Naturalism in Philosophy of Education

In the history of philosophy of education naturalism is also as old as idealism."

“Naturalism” means the ISM laying stress upon nature in every field of education - i.e. to derive aims, means, methodology, principles of curriculum, School management from nature.

The materialist explanation of the world given by Democritus (460 to 360 BC) was the ground of naturalism in education. This, however, is not the basis of modern naturalism

1. ALLAMA IQBAL OPEN
UNIVERSITY, ISLAMABAD
ONLINEWORKSHOP -JUL/AUG. 2020
Naturalism
in
Philosophy of Education
CC 8609 -B.Ed.
Presented by:
Ch. M. Ashraf
[email protected]
https://www.slideshare.net/RizwanDuhdra
Telegram: https://t.me/duhdra

2. NATURALISM

3. NATURALISM
Introduction
In the history of philosophy of education
naturalism is also as old as idealism."
“Naturalism” means the ISM laying stress upon
nature in every field of education -i.e. to derive
aims, means, methodology, principles of
curriculum, School management from nature.
The materialist explanation of the world given by
Democritus (460 to 360 BC) was the ground of
naturalism in education. This, however, is not
the basis of modern naturalism
By: Ch. M.Ashraf https://www.slideshare.net/RizwanDuhdra
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4. NATURALISM
Philosophical Presuppositions
According to naturalism the ultimate reality is
the nature and nature is material.
The naturalists are empiricists .They believe that
knowledge in acquired through sense organs and
with the help of brain _direct knowledge .
In axiology the naturalists believe in living
according to nature_ as the best type of life.
“Follow nature” is their slogan. Be natural is
their Motto.
By: Ch. M.Ashraf https://www.slideshare.net/RizwanDuhdra
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5. NATURALISM
Three Philosophical forms of Naturalism
1.Naturalism of Physical World:
Human actions, individual experiences,
emotions, feelings are explained on the basis
of physical sciences .
Sciences is only form of valid knowledge.
By: Ch. M.Ashraf https://www.slideshare.net/RizwanDuhdra
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6. NATURALISM
Three Philosophical forms of Naturalism
2.Mechanical Positivism:
This universe is made up of matter and it is
mechanical system that makes the universe
run. Matter is only reality.
Human being is nothing more than an active
machine and is activated by certain
environmental influences.
The impact of this kind of positivism led to the
behavioral school of thought_ stimulus and
response connection. Thus entire range of
human activity is based on mechanical
process.
By: Ch. M.Ashraf https://www.slideshare.net/RizwanDuhdra
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7. NATURALISM
Three Philosophical forms of Naturalism
3.Biological Naturalism
Biological naturalism has had the greatest impact upon
education. It has explained that evolution of man and
animal is a single process.
It refuses to admit spiritual nature of man.
Biological naturalism goes to the extent that all the
process of nature and entire existence of universe cannot
be explained in terms of mechanical and physical
processes because evolution is a more important
phenomenon.
One can find all the characteristics of evolution in man's
life.
By: Ch. M.Ashraf https://www.slideshare.net/RizwanDuhdra
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8. NATURALISM
Rousseau's(1712-1778) Contribution Toward
Naturalism
In modern time Rousseau was the most important
naturalist philosopher of education.
The most important writing of Rousseau was 'Emile’. In
this novel he describes the methods of bringing the
child is contact with nature and removing the social
evils-in this novel an ideal teacher guides the child in a
natural environment (away from school and society).To
Rousseau a child should be left to behave naturally.
Society and man spoils the child.
By: Ch. M.Ashraf https://www.slideshare.net/RizwanDuhdra
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9. NATURALISM
Rousseau's(1712-1778) Contribution Toward
Naturalism
According to Rousseau education means "natural
development of organs and powers of the child".
He says that the child learns in playground is more
useful than what he learns in the classroom.
By: Ch. M.Ashraf https://www.slideshare.net/RizwanDuhdra
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10. NATURALISM
Classification of Man’s Development
•Infancy (from birth to 5 years of age)
•Childhood (5 to 12 years)
•Adolescence (12 to 15 years)
•Youth (15 to 20 years)
Rousseau has suggested suitable education at all
these stages in his book ‘Emile’.
By: Ch. M.Ashraf https://www.slideshare.net/RizwanDuhdra
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11. NATURALISM
Aims of Education
•Natural development of the child's inner
capabilities.
•Making the child a real human being.
By: Ch. M.Ashraf https://www.slideshare.net/RizwanDuhdra
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12. NATURALISM
Various Aims at Various Stages
Infancy:
Bodily development_ development of every part of
body. All wickedness comes from idleness /
weakness. If the child remains active at all times
and thus has no time to indulge in undesirable
activities.
Childhood:
Period of development of sense organs. This may be
possible through observation and experience.
By: Ch. M.Ashraf https://www.slideshare.net/RizwanDuhdra
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13. NATURALISM
Various Aims at Various Stages
Adolescence:
Development of adolescence personality through
hard work, guidance and studies leading towards
fulfillment of one's needs.
Youth:
Development of emotions and sentiments leading to
the development of moral and social qualities as well
as religious emotions.
In short, the aim of education is to achieve bodily,
sensory, mental, social and moral development of the
individual.
By: Ch. M.Ashraf https://www.slideshare.net/RizwanDuhdra
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14. NATURALISM
Curriculum
Different content of curriculum at different stages.
Infancy:
More emphasis should be laid upon the development of
body and his senses before thinking of making the child
a successful engineer or doctor.
Childhood:
Direct observation and experience are more important
than bookish knowledge. As the experiences develop
sense organs which in turn lead to mental
development, reasoning ability etc.
By: Ch. M.Ashraf https://www.slideshare.net/RizwanDuhdra
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15. NATURALISM
Curriculum
Different content of curriculum at different stages.
Rousseau does not recommend verbal lessons on
history, geography or even language and moral
preaching.
By: Ch. M.Ashraf https://www.slideshare.net/RizwanDuhdra
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16. NATURALISM
Curriculum
Adolescence:
▪Natural sciences, language, mathematics,
woodwork, music, painting, social life and some
kind of professionaltraining.
▪Development of sense organs
▪Active work than books.
Youth:
▪Moral and religious education-actual experience
instead of formal lectures.
▪Bodily health, music etc
By: Ch. M.Ashraf https://www.slideshare.net/RizwanDuhdra
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17. NATURALISM
Curriculum
Education method:
Rousseau said. “the man is not happy who
has long life but is one who has gained experience
of life._ so he recommended play way method,
practical experiences etc”. A child should learn by
using sense organs and reacting to the
environment.
By: Ch. M.Ashraf https://www.slideshare.net/RizwanDuhdra
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18. NATURALISM
Curriculum
Principles of Education:
Learning through self_ experience.
Learning through doing.
Discipline:
Complete freedom at the first step.
Leave the child free in free environment.
Self-discipline _ punishment should be natural
out-come of his mistakes
By: Ch. M.Ashraf https://www.slideshare.net/RizwanDuhdra
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19. NATURALISM
Curriculum
School organization:
Child is born innocent and pure. He is defiled and
distorted by the defective environment.
School environment should be natural rather
than imposing strict rules and principles.
By: Ch. M.Ashraf https://www.slideshare.net/RizwanDuhdra
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20. NATURALISM
Principles of Teaching Herbert Spencer
(1820-1903):
1.From easy to difficult.
2.From known to unknown.
3.From indefinite to definite.
4.Concrete to abstract.
5.Principle of stages of human development.
6.From experimental to rational knowledge.
7.Principal of interest
By: Ch. M.Ashraf https://www.slideshare.net/RizwanDuhdra
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By: Ch. M.Ashraf https://www.slideshare.net/RizwanDuhdra