MT-CHM1-LEC-Lesson-2-The-Periodic-Table-09120092939468.pptx

This powerpoint will help you deal with the basic knowledge about the periodic table of elements.

1. St. Alexius College Medical Technology Department City of Koronadal, South Cotabato MT CHM1 LEC Inorganic & Organic Chemistry “The Periodic Table” Prepared by | Carl Jethro G. Dellosa, RMT

2. St. Alexius College Medical Technology Department City of Koronadal, South Cotabato Prepared by | Carl Jethro G. Dellosa, RMT RECALL OF PAST LESSON Chemistry. Chemistry is the field of study that is concerned with the characteristics, composition, and transformations of matter. Properties of matter. Properties, the distinguishing characteristics of a substance that are used in its identification and description, are of two types: physical and chemical. Changes in matter. Changes that can occur in matter are classified into two types: physical and chemical. Pure substances and mixtures. All specimens of matter are either pure substances or mixtures.

3. St. Alexius College Medical Technology Department City of Koronadal, South Cotabato Prepared by | Carl Jethro G. Dellosa, RMT RECALL OF PAST LESSON Types of mixtures. Mixtures can be classified as heterogeneous or homogeneous on the basis of the visual recognition of the components present. Types of pure substances. A pure substance can be classified as either an element or a compound on the basis of whether it can be broken down into two or more simpler substances by chemical means. Chemical symbols. Chemical symbols are a shorthand notation for the names of the elements.

4. St. Alexius College Medical Technology Department City of Koronadal, South Cotabato Prepared by | Carl Jethro G. Dellosa, RMT RECALL OF PAST LESSON Types of molecules . Molecules are of two types: homoatomic and heteroatomic. Chemical formulas . Chemical formulas are used to specify compound composition in a concise manner

5. St. Alexius College Medical Technology Department City of Koronadal, South Cotabato Prepared by | Carl Jethro G. Dellosa, RMT

6. St. Alexius College Medical Technology Department City of Koronadal, South Cotabato Prepared by | Carl Jethro G. Dellosa, RMT OBJECTIVES 1.Explain the organization of elements in the periodic table based on atomic number, electron configuration, and properties. 2.Recognize the main groups (alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, transition metals, halogens, noble gases, etc.) and periods within the periodic table.

7. St. Alexius College Medical Technology Department City of Koronadal, South Cotabato Prepared by | Carl Jethro G. Dellosa, RMT OBJECTIVES 3.Describe and interpret periodic trends such as atomic radius, ionization energy, electron affinity, and electronegativity, and understand how they vary across periods and groups 4.Identify the different blocks on the periodic table (s, p, d, and f) and understand their significance in determining element properties.

8. St. Alexius College Medical Technology Department City of Koronadal, South Cotabato Prepared by | Carl Jethro G. Dellosa, RMT

9. St. Alexius College Medical Technology Department City of Koronadal, South Cotabato Prepared by | Carl Jethro G. Dellosa, RMT ATOMIC STRUCTURE Subatomic particle is a very small particle that is a building block for atoms. Three types of subatomic particles are found within atoms: Electrons Protons Neutrons

10. St. Alexius College Medical Technology Department City of Koronadal, South Cotabato Prepared by | Carl Jethro G. Dellosa, RMT ATOMIC STRUCTURE Electron is a subatomic particle that possesses a negative (2) electrical charge. Proton is a subatomic particle that possesses a positive (1) electrical charge.

11. St. Alexius College Medical Technology Department City of Koronadal, South Cotabato Prepared by | Carl Jethro G. Dellosa, RMT ATOMIC STRUCTURE

12. St. Alexius College Medical Technology Department City of Koronadal, South Cotabato Prepared by | Carl Jethro G. Dellosa, RMT ATOMIC STRUCTURE Neutron is a subatomic particle that has no charge associated with it; that is, it is neutral.

13. St. Alexius College Medical Technology Department City of Koronadal, South Cotabato Prepared by | Carl Jethro G. Dellosa, RMT ARRANGEMENT OF SUBATOMIC PARTICLES WITHIN AN ATOM The arrangement of subatomic particles within an atom is not haphazard. All protons and all neutrons present are found at the center of an atom in a very tiny volume called the nucleus . Nucleus is the small, dense, positively charged center of an atom.

14. St. Alexius College Medical Technology Department City of Koronadal, South Cotabato Prepared by | Carl Jethro G. Dellosa, RMT

15. St. Alexius College Medical Technology Department City of Koronadal, South Cotabato Prepared by | Carl Jethro G. Dellosa, RMT ARRANGEMENT OF SUBATOMIC PARTICLES WITHIN AN ATOM The outer (extranuclear) region of an atom contains all of the electrons. In this region, which accounts for most of the volume of an atom, the electrons move rap region, which accounts for most of the volume of an atom, the electrons move rap The electrons are attracted to the positively charged protons of the nucleus by the forces that exist between particles of opposite charge

16. St. Alexius College Medical Technology Department City of Koronadal, South Cotabato Prepared by | Carl Jethro G. Dellosa, RMT ARRANGEMENT OF SUBATOMIC PARTICLES WITHIN AN ATOM The volume occupied by the electrons is sometimes referred to as the electron cloud.

17. St. Alexius College Medical Technology Department City of Koronadal, South Cotabato Prepared by | Carl Jethro G. Dellosa, RMT ARRANGEMENT OF SUBATOMIC PARTICLES WITHIN AN ATOM Nucleon is any sub atomic particle found in the nucleus of an atom. Thus both protons and neutrons are nucleons, and the nucleus can be regarded as containing a collection of nucleons (protons and neutrons).

18. St. Alexius College Medical Technology Department City of Koronadal, South Cotabato Prepared by | Carl Jethro G. Dellosa, RMT CHARGE NEUTRALITY OF AN ATOM An atom as a whole is electrically neutral; that is, it has no net electrical charge. For this to be the case, the same number of positive and negative charges must be present in the atom. Equal numbers of positive and negative charges give a net electrical charge of zero. Thus equal numbers of protons and electrons are present in an atom . Number of protons =number of electrons

19. St. Alexius College Medical Technology Department City of Koronadal, South Cotabato Prepared by | Carl Jethro G. Dellosa, RMT SIZE RELATIONSHIPS WITHIN AN ATOM The following imaginary example is helpful in gaining a correct perspective about the size relationship between a nucleus and an atom as a whole. Imagine enlarging (magnifying) the nucleus until it is the size of a baseball (about 2.9 inches in diameter). If the nucleus were this large, the whole atom would have a diameter of approximately 2.5 miles.

20. St. Alexius College Medical Technology Department City of Koronadal, South Cotabato Prepared by | Carl Jethro G. Dellosa, RMT SIZE RELATIONSHIPS WITHIN AN ATOM The electrons would still be smaller than the periods used to end sentences in this text, and they would move about at random within that 2.5-mile region. The concentration of nearly all of the mass of an atom in the nucleus can also be illustrated by using an imaginary example. If a coin the same size as a copper penny contained copper nuclei (copper atoms stripped of their electrons) rather than copper atoms (which are mostly empty space), the coin would weigh 190,000,000 tons! Nuclei are indeed very dense matter.

21. St. Alexius College Medical Technology Department City of Koronadal, South Cotabato Prepared by | Carl Jethro G. Dellosa, RMT SIZE RELATIONSHIPS WITHIN AN ATOM Despite the existence of subatomic particles, atoms are still considered to be the fundamental building blocks for all types of matter. Subatomic particles do not lead an independent existence for any appreciable length of time; they gain stability by joining together to form atoms.

22. St. Alexius College Medical Technology Department City of Koronadal, South Cotabato Prepared by | Carl Jethro G. Dellosa, RMT ATOMIC NUMBER AND MASS NUMBER An atomic number is the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom. Because an atom has the same number of electrons as protons (Section 3.1), the atomic number also specifies the number of electrons present. The symbol Z is used as a general designation for atomic number.

23. St. Alexius College Medical Technology Department City of Koronadal, South Cotabato Prepared by | Carl Jethro G. Dellosa, RMT ATOMIC NUMBER AND MASS NUMBER A mass number is the sum of the number of protons and the number of neutrons in the nucleus of an atom. Thus the mass number gives the number of subatomic particles present in the nucleus. The mass of an atom is almost totally accounted for by the protons and neutrons present—hence the term mass number. The symbol A is used as a general designation for mass number.

24. St. Alexius College Medical Technology Department City of Koronadal, South Cotabato Prepared by | Carl Jethro G. Dellosa, RMT ATOMIC NUMBER AND MASS NUMBER The number and identity of subatomic particles present in an atom can be calculated from its atomic and mass numbers in the following manner.

25. St. Alexius College Medical Technology Department City of Koronadal, South Cotabato Prepared by | Carl Jethro G. Dellosa, RMT

26. St. Alexius College Medical Technology Department City of Koronadal, South Cotabato Prepared by | Carl Jethro G. Dellosa, RMT ATOMIC NUMBER AND MASS NUMBER An alphabetical list of the 118 known elements, with their atomic numbers as well as other information, is found on the inside front cover of this text. Checking the atomic number column in this tabulation shows an entry for each of the numbers in the sequence 1 through 118. Scientists interpret this continuous atomic number sequence 118 as evidence that there are no “missing elements” yet to be discovered in nature. The naturally occurring element with the highest atomic number is element 92 (uranium).

27. St. Alexius College Medical Technology Department City of Koronadal, South Cotabato Prepared by | Carl Jethro G. Dellosa, RMT ATOMIC NUMBER AND MASS NUMBER The mass and atomic numbers of a given atom are often specified using the notation.

28. St. Alexius College Medical Technology Department City of Koronadal, South Cotabato Prepared by | Carl Jethro G. Dellosa, RMT ATOMIC NUMBER AND MASS NUMBER In this notation, often called complete chemical symbol notation, the atomic number is placed as a subscript in front of the chemical symbol and the mass number is placed as a superscript in front of the chemical symbol. The first of these notations specifies a fluorine atom that has an atomic number of 9 and a mass number of 19.

29. St. Alexius College Medical Technology Department City of Koronadal, South Cotabato Prepared by | Carl Jethro G. Dellosa, RMT ELECTRONS AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES The chemical properties of an atom, which are the basis for its identification, are determined by the number and arrangement of the electrons about the nucleus. When two atoms interact, the outer part (electrons) of one interacts with the outer part (electrons) of the other. The small nuclear centers never come in contact with each other in a chemical reaction.

30. St. Alexius College Medical Technology Department City of Koronadal, South Cotabato Prepared by | Carl Jethro G. Dellosa, RMT ELECTRONS AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES The number of electrons about a nucleus may be considered to be determined by the number of protons in the nucleus; charge balance requires an equal number of the two. All atoms with the same atomic number have the same chemical properties and are atoms of the same element.

31. St. Alexius College Medical Technology Department City of Koronadal, South Cotabato Prepared by | Carl Jethro G. Dellosa, RMT ELECTRONS AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES An element was defined as a pure substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances by ordinary chemical means. An element is a pure substance in which all atoms present have the same atomic number.

32. St. Alexius College Medical Technology Department City of Koronadal, South Cotabato Prepared by | Carl Jethro G. Dellosa, RMT ISOTOPES AND ATOMIC MASSES Isotopes are atoms of an element that have the same number of protons and the same number of electrons but different numbers of neutrons. Different isotopes always have the same atomic number and different mass numbers. Isotopes of an element have the same chemical properties, but their physical properties are often slightly different.

33. St. Alexius College Medical Technology Department City of Koronadal, South Cotabato Prepared by | Carl Jethro G. Dellosa, RMT ISOTOPES AND ATOMIC MASSES

34. St. Alexius College Medical Technology Department City of Koronadal, South Cotabato Prepared by | Carl Jethro G. Dellosa, RMT

35. St. Alexius College Medical Technology Department City of Koronadal, South Cotabato Prepared by | Carl Jethro G. Dellosa, RMT ATOMIC MASSES The weighted-average mass of the isotopes of an element is known as the element’s atomic mass. An atomic mass is the calculated average mass for the isotopes of an element, expressed on a scale where 12 6C serves as the reference point.

36. St. Alexius College Medical Technology Department City of Koronadal, South Cotabato Prepared by | Carl Jethro G. Dellosa, RMT

37. St. Alexius College Medical Technology Department City of Koronadal, South Cotabato Prepared by | Carl Jethro G. Dellosa, RMT

38. St. Alexius College Medical Technology Department City of Koronadal, South Cotabato Prepared by | Carl Jethro G. Dellosa, RMT THE PERIODIC LAW AND THE PERIODIC TABLE During the mid-nineteenth century, scientists began to look for order in the increasing amount of chemical information that had become available. They knew that certain elements had properties that were very similar to those of other elements, and they sought reasons for these similarities in the hope that these similarities would suggest a method for arranging or classifying the elements.

39. St. Alexius College Medical Technology Department City of Koronadal, South Cotabato Prepared by | Carl Jethro G. Dellosa, RMT THE PERIODIC LAW AND THE PERIODIC TABLE In 1869, these efforts culminated in the discovery of what is now called the periodic law, proposed independently by the Russian chemist Dmitri MendeleevVand the German chemist Julius Lothar Meyer

40. St. Alexius College Medical Technology Department City of Koronadal, South Cotabato Prepared by | Carl Jethro G. Dellosa, RMT THE PERIODIC LAW AND THE PERIODIC TABLE Periodic law states that when elements are arranged in order of increasing atomic number, elements with similar chemical properties occur at periodic (regularly recurring) intervals. Periodic table is a tabular arrangement of the elements in order of increasing atomic number such that elements having similar chemical properties are positioned in vertical columns.

41. St. Alexius College Medical Technology Department City of Koronadal, South Cotabato Prepared by | Carl Jethro G. Dellosa, RMT GROUPS AND PERIODS OF ELEMENTS Period is a horizontal row of elements in the periodic table.

42. St. Alexius College Medical Technology Department City of Koronadal, South Cotabato Prepared by | Carl Jethro G. Dellosa, RMT GROUPS AND PERIODS OF ELEMENTS Group is a vertical column of elements in the periodic table.

43. St. Alexius College Medical Technology Department City of Koronadal, South Cotabato Prepared by | Carl Jethro G. Dellosa, RMT GROUPS AND PERIODS OF ELEMENTS Elements are arranged Vertically into Groups Horizontally Into Periods

44. St. Alexius College Medical Technology Department City of Koronadal, South Cotabato Prepared by | Carl Jethro G. Dellosa, RMT GROUPS AND PERIODS OF ELEMENTS WHY? If you looked at one atom of every element in a group you would see… Each atom has the same number of electrons in its outermost shell.

45. St. Alexius College Medical Technology Department City of Koronadal, South Cotabato Prepared by | Carl Jethro G. Dellosa, RMT GROUPS AND PERIODS OF ELEMENTS EXAMPLE The group 2 atoms all have 2 electrons in their outer shells Be (Beryllium) Atom Mg (Magnesium) Atom

46. St. Alexius College Medical Technology Department City of Koronadal, South Cotabato Prepared by | Carl Jethro G. Dellosa, RMT GROUPS AND PERIODS OF ELEMENTS The number of outer or “valence” electrons in an atom affects the way an atom bonds. The way an atom bonds determines many properties of the element. This is why elements within a group usually have similar properties.

47. St. Alexius College Medical Technology Department City of Koronadal, South Cotabato Prepared by | Carl Jethro G. Dellosa, RMT GROUPS AND PERIODS OF ELEMENTS If you looked at an atom from each element in a period Each atom has the same number of electron shells.

48. St. Alexius College Medical Technology Department City of Koronadal, South Cotabato Prepared by | Carl Jethro G. Dellosa, RMT GROUPS AND PERIODS OF ELEMENTS The period 4 atoms each have 4 electron containing shells 4th Shell K (Potassium) Atom Fe (Iron) Atom Kr (Krypton) Atom

49. St. Alexius College Medical Technology Department City of Koronadal, South Cotabato Prepared by | Carl Jethro G. Dellosa, RMT GROUPS AND PERIODS OF ELEMENTS The periodic Table is divided into several groups based on the properties of different atoms . Alkali metals Alkaline earth metals Halogen

50. St. Alexius College Medical Technology Department City of Koronadal, South Cotabato Prepared by | Carl Jethro G. Dellosa, RMT GROUPS AND PERIODS OF ELEMENTS

51. St. Alexius College Medical Technology Department City of Koronadal, South Cotabato Prepared by | Carl Jethro G. Dellosa, RMT GROUPS AND PERIODS OF ELEMENTS Group 1A: Alkali Metals Reaction of potassium + H2O Cutting sodium metal

52. St. Alexius College Medical Technology Department City of Koronadal, South Cotabato Prepared by | Carl Jethro G. Dellosa, RMT GROUPS AND PERIODS OF ELEMENTS Alkali Metals reacting with water:

53. St. Alexius College Medical Technology Department City of Koronadal, South Cotabato Prepared by | Carl Jethro G. Dellosa, RMT GROUPS AND PERIODS OF ELEMENTS Group 2A: Alkaline Earth Metals

54. St. Alexius College Medical Technology Department City of Koronadal, South Cotabato Prepared by | Carl Jethro G. Dellosa, RMT GROUPS AND PERIODS OF ELEMENTS

55. St. Alexius College Medical Technology Department City of Koronadal, South Cotabato Prepared by | Carl Jethro G. Dellosa, RMT GROUPS AND PERIODS OF ELEMENTS

56. St. Alexius College Medical Technology Department City of Koronadal, South Cotabato Prepared by | Carl Jethro G. Dellosa, RMT GROUPS AND PERIODS OF ELEMENTS How many things can you think of that have Transition Metals in them?

57. St. Alexius College Medical Technology Department City of Koronadal, South Cotabato Prepared by | Carl Jethro G. Dellosa, RMT GROUPS AND PERIODS OF ELEMENTS

58. St. Alexius College Medical Technology Department City of Koronadal, South Cotabato Prepared by | Carl Jethro G. Dellosa, RMT GROUPS AND PERIODS OF ELEMENTS

59. St. Alexius College Medical Technology Department City of Koronadal, South Cotabato Prepared by | Carl Jethro G. Dellosa, RMT GROUPS AND PERIODS OF ELEMENTS What are semiconductors used in?

60. St. Alexius College Medical Technology Department City of Koronadal, South Cotabato Prepared by | Carl Jethro G. Dellosa, RMT GROUPS AND PERIODS OF ELEMENTS

61. St. Alexius College Medical Technology Department City of Koronadal, South Cotabato Prepared by | Carl Jethro G. Dellosa, RMT GROUPS AND PERIODS OF ELEMENTS

62. St. Alexius College Medical Technology Department City of Koronadal, South Cotabato Prepared by | Carl Jethro G. Dellosa, RMT GROUPS AND PERIODS OF ELEMENTS Chlorine Gas was used as a chemical weapon during World War I. It was used by the Germans in World War II.

63. St. Alexius College Medical Technology Department City of Koronadal, South Cotabato Prepared by | Carl Jethro G. Dellosa, RMT GROUPS AND PERIODS OF ELEMENTS CHLORINE GAS The Germans were the first to use Chlorine gas at Ypres in 1915 Chlorine gas is a lung irritant The symptoms of gas poisoning are bright red lips, and a blue face People affected die a slow death by suffocation Decades later men who thought they had survived the war died from lung diseases such as Emphysema

64. St. Alexius College Medical Technology Department City of Koronadal, South Cotabato Prepared by | Carl Jethro G. Dellosa, RMT GROUPS AND PERIODS OF ELEMENTS CHLORINE

65. St. Alexius College Medical Technology Department City of Koronadal, South Cotabato Prepared by | Carl Jethro G. Dellosa, RMT GROUPS AND PERIODS OF ELEMENTS

66. St. Alexius College Medical Technology Department City of Koronadal, South Cotabato Prepared by | Carl Jethro G. Dellosa, RMT GROUPS AND PERIODS OF ELEMENTS Jellyfish lamps made with noble gases artist- Eric Ehlenberger

67. St. Alexius College Medical Technology Department City of Koronadal, South Cotabato Prepared by | Carl Jethro G. Dellosa, RMT GROUPS AND PERIODS OF ELEMENTS Colors Noble Gases produce in lamp tubes: Ne (Neon): orange-red Hg (Mercury): light blue Ar (Argon): pale lavender He (Helium): pale peach Kr (Krypton): pale silver Xe (Xenon): pale, deep blue

68. St. Alexius College Medical Technology Department City of Koronadal, South Cotabato Prepared by | Carl Jethro G. Dellosa, RMT GROUPS AND PERIODS OF ELEMENTS

69. St. Alexius College Medical Technology Department City of Koronadal, South Cotabato Prepared by | Carl Jethro G. Dellosa, RMT GROUPS AND PERIODS OF ELEMENTS (A) Periods of the periodic table, and (B) groups of the periodic table.

70. St. Alexius College Medical Technology Department City of Koronadal, South Cotabato Prepared by | Carl Jethro G. Dellosa, RMT GROUPS AND PERIODS OF ELEMENTS Chemical “Groups” IA are called alkali metals because they react with water to form an alkaline solution (basic). Group IIA are called the alkaline earth metals because they are reactive, but not as reactive as Group IA. Group VIIA are the halogens. Group VIIIA are the noble gases as they have completely filled outer shells

71. St. Alexius College Medical Technology Department City of Koronadal, South Cotabato Prepared by | Carl Jethro G. Dellosa, RMT GROUPS AND PERIODS OF ELEMENTS Four chemical families of the periodic table: the alkali metals (IA), the alkaline earth metals (IIA), halogens (VII), and the noble gases (VIIIA).

72. St. Alexius College Medical Technology Department City of Koronadal, South Cotabato Prepared by | Carl Jethro G. Dellosa, RMT GROUPS AND PERIODS OF ELEMENTS Metal : Elements that are usually solids at room temperature. Most elements are metals. Non-Metal : Elements in the upper right corner of the periodic Table. Their chemical and physical properties are different from metals. Metalloid : Elements that lie on a diagonal line between the metals and non-metals. Their chemical and physical properties are intermediate between the two.

73. St. Alexius College Medical Technology Department City of Koronadal, South Cotabato Prepared by | Carl Jethro G. Dellosa, RMT GROUPS AND PERIODS OF ELEMENTS ELEMENTS THAT EXIST AS DIATOMICMOLECULES Remember: The “GENS” These elements exist as PAIRS when ALONE. Hydrogen (H2) Nitrogen (N2) Oxygen (O2) Halogens (F2, Cl2, Br2, I2) (P4 and S8)

74. St. Alexius College Medical Technology Department City of Koronadal, South Cotabato Prepared by | Carl Jethro G. Dellosa, RMT GROUPS AND PERIODS OF ELEMENTS Isotopes Atoms of the same element (same Z) but different mass number (A). Boron-10 (10B) has 5 p and 5 n Boron-11 (11B) has 5 p and 6 n

75. St. Alexius College Medical Technology Department City of Koronadal, South Cotabato Prepared by | Carl Jethro G. Dellosa, RMT GROUPS AND PERIODS OF ELEMENTS ISOTOPES & THEIR USES Bone scans with radioactive technetium-99

76. St. Alexius College Medical Technology Department City of Koronadal, South Cotabato Prepared by | Carl Jethro G. Dellosa, RMT GROUPS AND PERIODS OF ELEMENTS CARBON-14 – RADIOACTIVE ISOTOPE Occurs in trace amounts in the atmosphere Absorbed into living organisms The half-life of carbon-14 is approx 5700 years (when half the C-14 is converted to N-14)

77. St. Alexius College Medical Technology Department City of Koronadal, South Cotabato Prepared by | Carl Jethro G. Dellosa, RMT GROUPS AND PERIODS OF ELEMENTS Atomic Symbols Show the name of the element, a hyphen, and the mass number in hyphen notation. sodium-23 Show the mass number and atomic number in nuclear symbol form.

78. St. Alexius College Medical Technology Department City of Koronadal, South Cotabato Prepared by | Carl Jethro G. Dellosa, RMT GROUPS AND PERIODS OF ELEMENTS IONS IONS are atoms or groups of atoms with a positive or negative charge. Donating an electron from an atom gives a CATION with a positive charge Accepting an electron to an atom gives an ANION with a negative charge

79. St. Alexius College Medical Technology Department City of Koronadal, South Cotabato Prepared by | Carl Jethro G. Dellosa, RMT GROUPS AND PERIODS OF ELEMENTS IONS To tell the difference between an atom and an ion, look to see if there is a charge in the superscript! Examples: Na+ Ca+2 I- O-2 Na Ca I O

80. St. Alexius College Medical Technology Department City of Koronadal, South Cotabato Prepared by | Carl Jethro G. Dellosa, RMT GROUPS AND PERIODS OF ELEMENTS Forming Cations & Anions A CATION forms when an atom loses one or more electrons . Mg --> Mg2+ + 2 e- An ANION forms when an atom gains one or more electrons F + e- --> F-

81. St. Alexius College Medical Technology Department City of Koronadal, South Cotabato Prepared by | Carl Jethro G. Dellosa, RMT GROUPS AND PERIODS OF ELEMENTS PREDICTING ION CHARGES In general metals (Mg) lose electrons ---> cations (Mg2+) nonmetals (F) gain electrons ---> anions (F-)

82. St. Alexius College Medical Technology Department City of Koronadal, South Cotabato Prepared by | Carl Jethro G. Dellosa, RMT GROUPS AND PERIODS OF ELEMENTS When an atom or molecule gain or loses an electron it becomes an ion. A cation has lost an electron and therefore has a positive charge An anion has gained an electron and therefore has a negative charge.

83. St. Alexius College Medical Technology Department City of Koronadal, South Cotabato Prepared by | Carl Jethro G. Dellosa, RMT GROUPS AND PERIODS OF ELEMENTS Charges on Common Ions

84. St. Alexius College Medical Technology Department City of Koronadal, South Cotabato Prepared by | Carl Jethro G. Dellosa, RMT GROUPS AND PERIODS OF ELEMENTS Elements with 1, 2, or 3 electrons in their outer shell tend to lose electrons to fill their outer shell and become cations. These are the metals which always tend to lose electrons.

85. St. Alexius College Medical Technology Department City of Koronadal, South Cotabato Prepared by | Carl Jethro G. Dellosa, RMT GROUPS AND PERIODS OF ELEMENTS Elements with 5 to 7 electrons in their outer shell tend to gain electrons to fill their outer shell and become anions. These are the nonmetals which always tend to gain electrons.

86. St. Alexius College Medical Technology Department City of Koronadal, South Cotabato Prepared by | Carl Jethro G. Dellosa, RMT GROUPS AND PERIODS OF ELEMENTS Semiconductors (metalloids) occur at the dividing line between metals and nonmetals . EXAMPLE What would the charge be on a sodium ion ? Since sodium in in Group IA it is a metal and so would LOSE an electron.

87. St. Alexius College Medical Technology Department City of Koronadal, South Cotabato Prepared by | Carl Jethro G. Dellosa, RMT GROUPS AND PERIODS OF ELEMENTS You can tell how many would be lost by the group number Group 1A elements lose 1 electron. So the charge would be +1 Remember an electron is negatively charged. When you lose them atom becomes positively charged… when you gain them it becomes negatively charged

88. St. Alexius College Medical Technology Department City of Koronadal, South Cotabato Prepared by | Carl Jethro G. Dellosa, RMT GROUPS AND PERIODS OF ELEMENTS EXAMPLE How would you right the symbol for the sodium CATION ? How many outer electrons does sodium have before it loses one? It has 1…remember the group number!

89. St. Alexius College Medical Technology Department City of Koronadal, South Cotabato Prepared by | Carl Jethro G. Dellosa, RMT SUMMARY The periodic table is a tabular arrangement of chemical elements, organized based on their atomic number, electron configuration, and recurring chemical properties. It provides a systematic way to categorize and understand the fundamental building blocks of matter.

90. St. Alexius College Medical Technology Department City of Koronadal, South Cotabato Prepared by | Carl Jethro G. Dellosa, RMT SUMMARY Atomic Number: Elements are ordered according to their atomic number, which represents the number of protons in an atom's nucleus. This number uniquely identifies each element. Groups and Periods: The periodic table is divided into periods (horizontal rows) and groups or families (vertical columns). Elements within the same group share similar chemical properties due to their similar electron configurations.

91. St. Alexius College Medical Technology Department City of Koronadal, South Cotabato Prepared by | Carl Jethro G. Dellosa, RMT SUMMARY Chemical Properties: Elements in the same group tend to exhibit similar chemical behaviors because they have the same number of valence electrons. Valence electrons are responsible for an element's bonding characteristics. Main Groups and Transition Metals: The table is often divided into main groups (1, 2, 13-18) and transition metals (3-12). Main groups include alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, halogens, noble gases, and more.

92. St. Alexius College Medical Technology Department City of Koronadal, South Cotabato Prepared by | Carl Jethro G. Dellosa, RMT SUMMARY Metallic and Non-Metallic Properties: Elements are categorized as metals, non-metals, or metalloids (semi-metals) based on their physical and chemical characteristics. Metals generally have luster, are good conductors of heat and electricity, and tend to lose electrons. Non-metals lack these properties and often gain electrons during reactions.

93. St. Alexius College Medical Technology Department City of Koronadal, South Cotabato Prepared by | Carl Jethro G. Dellosa, RMT SUMMARY Periodic Trends: Trends across periods and groups include atomic size, ionization energy (energy needed to remove an electron), electronegativity (atom's ability to attract electrons), and reactivity. These trends help predict an element's behavior in chemical reactions.

94. St. Alexius College Medical Technology Department City of Koronadal, South Cotabato Prepared by | Carl Jethro G. Dellosa, RMT SUMMARY Transition Metals: Transition metals are found in the "d-block" and often have multiple oxidation states due to their varied electron configurations. They are essential for forming complex compounds and are widely used in various industries.

95. St. Alexius College Medical Technology Department City of Koronadal, South Cotabato Prepared by | Carl Jethro G. Dellosa, RMT SUMMARY Lanthanides and Actinides: The two rows at the bottom of the periodic table, known as the "f-block," include the lanthanide and actinide series. Mendeleev's Periodic Law: The periodic table's development is credited to Dmitri Mendeleev, who arranged elements based on their properties and predicted the existence of yet-to-be-discovered elements.

96. St. Alexius College Medical Technology Department City of Koronadal, South Cotabato Prepared by | Carl Jethro G. Dellosa, RMT REFERENCES Stoker, H. Stephen (2013). Biological Chemistry (6th Ed). USA: Cengage Learning. Bettelheim (2019) . Introduction to General Organic, and Biochemistry (11th edition). Cengage Learning.

97. St. Alexius College Medical Technology Department City of Koronadal, South Cotabato Prepared by | Carl Jethro G. Dellosa, RMT ASSIGNMENT Draw and label the Periodic table of Elements.

98. St. Alexius College Medical Technology Department City of Koronadal, South Cotabato Prepared by | Carl Jethro G. Dellosa, RMT Thank You for Listening!