve energy production and
reduce shortages.

The government is encouraging renewable energy to protect the
environment.
Conclusion:
Efficient use and preservation of these resources are vital for
Pakistan’s sustainable development, industrial growth, and
national prosperity.
Q4. Explain the major environmental problems faced by
Pakistan and suggest solutions.
Answer:
Pakistan faces several environmental challenges due to
population growth, deforestation, and industrialization. These
problems are affecting health, agriculture, and the ecosystem.
1. Deforestation:
Forests are disappearing due to illegal logging, overgrazing,
and urban expansion.
This leads to soil erosion, loss of biodiversity, and increased
floods.
Solution: Massive tree plantation campaigns like the Ten Billion
Tree Tsunami should continue.
2. Water Pollution and Scarcity:
Industrial waste, agricultural chemicals, and sewage
contaminate rivers and groundwater.
Water shortage is worsening due to poor management.
Solution: Building more dams, treating waste, and conserving
water can help.

3. Air Pollution:
Vehicle emissions, industrial smoke, and burning of waste cause
air pollution in cities like Lahore and Karachi.
Solution: Promote public transport, cleaner fuels, and strict
emission laws.
4. Land Degradation and Soil Erosion:
Deforestation and over-cultivation reduce soil fertility.
Solution: Use terracing, contour ploughing, and reforestation to
control erosion.
5. Climate Change:
Glacier melting, floods, and droughts have become common.
Solution: Switch to renewable energy and raise awareness to
reduce carbon emissions.
Conclusion:
To protect its environment, Pakistan must implement strict
environmental laws, promote awareness, and ensure sustainable
use of resources for a cleaner, greener future.
Q5. Discuss the role of government and citizens in
environmental protection in Pakistan.
Answer:
Environmental protection is a shared responsibility between the
government and the people. Both must work together to preserve
Pakistan’s natural environment.

1. Government Role:
Establishment of EPAs:
The Environmental Protection Agencies (EPAs) were
formed to monitor pollution and enforce laws.
Policies and Laws:
Implementation of the Pakistan Environmental Protection
Act (PEPA) 1997 .
Projects:
Initiatives like Clean Green Pakistan and Ten Billion Tree
Tsunami aim to restore forests and improve cleanliness.
Renewable Energy:
Promotion of solar, wind, and hydel projects under CPEC to
reduce fossil fuel dependence.
2. Role of Citizens:
Public Awareness:
People must be educated about waste management, water
conservation, and pollution control.
Tree Plantation:
Citizens can take part in plantation drives and protect
forests.
Responsible Lifestyle:
Using less plastic, saving energy, and maintaining
cleanliness are key civic duties.
Community Initiatives:
Local organizations and schools can arrange cleanliness
and awareness campaigns.
Conclusion:
Environmental protection is crucial for Pakistan’s health and
survival. Only through joint efforts of government and citizens
can a sustainable and pollution-free environment be achieved.

Q6. Explain the importance of the Indus River System for
Pakistan.
Answer:
The Indus River System is the lifeline of Pakistan’s agriculture,
economy, and daily life. It is the largest river system in the
country and one of the most important in the world.
1. Origin and Structure:
The Indus River originates from the Tibetan Plateau near Lake
Mansarovar.
Its major tributaries are Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi, and Sutlej on the
eastern side, and Kabul River on the west.
These rivers collectively form the Indus Basin , which irrigates
vast fertile lands.
2. Source of Irrigation:
Almost 70% of Pakistan’s population depends on agriculture,
and the Indus River System provides irrigation to about 80% of
cultivated land.
A network of canals, barrages, and dams (like Sukkur Barrage,
Tarbela Dam, and Mangla Dam) ensures year-round water
supply to crops.
3. Hydroelectric Power Generation:
Major dams on the Indus and its tributaries generate hydel
power .
Projects like Tarbela and Ghazi-Barotha provide affordable,
renewable electricity, supporting industries and households.
4. Domestic and Industrial Use:
The river system supplies water for drinking, sanitation, and
industry , especially in Punjab and Sindh.
Industries such as textile, sugar, and fertilizer rely on its water.

5. Controlling Floods and Droughts:
By storing excess water in dams, the Indus system helps control
seasonal floods and provides water during dry months .
6. Economic Importance:
Agriculture and industries based on river water contribute a
major share to Pakistan’s GDP and exports (cotton, rice,
sugarcane).
7. Environmental and Ecological Value:
The Indus sustains wetlands, wildlife, and forests along its basin,
maintaining ecological balance.
Conclusion:
The Indus River System is the backbone of Pakistan’s survival —
providing food, power, and livelihood. Efficient management of
this system is vital for the nation’s stability and prosperity.
Q7. Describe the coastal regions of Pakistan and their
economic importance.
Answer:
Pakistan’s coastal regions stretch along the Arabian Sea for
about 1,046 km , forming a vital link between Pakistan and the
world’s trade routes.
These areas play a key role in trade, industry, and marine life .
1. Division of the Coastal Belt:
Pakistan’s coast is divided into two main parts:
(a) Sindh Coast:
Extends from Karachi to the Rann of Kutch.
Major port: Karachi Port — Pakistan’s oldest and busiest
seaport.

The area is flat, sandy, and supports fishing and industrial
activities .
(b) Makran Coast:
Lies in Balochistan province , stretching from Karachi to
Gwadar.
The coast is rocky with small natural harbours like Ormara,
Pasni, and Gwadar .
2. Economic Importance:
Ports and Trade:
The Karachi and Gwadar ports handle most of Pakistan’s
imports and exports.
Gwadar is a deep-sea port being developed under CPEC ,
linking Pakistan to China and Central Asia.
Fishing Industry:
The Arabian Sea provides rich fish resources , supporting
thousands of fishermen and seafood exports.
Tourism and Industry:
Coastal areas have potential for tourism (beaches, resorts)
and industrial zones such as shipyards, oil refineries, and
ports.
Strategic Importance:
The coast provides naval bases (e.g., Jinnah Naval Base at
Ormara), essential for Pakistan’s defense and trade
security .
3. Environmental and Resource Value:
Mangrove forests grow along the Sindh coast, providing natural
protection against erosion and storms and serving as breeding
grounds for marine life.

Conclusion:
Pakistan’s coastal regions are a gateway to international trade
and a source of marine wealth. Proper development of Gwadar
and coastal infrastructure will greatly boost Pakistan’s
economy.
Q8. Discuss the impact of Pakistan’s geography on its economy
and development.
Answer:
Pakistan’s geography — its landforms, rivers, and climate —
has a profound impact on its economic development ,
determining where people live, what they produce, and how they
trade.
1. Agricultural Development:
The Indus Plain , with its fertile soil and irrigation system, makes
Pakistan an agricultural country .
Major crops like wheat, rice, cotton, and sugarcane are
produced in Punjab and Sindh.
This forms the backbone of Pakistan’s export economy .
2. Industrial Growth:
Natural resources such as coal, gas, and minerals from the
Balochistan Plateau and northern areas support industrial
sectors like cement, fertilizer, and energy.
Coastal areas provide space for ports and industries (e.g.,
Karachi Industrial Zone).
3. Trade and Connectivity:
Pakistan’s strategic location connects South Asia, Central Asia,
and the Middle East.
Projects like CPEC (China-Pakistan Economic Corridor) and
Gwadar Port make Pakistan an important trade route, boosting
transport and logistics industries.

4. Tourism and Natural Beauty:
The northern mountains attract tourists, climbers, and trekkers
from all over the world, generating income for local
communities and the national economy.
5. Challenges Due to Geography:
Mountainous and desert areas are less developed due to poor
infrastructure.
Environmental problems like floods, droughts, and deforestation
affect agriculture and human life.
6. Energy and Water Resources:
The rivers and dams generate hydroelectric power , while
mineral and gas reserves support thermal energy .
However, uneven distribution causes regional disparities in
development.
Conclusion:
Pakistan’s geography is both a blessing and a challenge. Its
fertile plains, mineral wealth, and coastal access offer immense
opportunities. Effective planning and resource management can
transform these geographical advantages into sustainable
economic progress.

Ms.SaajjdaLodhiNotes Based on Class 9th Pak.Std Chapter 5.docx

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