nature, elements, models, and functions of Communication

Oral communication in Context

1. Activity 1 – Think, Pair, Share Fill out the graphic organizer below by writing down what you know about communication. Have your partner, discuss your answer and organize your thought in a one whole yellow pad. Do this in 10 mins .

2. Communication 1. When does communication happen? 2. In which aspects of your life do you need communication? 3. How do you communicate? 4. Why is it important to communicate well?

3. NATURE AND ELEMENTS OF COMMUNICATION

4. Communication is a process. Communication occurs between two or more people. Communication can be expressed through words, actions, or both at the same time. Nature Of Communication Oral Communication in Context by Sipacio and Balgos 2016

5. Communication is systemic. Communication is irreversible. Communication is proactive. Commuication is symbolic. Meaning in commuication is individually construed. Nature Of Communication Oral Comm : Effective Communication Skills for Lifelong Learners by Bautista and Ibanez, 2017

6. Communication is systemic. Communication happens within various system. System is an organization interdependent elements or component parts that form a complex whole and achieve certain purpose . In the same way, Society is comprised of systems. Each system has its own patterns of communication, language and vocabulary use, and rules that depend on elements such as the behavior and shared experiences of its members . A change in any part or element of a system affects the system of communication as a whole. And because each unique individual is a part of a system, we could say that no to systems are exactly alike.

7. Example: In a family reunion, Mark overheard his aunt utter the statement, “we’ll talk later,” to her son. She said this in a firm but gentle manner, though in the presence of other guest. Mark understood this as his aunt’s way of reprimanding her son for being too noisy and disruptive. Mark’s own mother used to say this to him as a warning before a scolding. This, however, did not daunt his cousin from running around and making noise

8. The social setting, the physical environment , the physical location of each member or communicator, and the time of day during which communication takes place are also some of the elements of a communication system. A system may also be part of a larger system, such as CULTURE of the society in which organization is part of.

9. Communication is Irreversible. Since communication is a continuous process, it is impossible for one to actually take back what was said . Once an utterance has left someone’s mouth, the consequences of that statement being uttered has already left an impression of the listener. Thoughts when put into words become significant representation of experience; and words said in haste or anger may influence possible communication in the future or even destroy relationships.

10. Communication is Proactive. When people receive information, they actively EVALUATE THE CONTENT and PURPOSE of the message and the CREDIBILITY of the speaker, even when they seem to be listening passively. MEANING rest not only in the person who conveys the message. The RECEIVER is also involved in the ACTIVE CONSTRUCTION OF MEANING.

11. Communication is Symbolic. Symbols are representation used to communicate and interpret one’s thoughts and feelings. Symbols are arbitrary , which means that any symbol can be used to represent a concept, that is, as long as the meaning is shared by a group of people. Question: Can two people who do not speak the same language communicate with each other?

12. Meaning in Communication is Individually Construed. Individuals involved in communication play a significant role in meaning construction, which means that they actively create meaning taken from experiences or phenomena through symbolic representation.

13. Activity 2 – Let’s check your knowledge Prepare a whole yellow pad. Identify the nature of communication being illustrated in the following situations. Some items may demonstrate more than one feature of communication. The first one is done for you. A kissing couple inside a public transport vehicle elicits negative responses from other commuters. Communication is systemic . Physical location is a factor to be considered in interacting with people. Public display of affection is not appropriate in certain contexts, especially in cultural systems that are considered traditional or conservative.

14. 2. Ryan talks to his professor, who is also his cousin, in an informal way outside the classroom. 3. A new employee joins a company and suggests ways of improving the efficiency of the team. 4. A mother refuses to believe a teacher’s complaint about her son’s use of foul language since the former has never heard her son speak like that at home. 5. The teacher stops talking when she notices one of her students staring blankly outside the window.

15. 6. Jeanne already forgave her boyfriend for calling her names but the relationship was never the same again. 7. Risa has never liked watching news. Her friends believe she is indifferent to the circumstances that do not directly affect her. 8. The politician running for president was not able to gain the attention of his audience while delivering his speech. 9. Emil wonders whether he has offended his friend with his remark because he became irritable right after he said it. 10. Only in Mrs. Diaz’s class are students allowed to voice out their own opinions and question the teacher’s and their classmates’ ideas.

16. Activity 3- Pass the message Arrange yourself in lines from the front to the back of the classroom. The last person at the back will be given a set of sentences to whisper to the persons in front of them. Repeat the procedure until it reaches to the first persons, who will then write the sentences on the sheet of paper. The person who finishes first or with the most accurate output wins the game.

17. Did you enjoy the activity? Why? Why not? Was the paragraph accurately transmitted? Why or why not? What helped you accomplish the task well? What hindered you from doing it well? If you were to repeat the process, how would you improve it?

18. Elements of Communication Speaker Message Encoding Channel Decoding Receiver Feedback Context Barrier

19. Elements of Communication Process 1. Speaker - The source of information or message.

20. It is also known as the sender or the source. Chooses his/her purpose Decides how to deliver it Both participants alternate as speaker

21. Elements of Communication Process 2. Message - The information, ideas or thoughts conveyed by the speaker in words and in actions.

22. Elements of Communication Process 2. Message - It is the transformation of ideas into purpose and intents into a code and asystematic set of symbols.

23. The message to be sent is based on... WHY the speaker wants to say it WHAT the speaker wants to say HOW the speaker wants to say it.

24. Elements of Communication Process 3. Encoding - The process of converting the message into words, actions or other forms that the speaker understands.

25. Elements of Communication Process 4. Channel - The medium or the means, such as personal or non-personal, verbal or nonverbal, in speaker understands.

26. 5 Channels Ears Eyes Skin Mouth Nose

27. Elements of Communication Process 5. Decoding - The process of interpreting the encoded message of the speaker by the receiver.

28. Elements of Communication Process 6. Receiver The recepient of the message or someone who decodes the message.

29. Elements of Communication Process 7. Feedback - The reactions, responses or information provided by the receiver.

30. 2 Kinds of Feedback Positive Feedback - Confirms the source that the intended effect of the message was achieved and tells the source that everything is going in the desired way. Negative Feedback - Informs the source that the intended effect of the message was not realized.

31. Elements of Communication Process 8. Context - Refers to the interrelated conditions of communication which affect how people understand the message.

32. 5 Types of Context Physical context – includes the setting where the communication takes place, time of the day, the environmental condition, distance between or among the communicator. Meeting places must be well-chosen to avoid ay physical interferences. Social context – refers to the nature of relationships existing between or among the communicators and it also sets the formality of the interaction. Psychological context – involves the communicators’ mood and feeling. Cultural context – is comprised of the beliefs, values and norms shared by a large group of people. Historical context – involves the background provided by previous interactions between or among communicators which affect understanding of the current exchange.

33. Elements of Communication Process 9. Barrier - The factors that affect the flow of communication.

34. NOISE - Is any barrier to communication which results to loss of meaning during the transmission.

35. KINDS of NOISE a. Physical Noise/ Channel Noise Such as loud music, irritating engine of a motorcycle, a seatmate who talks to you while you listen to your teacher. b. Physiological Noise When the body becomes a hindrance to good communication. For example, because of a headache or toothache you may not be able to effectively listen to a friend.

36. KINDS of NOISE c. Psychological Noise Occurs when one is thinking deeply for something or is suffering from an emotional condition (sadness, depression, confusion), which discourages participation in a communication.

37. KINDS of NOISE d. Semantic Noise Words are grim, words have multiple meanings which could have different interpretations, and subject is too tough for the receiver to comprehend. This results in the wrong elucidation of message.

38. Process of Communication The SPEAKER generates idea The speaker ENCODES an idea converts the idea into words or actions. The speaker TRANSMITS or sends out a message. The RECEIVER gets the message. The receiver DECODES or interprets the message based on the context. The receiver sends or provides FEEDBACK

39. example Daphne loves Rico as a friend She thinks of how to tell him using their native language She tells him, “Rico, mahal kita bilang kaibigan.” Rico hears what Daphne says.. He tries to analyze what she means, and he is heartbroken. He frowns and does not say something, because he is in pain.

40. Models of Communication

41. Communication Models Communication models describe what is necessary to take place to represent the major features and eliminates the unnecessary details of communication.

42. Linear Models of Communication Aristotelian Model Laswell Model Shannon Weaver Model Berlo’s Model Interactive Models of Communication Schramm’s Model White’s Model Transactional Models of Communication Woods Transactional Model

43. LINEAR MODELS - The linear communication model illustrates communication in a one-way activity where message or information flows from the speaker to the listener. This means that the transmission of message starts from an active sender and ends with the passive receiver.

44. LINEAR MODEL

45. Aristotle, who was a teacher of Rhetoric and even put up an academy to produce good speakers. Although Aristotle focused on the speaker and the message, the most important part in his model is the SETTING where the listener is situated. 3 settings in Aristotle time Legal Deliberative Ceremonial

46. LINEAR MODEL

47. Like the aristotlelian model, laswell’s representation of communication is a process which involves transmission of information from one person to another. An important component of Laswell’s model is the inclusion of channel .

48. LINEAR MODEL

49. Important addition to this model is the element of noise. In this model, noise refers to any form of interference which affects the meaning, or disrupts the flow, of communication.

50. LINEAR MODEL Berlo’s Model

51. While the Shannon and Weaver model treats the channel as physical medium (e.g. telephone), Berlo added a human dimension by representing the channel as a method of decoding the message through the five senses. The source and the receiver of the message are influenced by their communication skills, attitudes, knowledge, social system, and culture. The message component was also highlighted by being represented as something that could be designed through the choice of code or a set of symbols.

52. INTERACTIVE MODEL - Interactive model shows a two-way exchange which features the element of feedback.

53. INTERACTIVE MODEL

54. Schramm asserts that communication can take place if and only if there is an overlap between the Field of Experience of the speaker and the Field of Experiences of the listener. Field of Experience – it is everything that makes a person unique—it is everything a person has ever experienced or not experienced, done or undone.

55. INTERACTIVE MODEL

56. Eugene White’s model (1960) who tells us that communication is circular and continuous, without beginning or end. He contributed the concept of FEEDBACK to the field of communication.

57. TRANSACTIONAL MODEL The transactional model is considered the most accurate representation of the communication process. Although the interactive models recognize feedback and the cyclical process of communication, these do not illustrate the dynamic and simultaneous nature of communication. Interactive models fail to take into account the fact that both communicators can send and receive information at the same time.

58. TRANSATIONAL MODEL Wood’s Transactional Model of Communication

59. The sender and receiver of the message are labeled as communicators, signifying the active roles of each in constructing the meaning of the message, as represented by the double-headed arrows. Although it is important to listen and wait for someone’s turn in speaking, it is important to note that feedback may be verbal or nonverbal. While speaking, a communicator simultaneously receives information by interpreting the nonverbal gestures of the one listening to the message. Both communicators are responsible for the outcome of the communication.

60. Functions of Communication Control Social Interaction Motivation Emotional Expression Information Dissemination

61. Functions of Communication Control - Communication functions to control behavior.

62. Functions of Communication 2. Social Interaction - Communication allows individuals to interact with others.

63. Functions of Communication 3. Motivation - Communication motivates or encourages people to live better.

64. Functions of Communication 4. Emotional Expression - Communication facilitates people’s expression of their feelings and emotions.

65. Functions of Communication 5. Information Dissemination - Communication functions to convey information.

66. Do Exercise III page 7