Ms.SaajjdaLodhiNotes Based on Teaching Of Pak.Std(B.Ed) Chapter 7in English.docx

Ms.SajjdaLodhi Notes
B.Ed 4 Years
TEACHING OF PAKISTAN STUDIES
Course Code 8640
Unit–7 Teaching Aid and Instructional Resources
CONTENTS
Introduction
Objectives
1. Need and Types of Instructional Resources
1.1 Textbook
1.2 Work Book
1.3 Teacher’s Manual / Guide Book
1.4 Achievement of Text Booklet
2. Teaching Aids for Teaching of Pakistan Studies
2.1 The Value/Importance of Audio-Visual Aids
2.2 Levels of Audio-Visual Aids
2.3 Types of Audio-Visual Aids
2.4 Audio-Visual Aids Recommended in Curriculum to be used in Teaching of Pakistan Studies
2.5 Utilization of Library Resources for Teaching of
Pakistan Studies
3. Self Assessment Questions
4. References.
Introduction
This unit explains the importance of using instructional materials and audio-visual aids in teaching. Great thinkers like Descartes and German educationists stressed that learning becomes more effective when students can see and use materials. Instructional resources include textbooks, workbooks, teacher guides, charts, and modern tools like projectors.
The unit discusses the need, types, and value of these resources in teaching Pakistan Studies. It explains which audio-visual aids are recommended in the curriculum and how they can make lessons more interesting. Teachers are encouraged to create their own teaching aids and involve students in making simple, low-cost materials. Using library resources for Pakistan Studies teaching is also emphasized.
Objectives:
After studying this unit, you will be able to:
a. Understand why instructional resources are important.
b. Identify different types of instructional materials.
c. Learn about the types of audio-visual aids.
d. Know which audio-visual aids are recommended for teaching Pakistan Studies.
e. Understand how to use library resources in teaching Pakistan Studies.
1. NEED AND TYPES OF INSTRUCTIONAL RESOURCES
Instructional resources like textbooks, teacher’s guides, workbooks, libraries, and labs are very important for effective teaching. They make lessons more meaningful and help teachers share knowledge and skills with students. In Pakistan Studies, these resources help students understand concepts better, learn procedures, and achieve learning goals.
Textbooks give basic knowledge and set standards for both teachers and students. Workbooks and teacher’s guides add extra material and save teachers’ time. Libraries, reading rooms, and resource centers can also support teaching, but many schools in Pakistan lack these due to limited funds. Still, teachers can use available audio-visual aids like charts, maps, and globes to improve lessons.
Overall, instructional resources motivate students, expand their experiences, make learning real, improve memory, and clarify understanding in Pakistan Studies.
1.1 Text Book
The Pakistan Studies textbook has a strong influence on both teachers and students because, for many, it is the main or only source of knowledge. The newer textbooks are better than the older ones as they are more detailed,

1. Ms.SajjdaLodhi Notes
B.Ed 4 Years
TEACHING OF PAKISTAN STUDIES
Course Code 8640
Unit–7 Teaching Aid and Instructional Resources
CONTENTS
Introduction
Objectives
1. Need and Types of Instructional Resources
1.1 Textbook
1.2 Work Book
1.3 Teacher’s Manual / Guide Book
1.4 Achievement of Text Booklet

2. 2. Teaching Aids for Teaching of Pakistan Studies
2.1 The Value/Importance of Audio-Visual Aids
2.2 Levels of Audio-Visual Aids
2.3 Types of Audio-Visual Aids
2.4 Audio-Visual Aids Recommended in Curriculum to be
used in Teaching of Pakistan Studies
2.5 Utilization of Library Resources for Teaching of
Pakistan Studies
3. Self Assessment Questions
4. References.
Introduction
This unit explains the importance of using instructional materials and
audio-visual aids in teaching. Great thinkers like Descartes and German
educationists stressed that learning becomes more effective when
students can see and use materials. Instructional resources include
textbooks, workbooks, teacher guides, charts, and modern tools like
projectors.
The unit discusses the need, types, and value of these resources in
teaching Pakistan Studies. It explains which audio-visual aids are
recommended in the curriculum and how they can make lessons more
interesting. Teachers are encouraged to create their own teaching aids
and involve students in making simple, low-cost materials. Using
library resources for Pakistan Studies teaching is also emphasized.
Objectives:
After studying this unit, you will be able to:

3. a.Understand why instructional resources are important.
b. Identify different types of instructional materials.
c. Learn about the types of audio-visual aids.
d. Know which audio-visual aids are recommended for teaching
Pakistan Studies.
e. Understand how to use library resources in teaching Pakistan
Studies.
1. NEED AND TYPES OF
INSTRUCTIONAL RESOURCES
Instructional resources like textbooks, teacher’s guides, workbooks,
libraries, and labs are very important for effective teaching. They make
lessons more meaningful and help teachers share knowledge and skills
with students. In Pakistan Studies, these resources help students
understand concepts better, learn procedures, and achieve learning
goals.
Textbooks give basic knowledge and set standards for both teachers and
students. Workbooks and teacher’s guides add extra material and save
teachers’ time. Libraries, reading rooms, and resource centers can also
support teaching, but many schools in Pakistan lack these due to limited
funds. Still, teachers can use available audio-visual aids like charts,
maps, and globes to improve lessons.
Overall, instructional resources motivate students, expand their
experiences, make learning real, improve memory, and clarify
understanding in Pakistan Studies.
1.1 Text Book
The Pakistan Studies textbook has a strong influence on both teachers
and students because, for many, it is the main or only source of
knowledge. The newer textbooks are better than the older ones as they
are more detailed, updated, and include illustrations.

4. Textbooks set clear standards by showing what teachers should teach
and what students should learn. They also affect teaching methods and
reflect the progress of education. However, using a textbook properly
requires skill, because it is carefully designed and often combines
subjects like history, geography, civics, and economics. Teachers need
to understand these connections to teach in an integrated way.
A good textbook should:
a. Match the goals of the course.
b. Be accurate and reliable.
c. Suit the age and level of the students.
d. Spark students’ interest.
e. Be well-organized and easy to follow.
f. Provide helpful teaching and learning aids.
1.2 Work Book
Workbook is a helpful supplement to the textbook. It makes studying
easier by including things like outlines, summaries, study questions,
exercises, important dates, maps, diagrams, charts, tables, projects,
activities, film suggestions, references, and tests.
Teachers need to use workbooks carefully. They should make sure the
workbook matches the textbook, guide students on how to do the
exercises, and fill in any missing instructions.
Advantages of workbooks:
Give clear guidance for reading and study.
Help students focus on important points.
Provide practice through activities and projects.
Encourage independent work.
Allow students to perform at their own level.
Offer ways to test them and improve.
Disadvantages of workbooks:
Can make learning mechanical.

5. May reduce teacher’s active role.
Give a false sense of progress.
Limit student creativity.
Take too much class time.
Discourage teamwork.
In Pakistan, special workbooks for Pakistan Studies are not yet
officially prepared by textbook boards for secondary schools.
Teacher’s Manual / Guide Book:
A teacher’s manual or guidebook is a helpful resource that is often used
along with the textbook. It is becoming popular in Pakistan because
teachers have limited time, and publishers want their textbooks to be
used more effectively.
The guidebook is useful because it:
a. Gives teachers extra information and teaching aids they might not
have time to collect.
b. Explains special features of the textbook and suggests classroom
activities.
c. Provides teaching strategies to help teachers use the textbook
effectively.
d. Suggests activities that students can do outside the classroom.
Achievement Test Booklet:
Achievement test booklets are used along with textbooks to save
teachers’ time. They are often provided by publishers or prepared by
education boards and given to schools. These booklets usually contain
objective-type tests, which help students get ready for external exams.
They are also called “item pools” or “item banks” because they include
many test questions covering a wide range of textbook content. The
tests are easy to check and useful for regular assessment.
Teachers of Pakistan Studies should be encouraged to prepare their own
test items for periodic evaluation and should receive training on how to
design such achievement tests.

6. 2. TEACHING AIDS FOR TEACHING OF
PAKISTAN STUDIES
The Value and Importance of Audio-Visual Aids:
The proverb “One seeing is worth a hundred telling” highlights the
importance of audio-visual aids in education. Unlike oral explanations
that rely on past experience, visual aids give students new experiences
and clearer understanding.
Audio-visual aids are not just extra tools; they are essential because
they:
Provide real experiences.
Help connect objects with words.
Save time for both teachers and students.
Make learning enjoyable.
Increase appreciation and understanding.
Simplify complex information.
Encourage imagination.
Improve observation skills.
Make lessons more interesting and meaningful.
Clarify difficult concepts.
Help teachers manage large classes.
Overcome teachers’ limitations.
In short, audio-visual aids are one of the easiest and most effective ways
to improve learning.
Levels of Audio-Visual Aids:
Learning mainly happens through our senses, and audio-visual aids
work at three levels:
1.Direct Experience – This is first-hand learning through real-life
contact, like field trips. It is the most effective but also the hardest
to arrange because of cost, time, and availability.

7. 2.Vicarious Experience – When direct experience is not possible,
aids like charts, maps, pictures, models, TV, and projectors are
used. These provide a substitute for real experiences and make
learning meaningful.
3.Symbolic Experience – This is abstract learning through words,
lectures, textbooks, or blackboard notes. It is the least effective and
often boring for young children.
In short, direct experiences are the best, but since they are difficult to
provide, vicarious experiences through audio-visual aids become the
most practical and useful in classrooms.
Types of Audio-Visual Aids:
Pakistan Studies teachers can make their lessons more interesting by
using many kinds of audio-visual aids. These are divided into visual,
auditory, and projection materials.
i) Visual and Auditory Aids
Motion Pictures: Films make learning lively, provide motivation,
explain ideas, and show reality. Teachers should carefully choose
and discuss them.
Television: Combines sight and sound, shows events as they
happen, and is useful through educational programs and
documentaries.
ii) Visual Materials
Chalkboard/Blackboard: Used for writing main points, drawing
maps, graphs, diagrams, or asking questions.
Bulletin Board: Displays maps, charts, posters, clippings, and
announcements.
Film Strips & Slides: Allow teachers to control the speed of
presentation and explain points in detail.
Pictures: Should be simple, clear, accurate, and locally relevant.
Models: Miniatures of real objects that can be observed from all
sides.

8. Specimens: Real objects like coins, stamps, newspapers, or old
utensils that bring history to life.
Exhibits: Displays from museums or libraries, or small school
museums created by teachers.
Felt/Flannel Board: Used to display small cards, pictures, or
diagrams for explanation.
Maps & Globes: Show geography, history, politics, and help
students understand the world.
Graphs & Charts: Present data visually; charts may be
chronological or student-made.
iii) Projection Equipment
Opaque Projector: Projects pictures or written material but needs a
dark room.
Slide Projector: Projects slides and does not need a dark room.
Film Strip Projector: Similar to slide projector but works frame by
frame.
Film Projector: Plays films with sound and can include teacher
commentary.
Overhead Projector: Projects transparencies and is widely used in
seminars, though less in schools.
iv) Auditory Materials
Radio: Brings news, discussions, and educational programs into the
classroom. It is cheap and widely available.
Recordings (Discs/Tape Recorders): Can be played at any time,
used for interviews, classroom discussions, or recorded lessons.
Teachers can also get educational recordings from universities or
companies.
In short, audio-visual aids like films, maps, models, radio, and
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projectors make Pakistan Studies lessons more real, clear, and engaging
for students.

9. Audio-Visual Aids Recommended in
Curriculum for Pakistan Studies:
The curriculum suggests different audio-visual aids to make Pakistan
Studies more effective and interesting. These include:
a) Maps
Atlas of Asia
Maps of Pakistan (general, relief, pictorial, urban settlements,
population density)
Historical and political maps of the subcontinent
Outline maps of pre-partition Punjab and Bengal
Maps of the Middle East, Muslim countries, and the world
b) Pictures
Muslim rulers and Mohammad Bin Qasim
National and Provincial Assemblies
Beautiful places showing cultural and geographical heritage
Forests, dams, bridges, barrages
Mountains, rivers, and plains
c) Charts
Structure of Federal and Provincial government
Agricultural products and systems
Population and census data
Customs and trade exploitation
Literacy rates and enrollment figures
Agencies of the UNO
Holy places and flags of Muslim countries
Features of a welfare state
d) Documentary Films
Creation of Pakistan
Parliamentary sessions

10. Development of the national economy
Progress in education in Pakistan
UNO sessions
Haj (pilgrimage)
Muslim conferences and summits
In short, the recommended aids include
??????
maps, pictures, charts, and
films that help students understand Pakistan’s history, geography,
politics, economy, culture, and role in the Muslim world.
Utilization of Library Resources for Teaching
of Pakistan Studies (Importance of Reading
Materials):
Importance of Reading Materials for Pakistan Studies
Secondary-level students need extensive reading materials and
equipment, but these are often missing or inadequate in schools.
A good, well-equipped library is essential for effective teaching of
Pakistan Studies, as it helps students understand social realities.
Many school libraries suffer from:
oOutdated, irrelevant, or very few Pakistan Studies books.
oInappropriate donated books.
oLack of a separate library room or building.
oNo trained librarian or teacher to manage the library.
oNo regular budget for purchasing new books.
A proper library can greatly improve teaching outcomes in
Pakistan Studies because much of the subject relies on printed
materials.
Teachers should actively work on acquiring and using relevant
resources to make lessons meaningful.
An enthusiastic teacher can also:
oInvolve colleagues and school heads.
oStart campaigns to collect free books.
oRaise funds to purchase relevant, updated books.

11. In short: A strong library is a key to successful teaching of Pakistan
??????
Studies, but it needs updated resources, regular funding, and active
teacher involvement.
Library Resources for Teaching of Pakistan
Studies
2) Considerations in the Selection of Books
Teachers play an active role in selecting books.
Books should be:
oRelevant and up-to-date.
oAttractive in binding, with pictures, clear text, and interesting
content to motivate students.
Teachers should use catalogues and reviews from reliable
publishers to make the right choices.
3) Contents of a Pakistan Studies Library
A good Pakistan Studies library should have a wide variety of books,
including:
Reference books
Parallel books (alternative readings)
Source books
Series and sets
Specialized studies
Biographies
Books on local aspects
Fiction books for teachers
Professional books
Soft cover books
Pamphlets and periodicals
4) Other Considerations
For effective use of the library:

12. Teachers and librarians must cooperate closely.
Teachers should:
oKnow what materials are available.
oRecommend specific books for purchase.
oAssign readings only from available books.
oHelp students find material on different topics.
oEncourage students to develop proper reading habits.
✅ In short: A Pakistan Studies library should have updated, well-
chosen, and diverse resources, selected carefully by teachers, and used
effectively through teacher-librarian cooperation.
3. SELF ASSESSMENT QUESTIONS
1. What is the importance of instructional resources?
2. What are the various types of instructional materials?
3. What are the value and importance of audio-visual aids
to be used in teaching of Pakistan studies?
4. What are the modern types of audio-visual aids to be
used in teaching of Pakistan Studies?
5. What are the modern types of audio-visual aids to be
used in teaching of Pakistan Studies?
6. Why is the black board still popularly used in
instruction?
7. Which type of audio-visual aids have been
recommended to be used in teaching of Pakistan Studies?
8. Which types of instructional aids the children can
prepare with no cost with low cost materials in teaching of
Pakistan Studies?
3. SELF ASSESSMENT QUESTIONS/ANSWERS

13. 1. What is the importance of instructional resources?
Importance of Instructional Resources
1.Enhance learning – make concepts clear, concrete, and easier to
understand.
2.Motivate students – increase interest and attention during lessons.
3.Save time and effort – simplify teaching by providing ready
support.
4.Provide variety – prevent monotony and make learning enjoyable.
5.Promote retention – learners remember more through visual and
practical aids.
6.Bridge theory and practice – connect classroom learning with
real-life situations.
7.Support diverse learners – cater to different learning styles
(visual, auditory, kinesthetic).
In short:
??????
Instructional resources make teaching more effective,
meaningful, and student-centered.
2. What are the various types of instructional materials?
Types of Instructional Materials
1.Audio Aids – Materials that appeal to the sense of hearing (e.g.,
radio, tape recorders, audio lessons, speeches).
2.Visual Aids – Materials that appeal to the sense of sight (e.g.,
maps, charts, pictures, models, diagrams, posters).
3.Audio-Visual Aids – Materials that combine both sight and sound
(e.g., TV, films, documentaries, multimedia presentations).
4.Printed Materials – Textbooks, reference books, newspapers,
magazines, pamphlets, and periodicals.
5.Real Objects and Models – Actual specimens, artifacts, models,
and field trips for direct experience.
6.Digital/Technological Resources – Computers, projectors,
internet resources, and educational software.

14. ??????
These materials are used according to the subject, level of learners,
and teaching objectives.
3. What are the value and importance of audio-visual aids
to be used in teaching of Pakistan studies?
Value and Importance of Audio-Visual Aids in Teaching of
Pakistan Studies
1.Furnish Experiences – They bring history, geography, and culture
closer to students through maps, pictures, and documentaries.
2.Clarify Concepts – Complicated events, structures, and data
become easy to understand with charts, models, and visuals.
3.Save Time and Effort – Teachers can explain large topics quickly
and effectively.
4.Stimulate Interest – Lessons become attractive, meaningful, and
engaging.
5.Develop Observation & Imagination – Visuals encourage critical
thinking and creativity in students.
6.Promote Retention – Students remember better what they see and
hear together.
7.Facilitate Large Classes – Aids like maps, charts, and projectors
help teachers handle big groups conveniently.
8.Overcome Teacher’s Limitations – When direct experiences are
not possible, aids provide substitutes (e.g., showing a dam or forest
through pictures/films).

??????
Thus, audio-visual aids act as a “royal road to learning” in
Pakistan Studies by making teaching effective, realistic, and long-
lasting.
4.What are the modern types of audio-visual aids to be
used in teaching of Pakistan Studies?
Modern Types of Audio-Visual Aids in Teaching of
Pakistan Studies

15. 1.Maps & Atlases – Political, historical, relief, and demographic
maps of Pakistan and the world.
2.Pictures & Photographs – Portraits of leaders, historical events,
natural and cultural heritage sites.
3.Charts & Graphs – Population charts, literacy ratios, agricultural
production, government structures.
4.Models & Objects – 3D models of dams, historical buildings, or
geographical features.
5.Documentary Films & Videos – Films on Pakistan’s creation,
economic development, UNO, Hajj, and national events.
6.Radio & Television Programs – Educational broadcasts and news
discussions on national issues.
7.Projectors & Multimedia – Slide projectors, OHPs, digital
presentations (PowerPoint, animations).
8.Internet & Digital Resources – Online archives, virtual tours, e-
libraries, Google Earth, digital maps.

??????
These modern aids make the teaching of Pakistan Studies more
interactive, realistic, and effective.
5. What are the modern types of audio-visual aids to be
used in teaching of Pakistan Studies?
Modern Types of Audio-Visual Aids in Teaching of Pakistan
Studies
1.Digital Maps & Atlases – Interactive maps, Google Earth, GIS-
based maps.
2.Multimedia Presentations – PowerPoint slides, animations, info
graphics.
3.Documentary Films & Videos – Historical events, cultural
heritage, national development, UNO, Hajj.
4.Television & Radio Programs – Educational broadcasts, national
news analysis.
5.Internet & Online Resources – E-libraries, digital archives,
online databases, virtual museums.

16. 6.Projectors & Smart Boards – LCD projectors, interactive
whiteboards for visual teaching.
7.Photographs & Digital Images – Leaders’ portraits, cultural sites,
geographical features.
8.Models & 3D Visuals – Dams, barrages, historical monuments,
relief models.
9.Virtual Reality (VR) & Simulation Tools – Virtual tours of
historical and cultural places.
✅ These modern A.V. aids make Pakistan Studies teaching more
interactive, practical, and student-centered.
6. Why is the black board still popularly used in instruction?
Why the Black Board is Still Popularly Used in Instruction
1.Simplicity and Universality – It is the most basic and widely
available teaching aid in almost all schools.
2.Low Cost – Very economical compared to digital or electronic
resources.
3.Ease of Use – Teachers can instantly write, draw, and explain
concepts without technical training.
4.Flexibility – Useful for diagrams, charts, notes, problem-solving,
and step-by-step explanations.
5.Interaction – Encourages teacher–student participation (e.g.,
asking students to solve on the board).
6.Visibility – Provides a large, clear display visible to the whole
class at once.
7.No Technical Issues – Unlike projectors or smart boards, it does
not depend on electricity or gadgets.
✅ In short: The blackboard remains popular because it is cheap,
effective, reliable, and promotes interactive teaching.
7. Which type of audio-visual aids has been recommended
to be used in teaching of Pakistan Studies?

17. Audio-Visual Aids Recommended in Teaching of Pakistan
Studies
The curriculum of Pakistan Studies suggests the use of the following
types of audio-visual aids:
1.Maps – e.g., Atlas of Asia, Map of Pakistan, Relief Map,
Historical and Political Maps of the Subcontinent, Outline maps of
Punjab/Bengal (pre-partition), Maps of Muslim countries, World
maps, etc.
2.Pictures – e.g., portraits of Muslim rulers, Quaid-e-Azam,
assemblies, cultural heritage, forests, dams, bridges, rivers,
mountains, etc.
3.Charts – e.g., charts showing government structure, agriculture,
census, literacy ratio, UNO agencies, flags of Muslim countries,
welfare state features, etc.
4.Documentary Films – e.g., films on the making of Pakistan,
development of economy, UNO in session, Hajj, Muslim
conferences, education development, etc.
✅ In short: Maps, pictures, charts, and documentary films are the main
audio-visual aids recommended for teaching Pakistan Studies.
8.Which types of instructional aids the children can prepare with no
cost with low cost materials in teaching of Pakistan Studies?
Instructional Aids Children Can Prepare with No-Cost or Low-Cost
Materials in Teaching of Pakistan Studies.
Children can actively participate in preparing simple instructional aids
using locally available or inexpensive materials. These include:
1.No-Cost Materials (using paper, waste, or natural items):
Drawing outline maps of Pakistan and provinces.
Making charts from old newspapers, magazines, or reused paper.
Collecting and pasting pictures of leaders, monuments, rivers, and mountains from newspapers or old
magazines.
Preparing timelines of historical events using waste paper.
Role play/dramatization (no material cost, just performance).

18. 2.Low-Cost Materials:
Simple models of dams, mountains, or forts using clay, cardboard, or thermocol.
Flashcards with important facts, dates, and personalities.
Scrapbooks on cultural heritage or festivals.
Poster making with inexpensive charts paper and colors.
Collages of cultural, social, or historical themes using cuttings.
✅ In short: Children can prepare maps, charts, posters, scrapbooks, timelines, flashcards, and small models
at no or very low cost, which make Pakistan Studies learning more practical and interesting.