NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF OPEN SCHOOLING (NIOS) Chapter 2, Nation & State.pptx

CLASS NOTES FOR THE STUDENTS

1. Lesson – 2 Nation and State

2. Nation or state is a political organization. The nation and nationality both words are derived from same word and there are many elements of nationality, but no single or combined elements is indispensable. The state is a political organization with its four major elements, people, territory, government, and sovereignty.

3. In its derivative term nationality means belonging to the _____ racial stock Same Racial stock means dividing people into different species based on their physical characteristics. It belongs to a theory of sub species. By the help of genetic and physical characteristics the subspecies are differentiated. While division of the groups by their characteristics, arising the differences between the races. There are four racial groups : Australoid , Caucasoid, mongoloid, and negroid . racial stock means division of people and it is done in the following manner: The people are divided based on their races. They are divided into sub species. Based on their physical appearance they are sub divided. The word racial stock implies division of people based in their religion, caste, race etc.

4. It is very difficult to find _____________ __________because of increased fusion of blood due to immigrations, inter-caste and inter-racial marriages. These days one of disadvantages the globalization has bright into our society is spoiling the racial purity. Racial purity is getting spoilt because of the increased movement of people from one place to another, they are mixing with one another, they are involving in inter caste marriages etc. Because of these reasons racial purity is getting disturbed. Racial purity is getting disturbed because of the following reasons: There is increased movement of people from one place to another one. They are involving in inter caste marriages. Because of blood transfusions. It is very difficult find racial purity because of increased fusion of blood due to immigrations, inter-caste and inter racial marriages.

5. The development of nationality is definitely a __________and __________ phenomenon. The development of nationality is completely depends upon culture of the people. Moreover unique culture means common religions, common tradition, common language etc., Psychological is nothing but the view of the people in various aspects. The inner feeling of the people is also psychological thing. when people they feel common feelings like common language, common territory, common religion, common race. The development of nationality is completely depends upon the following factors: culture of the people. Moreover unique culture means common religions, common tradition, common language etc. Psychological is nothing but the view of the people in various aspects. The inner feeling of the people is also psychological thing. when people they feel common feelings like common language, common territory, common religion, common race. The development of nationality depends on psychological factors and cultural phenomenon .

6. Nationality is derived from the Latin word________. Natus is Latin word which gives the meaning of blood relations or related by birth and same racial stock. But in fact today nation is built with different races due to immigrations, inter-caste and racial marriages. and every nation has combinations of different racial background. That is why very typical to find racial purity in the society. The word nationality is derived from a word called as “ Natus ”.

7. People living in a common territory are likely to develop a common ____________. The common features among people who are staying in the same community are : Meaning of the culture is the people who have share the common things like tradition, languages, beliefs etc. This will happen when people live in a common place, automatically they exchange their habits, and accustomed their common things. The idea of common race is also important because it is the strength common language and common tradition. It can be observed that people whose staying in a common community are supposed to possess the same culture.

8. Purity of race is __________ a wrong idea. Purity of race is not possible because of today people encouraging the inter-caste and racial marriages and immigrations. So it is very difficult to find out the differentiation between the groups. That is why it is scientifically wrong. In this phenomenon we may out able to find major variations in various groups. Purity of race is differ from nationality why because it is a psychological feeling of a people. In our present society purity of race is not a scientifically feasible idea.

9. Most of the European nations developed out of a common __________. One of the reasons the European nations became a developed union is because of the common language they speak. Language is vehicle of communication. By this language we can share our ideas and feelings. Without language we cannot express our feelings or ideas. Various countries have their own language but English language is common to throughout the world. common language not only meaning of common literature but also common historical traditions. Language is vehicle of communication and the characteristics are as follows: By this language we can share our ideas and feelings. Without language we cannot express our feelings or ideas. Various countries have their own language but English language is common to throughout the world. common language not only meaning of common literature but also common historical traditions. European nations developed a common language and it is one of the reasons for being successful as a union.

10. The common order fosters the sense of ____________. (Unity) People of the same order are governed by the same rules, same political frame work, same religion, same social class etc. The common order among the people restores a sense of commonness among the people because of the same religion, same language they speak, the same political frame work, the same social and economic conditions etc. When people of the same order are living together they have the same ideology about the religion. Similarly when people speak same language they share the same ideology and thoughts. They are governed by the same political frame work. People of the same order are governed by the same rules, same political frame work, same religion, same social class etc.

11. Historically, nationality emerged as a result of _________the various tribes and clans . A nation can be called as a fusion of many people belonging to various tribes and religions. A nation can be defined as a combination of people belonging to several tribes, religions and cultures. These people come together for reasons such as economic benefits. The economic benefits will be in terms of employment, start ups etc. Because of their common goal to earn money and live in peace they maintain harmonious relations with one another. A nation is built on people and the nation building can be defined in the following steps: It is a combination of people. People belonging to several religions and clans come together. People come together for economic benefits. People stay united for the economic benefits. A nation can be called as a collection of people who belongs to various castes, religions, clans . they come together for different economic purposes.

12. In India, a common Indian nationality arose due to the common _______ ________. Common nationality is a tool to remove the ills of the colonial exploitation . In India the common nationality in India arose because of Colonial exploitation in India. In India colonial expansion took place because of exploitation of weaker sections for a long time by economically stronger and powerful sections. Only certain classes of people took advantage of the power and the authority in beaurocratic manner and in order to abolish the ills of the colonial exploitation. Colonial exploitation can be removed as a result of common nationality brought into force.

13. The State exists for the sake of ____________life . The concept of state and center are created to offer people good governance. The state is created for the benefit of the people, to offer the people of the region opportunities to prosper in terms of education, medical and financial worthiness. The new state can develop cities in their region and invite industries to set up their units in the new state, thus promoting economic prosperity in the new state. In such cases, it is the region is provided a new statehood so that they can work hard for the prosperity of the state.

14. The essence of State is in its monopoly of__________ __________. A state is created and known to offer powers such as Coercive powers to people who are in power. A state is created for the good of the people, but honestly the state and the people who are in power in running the state can demand even obedience from people. The common man do not have a say in the governance or the administrative system, the governance is done by the people who are in power and they demand obedience and respect from the common man .

15. The State has a right to demand ______________from the people . The state enjoys obedience from the people who are living in the state. A state, with all the powers it enjoys from the authority it enjoys can govern people, rule them and control them. It can ask the people to show obedience from its people. The people are bound to show respect and obedience to the government in position in the state. The people have to respect the orders of the state and many a times they cannot question the orders of the government .

16. According to the Marxists, State is a __________ ____________. the Marxists theory believes that the state is class organization implying that it is created for the rich and to rule and govern the poor. The Marxists believe that a state is a class organization; they also believe that the state is created to suppress the poor and the state is created for the prosperity of the rich. The do not think that the state is a natural institution. According to the Marxists the institution called state is created by the rich and to govern and control the poor.

17. In a classless society, there is no __________. In a classless society there is no need for the existence of a state . The Marxists believe that a state is a class organization; they also believe that the state is created to suppress the poor and the state is created for the prosperity of the rich. The do not think that the state is a natural institution. They also believe that in classless society there is no need for the existence of a state .

18. The four elements of State are________, _________,________and __________. The four important elements of a state are population of the state, the territory it controls, the government that rules the state and the sovereignty of the people. There are four elements which play an important role in the formation of a state and they are such as : Population: The state comprises of people who play an important role in the selection of the government in a electoral process. Territory: The region of land that is to be ruled the state government is the territory, it includes the geographical regions with clear narrations about the boundaries included in the state. The Government: The government is chosen by the people and contains representatives who are elected by the people. The sovereignty: the sovereignty represents the rights of the people which they can exercise in the state.

19. Plato fixed the number of persons of the State at _____________ and Rousseau at _____________. According to Plato a state can contain a maximum of 5040 and according to Rousseau the maximum number of people a state can contain is 10,000. Philosophers such as Aristotle, Plato and Rousseau have suggested the number of people a state can contain. They are of the opinion that a state can contain a maximum of the number of people they have suggested so that it can be ruled in a better manner. According to Plato the maximum number of people that a state can contain is about 5040. The maximum number of people a state con contain according to Rousseau are about 10, 000 .

20. Love for the country inculcates the spirit of _____________. Patriotism is what people will exhibit towards their home land or country they live in, it is a feeling of love for the country. The love of people for their country or home land is called as patriotism. It is a feeling that one will develop about their home land or state. The feeling of patriotism encourages people to serve the country in times of distress and calamities. They join army and other defense establishments to serve the country. The feeling of patriotism helps people to come to aid whenever the fellow citizens are in need. They cooperate with one another whenever they need support .

21. __________, ___________ and_______________ comprises the territory of the State . The three important aspects the state has to consider are the land , the water and the air traffic . The territory of a state comprises of three different regions, the land included in the state, the air space the state controls and the water share they get. The three important resources the state will be considering in the formation of a state are : Land: includes the extent of land available including the geographical boundaries situated in the state. The water: the water resources in the state and the extent of share a state can obtain in water. Air space: The total extent of air space controlled by the state, the air space is a resource for the state because the state can collect taxes for the air traffic within their air space .

22. A unitary form of government is good for a small State and a _____ ______is ideal for big States . In smaller states a unitary system of government is acceptable where as in a larger state the federal system is more advisable. A federal system type of government is good for controlling the administration of a bigger state. A bigger state can be divided into small territories and each one can be offered autonomy to govern it’s region and people. The advantage with the federal system is that promotes the concept of decentralization and a state can get divided into smaller units so that it becomes easy to control the small units .

23. The agency created to enforce rules of conduct is called ________. Government is responsible for maintaining rules and regulations necessary for running the government, it creates policies, procedures and frame work for running the government. The government is the agency that takes care of the running of the country or the state in the following manner: It creates policies for running the government. It creates the procedures for implementation of policies. It creates the framework for implementation of policies.

24. Sovereignty has two aspects_________ and ____________. Government is responsible for maintaining rules and regulations necessary for running the government, it creates policies, procedures and frame work for running the government . Every country has two types of sovereignty, they are: Internal sovereignty: It refers to the state’s autonomy to rule its own state or country with out the support of external sources. External sovereignty: It refers to the state or central governments lack of autonomy to rule its people, resources without zany help from external sources.

25. Define the following terms : (a) Nation (b) State (c) Government Nation: A nation is a stable community of people based on a shared linguistic past. In common culture, a person's attention or psychological constitution is produced. State: The country is considered as an organized political community controlled by one government. Government : Within a state, a collection of people who rule a community or unit cell and public policy, as well as exert executive authority and power through customs institutions and laws .

26. Name the elements which help the formation of nationality and explain any two of them ? The elements which help in the formation of nationality are such as the explained below: Culture and language: a nation is formed based on the culture and the language of the people, people living in a nation are related by the culture and perhaps a common language. Religion: the religion prevailing in particular place is very important for connecting the people.

27. What is the State? Briefly explain the elements of the State . A state can be defined as the region which is controlled by a local government chosen by the people of the state. The state is a sovereign one and its sovereignty is controlled by the rules and regulations the state government makes. The elements of the state are: People: the people living in a state are connected by the language they speak, by their religion and by the social class. The Territory: The state’s economy and financial resources depends on the geographical structure of the land and the climate, the resources available etc. Government: The government is chosen by the people and they represent the administration for the good of the people. Sovereignty refers to an independent state's legal capacity and responsibility to rule and control its political affairs without external interference .

28. Are the following States? Give reasons for your answer in a single line. (a) India (b) United Nations (c) Bihar (d) United States of America By definition, a state is a part of a confederacy, federation, or a sovereign country/nation. Option (a) India, is a sovereign nation. Option (b) United Nations is an international organisation . Option (d) United States of America is a confederacy of states. Only (c) Bihar is a state in India.