Mycorrhiza.pdf all things is cover theme

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3. •Bidirectionalnutrientexchangebetweenthe
partners.
•Theautotrophichostplantactsasthecarbonsource
forthefungus,whilethefungussuppliesmineral
nutrientstotheplant.

6. FeaturesofMycorrhiza:
Scannerini(1988)brieflypointedoutthecommonfeaturesof
mutualisticsymbionts.
Theseinclude:
(i)Absenceofanyphytopathologicalsymptomsinthepartnersduring
theactivephaseofmutualism,
(ii)Presenceofcomplexinterfacesbetweencellsofthepartnerswitha
predominanttypeofperisymbioticmembrane,surroundingintracellular
symbionts,
(iii)Phagocyte-likestructureshelpestablishandregulatesymbionts.

19. Arbuscules
Arbusculesaremicroscopic,highlybranched,tree-likestructures
formedbyarbuscularmycorrhizal(AM)fungiwithintherootcells
ofmostlandplants.
Serveastheprimarysitefornutrientexchange.
Thefungideliveressentialmineralnutrients,suchasphosphorus
andnitrogen,totheplant,whiletheplantprovidesthefunguswith
fixedcarboncompounds.

20. Appressorium
•Function:
•Aspecializedstructurethathelpsmanyfungi,particularly
plantpathogens,toinfecthostplantsbyfirmlyattachingto
theplantsurfaceanddeliveringamechanicalforce,via
turgorpressure,topenetratetheplant'scuticle.

21. Hyphal Coil
•Function:Adifferentkindoffungalstructure,
sometimesfoundwithorwithoutahostpresent,
thatcanbeusedforvariouspurposes,from
absorbingnutrientstoformingstructuresforfood
processing.

31. haustoria are present

32. MonotropoidMycorrhiza

45. Role of Mycorrhizae in Sustainable Agriculture
Sustainabilitymeansreducingexternalchemicalinputsand
maintainingsoilfertility.Mycorrhizalfungidirectlycontribute
by:
••Enhancesrootbranchingandgrowth
••Essentialfororchidseedgermination
••Producesphytoalexins(orchinol,hirsinol)againstpathogens
••VAMinoculationboostsphosphorusuptake

46. •Efficientnutrientuse:Plantswithmycorrhizaeabsorbnutrients
moreeffectively,loweringdependenceonfertilizers(N,Ca,P,Zn,Fe,
Na)
•Reducedleaching:Mycorrhizalnetworkspreventlossofsoluble
nutrientslikenitrateandphosphateintogroundwater.
•Carbonsequestration:Storeorganiccarboninsoils,improving
long-termsoilhealth.
•Biodiversityconservation:Supportdiversemicrobialcommunities,
keepingecosystemsbalanced.

47. Soil structure: Hyphae help in soil aggregation,
improving aeration and moisture retention.
Water uptake: Improves drought tolerance.

48. Role of Mycorrhizae in Forestry
•• Helps establish forests in barren/unfavourable lands
•• Facilitates pioneer succession by endomycorrhizal
trees
•• Prevents root pathogen invasion (e.g., Phytophthora
in pine)
•• Improves plant growth in acid soils by enhancing N
availability

49. Reducing Chemical Fertilizer Use
•Biofertilizerformulations:CommercialAMFinoculants(e.g.,
Glomusspp.)canbeappliedtoseedsorsoil,partiallyreplacingP
fertilizers.
•IntegratedNutrientManagement(INM):Combiningmycorrhizal
inoculationwithorganicmanuresandreducedchemicalfertilizers
ensuressustainability.
•Targetedcrops:Mycorrhizaeareespeciallybeneficialinsoilslowin
phosphorus,reducingtheneedforsuperphosphatefertilizers.

50. Examples
•ArbuscularMycorrhizalFungi(AMF):Commonincerealslike
maize,wheat,andrice.Theyincreasephosphorusuptake,allowing
reducedphosphatefertilizerapplication.
•Ectomycorrhizae:Foundinforestry(pine,birch,oak),wherethey
enhancenutrientcyclingandtreesurvivalinnutrient-poorsoils.

51. •OrchidMycorrhiza:Essentialfororchidseedgerminationand
growth,showingextremedependenceonfungalpartners.
Casestudies:
•Inmaize,AMFinoculationreducedphosphorusfertilizer
requirementby~30–40%.
•Soybeanfieldsinoculatedwithmycorrhizaeshowedhigheryields
underdroughtcomparedtonon-inoculatedcontrols.