NATURE AND HISTRY OF SCIENCE { LIPIKA }.pptx

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1. DR. B.C ROY COLLEGE OF EDUCATION HAT SARBERIA,PASCHIM MEDINIPUR ,WEST BENGAL BABA SAHEB AMBEDKAR EDUCATION UNIVERSITY [ Eristwhile the west Bengal university of teachers training education planning and administration] TWO YEAR B.E.D COURSE SESSION:-2023-2025 Topic-NATURE AND HISTORY OF SCIENCE Name- Lipika Mohanta Roll-160362 No-23034 Regd No-

2. NATURE AND HISTORY OF SCIENCE

3. CONTENT 1.INTRODUCTION 2.OBJECTIVE 3.HISTORY OF SCIENCE Early History Classical Antiquity Middle ages Age of Enlightenment 19 th century 20 th century 21 st century 4.NATURE OF SCIENCE Introduction Characteristics 4.CONCLUSION 5.REFERENCES

4. INTRODUCTION The word ‘ science ’ originates from the latin word ‘ scientia ’ ,which means “to have kanowledge ”. It can be generally considered as a process dedicated to the accumulation and classification of observable facts in order to formulate general laws about the natural world. Science is a systematic endeavor that builds and knowledge in the form of testable explanations and predictions about the universe . It can be defined as the methodological approach to study natural world. It has different components and it is subdivided into natural science which studies material world , social science , and formal science like mathematics . The applied science includes engineering and medical sciences among many other such branches.

5. OBJECTIVE To understand the functional role of nature and explain it in a complete form. To provide knowledge of the laws of nature after verifying them by experiments. To control nature by the applications of results of experiments performed through keen observation . To improve and make human life easier by the use of available natural resources and solving the problems . To eradicate superstitions (false notions) prevailing in the society.

6. HISTORY OF SCIENCE 1.Early History Science has no single origin . Rather , systematics methods emerged gradually over the course of tens of thousands of years , taking different forms around the world , and few details are known about the very earliest developments . Women likely played a central role in prehistoric science , as did religious rituals. Some scholars use the term “ protoscience ” to label activities in the past that resemble modern science in some but not all features ; however , this label has also been criticized as denigrating or too suggestive of presentism , thinking about those activities only in relation to modern categories .

7. HISTORY OF SCIENCE 2.Classical Antiquity In classical antiquity , there is no real ancient analog of a modern scientist . Instead , well-educated , usually upper-class , and almost universally male individuals performed various investigations into nature whenever they could afford the time. Before the invention or discovery of the concept of phusis or nature by the pre-Socratic philosophers , the same words tend to be used to describe the natural “way” in which a plant grows , and the “way” in which , for example , one tribe worships a particular good . For this reason , it is claimed that these men were the first philosophers in the strict sense and the first to clearly distinguish “ nature” and “convention ”.

8. HISTORY OF SCIENCE 3.Middle Ages Due to the Collapse of the Western Roman Empire , the 5 th century saw an intellectual decline and knowledge of Greek Conceptions of the world deteriorated in Western Europe . During the period , Latin encyclopedists such as Isidore of Seville preserved the majority of general ancient knowledge. In contrast , because the Byzantine Empire resisted attacks from invaders , they were able to preserve and improve prior learning . His criticism served as an inspiration to medieval scholars and Galileo Galilei , who extensively cited his works ten centuries later .

9. HISTORY OF SCIENCE 4. Age Of Enlightenment At the start of the Age of Enlightenment , Isaac Newton formed the foundation of classical mechanics by his ‘ Philosophioe Naturalis Principia Mathematica ’ , greatly influencing future physicists . Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz incorporated terms from Aristotelian Physics , now used in a new non- teleolgical way . 5.19 th Century During the nineteeth century , many distinguishing characteristics of contemporary modern science began to take shape . These include the transformation of the life and physical sciences , frequent use of precision instruments , emergence of terms such as “biologist”, “physicist”, “scientist ”.

10. HISTORY OF SCIENCE 5. 20 th Century In the first half of the century , the development of antibiotics and artificial fertilizers improved human living standards globally . Harmful environmental issues such as ozone depletion , ocean acidification , eutrophication and climate change came to the public’s attention and caused the onset of environmental studies . 6. 21 st Century The Human Genome Project was completed in 2003 by identifying and mapping all of the genes of the Human Genome . With the affirmation of the Higgs Model discovery in 2013 , the last particle predicted by the Standard Model of particle physics was found . In 2015 , Gravitational Waves , predicted by General Relativity a century before , were first observed . In 2019 , international collaboration Event Horizon Telescope presented the first direct image of a black hole’s accretion disk .

11. NATURE OF SCIENCE INTRODUCTION During the 15 th and 16 th centuries , scientific researches in the realm of science started the vogue of teaching science , in the 17th-century science was taught to children in place of mere theoretical and academic learning to achieve effective , complete and well adjustive living in the ever-changing circumstances and situations of society . One to industrial Revolution of 18 th century and under impact of newer scientific inventions and researches in technology , human to new patterns of beliefs and behaviours as individual and social beings. The modern age is the age of science . Today Scientific inventions and researches are being made with such a fast speed that their knowledge needs complete knowledge of science . Thus science has become an integral part of human life . All our means of communications , radio , television , food craters , cloths and medicines deoends on the development of science .

12. NATURE OF SCIENCE CHARACTERISTICS 1. Science as body of knowledge Science has characterized as a body of knowledge obtained by scientists . This body of knowledge includes facts , concepts , theories that are subject to error and change . Various types of scientific knowledge exist in the form of : Facts Concepts , principles and laws Hypothesis and theories 2. Science is a dynamic body , not static Science is a dynamic as it I always in search of truth and scientific truth can never be taken as absolutely and permanently true . Scientific information is constantly being re-arranged and re-oriented in the light of the latest developments.

13. NATURE OF SCIENCE 3. Science is a process as well as product Science as a process covers all the methods , all the ways facts are established . The process involves the following activities Steps to accomplish a task Ways of doing work Planning various stages of an activity Establishing systematics steps for gathering and retaining information 4. Scientific knowledge is durable Although scientist rejects the idea of attaining absolute truth and accept some uncertainty as part of nature , most scientific knowledge is durable . Continuity and stability are as characteristics of science as change is and confidence is bas prevalent as tentativeness. 5. Science is based on scientific methodology The very nature of science involves a particularly methodical approach towards it . These methods are observation and enquiry .

14. NATURE OF SCIENCE 6. Scientific knowledge is based on inquiry The exchange of techniques , information and concepts goes on all the time among scientists and there is a common understanding among them about what constitutes an investigatipns that is scientifically valid. 7. Scientific knowledge based on evidence The validity of scientific claims is settled by referring to the observation of phenomena . Hence , Scientists concentrate on getting “Accurate data” , such evidence is obtained by observation and measurements taken in situations that range from natural settings to completely artificial ones . 8. Science explain and also predicts It is not enough for a scientific theory to fit only the observations that are already known but theories also should fit additional observation that was not used ibn formulating the theories in the first place. i.e theories should have predictive power.

15. CONCLUSION Discussion on place of science in our ancient literature will help you in developing a sense of pride among our learners towards rich Indian scientific contribution . Science moves but slowly , steadily , creeping on from one point to another but actually the progress has been rapid. Thus science is ever- changing , ever growing body of knowledge and the process of acquiring and refining knowledge . It is an organized commonsense .

16. REFERENCES: WEBSITE:- http://www.Learningforteachers.com/science/science-educations/ http://www.projrct2061.org/publications/sfaa/online/chap1.htm https://en.wikipwdia.org http://www.topper.com http://www.educerecentre.com BOOK :- understanding Discipline and Subject (Dr. Madhubala Sengupta, Chandrima Mitra , Dr. Pintu Kr. Maji)

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