Mushroom cultivation

Mushroom types with steps to cultivate

1. MUSHROOM CULTIVATION -By Bhavini Sharma (ICG/2018/24919)

2. Mushroom’s Mushroom is a fungi producing a fleshy fruiting body It consist of stalk(stipe)with umbrella cap It has two major part:- CAP part(PILEUS) and thread like structure(MYCELIA) Mycelia absorb nutrient from soil. It does not require sun light for their growth

3. Types of mushroom’s Edible mushroom The fungi who have desirable taste and aroma They bear hypogeous or epigeous fruiting bodies which can be hand picked High in nutritional value Many mushroom are used as food and some are used as medicinal NonEdible (Poisonous) mushroom The fungi does not have desirable taste and aroma for humans The fungi contains many toxins in which some can be fatal for humans Only 1% of mushroom population are poisonous Therefore the mushroom needs to be tested for toxins before use as it is very difficult to figure out the poisonous mushroom

4. Why mushroom’s are considered healthy? Mushroom has high nutritional value such as Protein:- they are high in protein around 20-30% by dry weight Fiber :- they are good fiber which help in lowering cholesterol and good for digestive system It contains vitamin D, Copper, Selenium(reduce risk of cancer and many diseases), Potassium and many other minerals They are low in fat, calories and sodium They do not contain any cholesterol increasing element

5. Mushroom in natural habitat Mushroom is a fruiting body of fungi To propagate, it forms a mycelium initiates growth stage generating spores in the gills for dispersal The tropics are the richest in overall fungi, and the northern temperate climate is richest in mushrooms. They require a fair amount of water, and not too hot or cold extremes. Over 80% of known mushrooms are symbiotic with plants, and are most common in young-mid age forests. Asia is perfect for mushroom cultivation

6. Mushroom Cultivation Much of Asia's environment is suitable for cultivating many different types of mushroom The cultivation is low cost which help farmers good and financial returns They help in decomposing dead plant Due to high use in medicinal and food industry the needs of edible mushroom increased which results in high profitable mushroom industry

7. Mushroom species which are cultivated

8. Cultivation of Agaricus bisporous (button mushroom) For better cultivation there are some conditions to keep in mind The location should be easily accessible for manure and casing soil Room should be ventilated No direct sunlight The temperature of the room should be approx. 15*C Soil should not be too moist STEPS OF CULTIVATION ARE:- Preparation of compost Filling of beds with compost Spawning(inoculation) of beds Casing Watering of beds Harvesting of mushroom storage

9. Requirements for cultivation Mushroom house Cement concrete platform Tray beds Compost Spawn of button mushroom Casing soil Sprayer Box for gathering mushroom Sterilization facility Wooden mould Wodden board Newspaper sheets Lime or carbonate of lime pH meter Kacha mushroom house Pucha mushroom huse

10. Requirements for cultivation Mushroom house Cement concrete platform Tray beds Compost Spawn of button mushroom Casing soil Sprayer Box for gathering mushroom Sterilization facility Wooden mould Wodden board Newspaper sheets Lime or carbonate of lime pH meter Concrete cement platform for compost

11. Requirements for cultivation Mushroom house Cement concrete platform Tray beds Compost Spawn of button mushroom Casing soil Sprayer Box for gathering mushroom Sterilization facility Wooden mould Wodden board Newspaper sheets Lime or carbonate of lime pH meter Tray beds for cultivation

12. Requirements for cultivation Mushroom house Cement concrete platform Tray beds Compost Spawn of button mushroom Casing soil Sprayer Box for gathering mushroom Sterilization facility Wooden mould Wodden board Newspaper sheets Lime or carbonate of lime pH meter compost

13. Requirements for cultivation Mushroom house Cement concrete platform Tray beds Compost Spawn of button mushroom Casing soil Sprayer Box for gathering mushroom Sterilization facility Wooden mould Wodden board Newspaper sheets Lime or carbonate of lime pH meter Spawn of button mushroom

14. Requirements for cultivation Mushroom house Cement concrete platform Tray beds Compost Spawn of button mushroom Casing soil Sprayer Box for gathering mushroom Sterilization facility Wooden mould Wodden board Newspaper sheets Lime or carbonate of lime pH meter Casing soil

15. Requirements for cultivation Mushroom house Cement concrete platform Tray beds Compost Spawn of button mushroom Casing soil Sprayer Box for gathering mushroom Sterilization facility Wooden mould Wodden board Newspaper sheets Lime or carbonate of lime pH meter

16. Requirements for cultivation Mushroom house Cement concrete platform Tray beds Compost Spawn of button mushroom Casing soil Sprayer Box for gathering mushroom Sterilization facility Wooden mould Wodden board Newspaper sheets Lime or carbonate of lime pH meter

17. Requirements for cultivation Mushroom house Cement concrete platform Tray beds Compost Spawn of button mushroom Casing soil Sprayer Box for gathering mushroom Sterilization facility Wooden mould Wodden board Newspaper sheets Lime or carbonate of lime pH meter

18. Preparation of compost Compost is the substrate on which mushroom grows Process is known as composting A synthetic compost is made out of wheat straw which contains For 25 tray beds Chopped wheat straw(3-6 cm long) 300kg Wheat bran 15kg Calcium ammonium substrate 6kg Superphosphate 7.5kg Urea 2.4g potassium sulfate 3kg Gypsum 30kg Saw dust 10-12kg

19. First turning:-6 th day, add more CAN and urea and wheat bran Second turning:-10 th day add gypsum and more water Third turning:- after every 3 rd day. Last turn on 25 th day

20. Prepared compost should be brown to dark brownin colour

21. Filling of tray beds Spread the prepared compost on the platform Mix 3kg of calcium carbonate to it Compress the compost in the tray using a wooden board leaving 1 cm clear space on the top of the tray

22. Spawning Spawning means planting mushroom mycelium A.bisporus spawn is especially grown on wheat or sorghum grains in specialized spawn laboratories (NCMRT) Process after spawn are prepared Maintain the room temperature between 24*C to 25*C for 12-15 days for formation of mycelium strand all over the tray White cottony mycelium over the compost and change of compost colour from dark to light brown confirm the completion of spawn running period

23. Casing Casing means covering the compost with a thin layer of soil or soil like material after the spawn run Normal soil cant be used in india we use many combination some are Well rotten cow dung with light soil(3:1) Soil and sand(1:1) Farm yard manure and gravel(4:1) Farm yard manure and loam(1:1) Soil and peat(2:1) Spent compost, sand and slaked lime(4:1:1) (commonly used) There are three steps for proper casing i.e., preparation, sterilization and casing the beds

24. Preparation of casing soil Mix four parts of spent compost with one part of sand and 5kg of slaked lime per cubic of compost Treat the mixture with nemagon (nematicide) Leave the pile under tree for over year Turn inside out the pile every 4 months Sieve the spent compost which is now black soil after a year whose pH is between 8 and 8.5(adjusted by lime or carbonate of lime or free stone)

25. Sterilization of casing soil Sterilization is done either by chemicals or by heating or by -steam, boiler (70-75*c temp) Chemicals are formalin, chloropicrin, methyl bromide or vapam

26. Casing of beds Spray water over the casing to maintain 70 to 80 per cent Observe the beds for mushroom crop which can be expected After 5 to 20 days Mushroom mostly appear in flushes After 7 to 8 days at 15*C the button stage form after the first Appearance of the formation of a pun head

27. Harvesting of mushroom Harvesting time depend on the market demand Hold the cap with forefinger slightly Pressed against the soil and twist it out The mycelium and soil particles are cut out with knife The mushroom are then stored in wodden multistory trays for resting

28. Storage of mushroom Store the mushroom at 4*C in a refrigerator for few days to avoid quality deterioration If not stored properly white colour of mushroom turns into brown and then black which is unfit for cooking Then mushroom are packed and sold in market