NATURE-OF-DEVELOPMENT.pptx

Advance Educational Psychology

1. Development of Behavior

2. NATURE OF DEVELOPMENT A. FACTORS AT WORK Learning i s process which leads to some behavioral change as a result of some experience, training, observation, activity, etc. ( H.J. Klausmeir  ) Development- is learning and maturation

3. Maturation is the process whereby behavior is modified as a result of growth and physical structure.” In simple words, maturation can be understood as the mental, physical, emotional growth and development which is essential for successful adjustment of all individual (Garry and Kingsley ,1957). Growth involves certain physical and physiological changes that normally occur and can be seen or measured, such as increase in height and weight, and changes in bone structure, in the parts of the nervous system, and in other body proportions.

4. Heredity-   the sum of all biological processes by which particular characteristics are transmitted from parents to their offspring or from one generation to the next. Anatomy of Cells B. THE DEVELOPMENT PATTERN

5. Physical features like good looks, height, color of the eyes, general intelligence, temperament, physical weakness/diseases, special talents like the aptitude for music or painting and the capacity and the ability to learn. According to Sir Francis Galton ,only 50% of the heredity is due to the parents (25% to father, 25% to mother). One fourth (or 25%) is due to grand-parents (parental grand-father and mother and maternal grand-father and mother), one-eighth is due to great grand-parents, one-sixteenth to their parents and so on. There are also traits which appear in later life. There are hereditary traits that change .

6. Whatever the heredity supplies, the favorable environment brings it out. Personality characteristics attained by heredity are shaped by environment. Environment includes all the extrinsic forces, influences and conditions which affect the life, nature, behavior, the growth, development and maturation of living organism (Douglass and Holland) Heredity provides raw material from which an individual is made; and what he will be depends upon environment.

7. Combination of factors Result Excellent biological inheritance and rich environment = Superior achievement 2. Excellent biological inheritance and meager achievement = good or poor achievement 3. Poor biological inheritance and rich environment = poor or good achievement 4. Poor biological inheritance and meager environment = poor achievement

8. Stages in Human Growth Pre-natal Development *germinal or egglike organism after two weeks of conception * The embryonic after the eighth week * The fetal, from eighth week to birth C. NATURE OF HUMAN GROWTH

9. 2. Post -natal Development *infancy *childhood *puberty *adolescence *adulthood or maturity *senescence

10. Principles of Development Continuous Gradual Sequential Rate of Development Varies Person to Person Development Proceeds from General to Specific Most Traits are Correlated in Development Growth and Development is a Product of Both Heredity and Environment There is a Constant Interaction Between All Factors of Development

11. Growth and Education Every teacher should know and understand the bases of a child’s being. A teacher should not only prepare a child for school life, but also provide opportunities for life experiences inside the classroom. A teacher should not only prepare a child for school life, but also provide opportunities for life experiences inside the classroom.

12. Physical & Motor Development means physical and structural changes as evidenced by increase in height and weight and by adaption of body organs to increasing body needs.

13. FACTORS INFLUENCING GROWTH Socio-economic status of the family Nutrition State of health Physical defects Medico-dental care Sleep, rest and relaxation Play and exercise

14. GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS All stages of growth, development and behavior are characterized by a preparation for the future. Development proceeds from cephalo-caudal direction. Most noticeable in the physical development of children is the increase in height and weight and in bodily proportions.

15. GROWTH IN BOYS AND GIRLS Girls look physically older or more mature than boys . At the age of 12, a girl is generally taller in her ultimate height than a boy of the same age. Boys become taller and heavier than girls at maturity. A Filipino girl is taller than a Filipino boy at he age of 10 . Change from the soft bone structure of the adult, girls are more advanced than boys. Biologically, boys are less mature and are more dependent and in need of maternal care than girls.

16. PSYCHOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF PHYSICAL CHANGES AMONG ADOLESCENTS Adolescents are less interested in academic work after grade school. They become sensitive to their weight and height. Sexual maturity

17. Endocrine Glands are organs that make hormones that are released directly into the blood and travel to tissues and organs all over the body. Endocrine glands help control many body functions, including growth and development, metabolism, and fertility. EFFECT OF ENDOCRINE GLANDS ON HUMAN BEHAVIOR

18. The Pituitary Gland : This gland is also regarded as the master gland and this small gland is situated near the center of the brain. The pituitary gland is responsible for regulating both behavioral aspects and also the body growth. This gland regulates the functioning of the other glands in the body and secretes the hormone called pituitrin. The hormones secreted by the pituitary glands influence the testes and ovaries in making of sex hormones and equally control the menstrual cycle and ovulation process in women.

19. The Pineal Gland : This gland is situated in the middle of the brain and it secretes melatonin hormone which is responsible for controlling the sleep and waking up cycle

20. The Thyroid Gland : This gland secretes thyroxin which influences the metabolic rate and the growth & development of the body. Deficiency of thyroid in infants may cause feeblemindedness or cretinism. Poor quality thyroxin may cause gland enlargement or goiter. Deficiency of thyroid in adults may lead to a condition called myxedema or being overweight. Excess secretion of thyroid can cause Grave’s disease.

21. The Parathyroids The parathyroids are accountable for the bony framework of the body by regulating the phosphorous and calcium metabolism. Destruction of parathyroid will result in a condition called tetany which is characterized by excited nervous system.

22. The Adrenal Glands The adrenal glands regulate the psychological and physiological functioning of the body. The adrenal gland secretes adrenalin or epinephrine and noradrenalin or norepinephrine which regulates the body changes which occur during situations of emergencies or emotional outbursts. Steroids secreted by the adrenal cortex influence the body metabolism, activity level, reaction to stressful situations and development of secondary sexual characteristics.

23. Deficiency of steroids may cause Addison’s disease and its symptoms could be appetite loss, increase in the fatigue level, irritability, anemia, weakness, restlessness and skin darkening.

24. An excess secretion of steroids can cause Gushing’s syndrome. This is characterized by decrease in the sex drive, fatigue, muscle weakening feeling and other bodily changes. Its Hyper secretion in males may lead to feminism and hyper secretion of corticoids in females may result in virilism. Hyper secretion of steroids in a child may result in early sexual maturity or a condition called ‘puberty praecox

25. Gonads : Gonads play a crucial role in sexual development and also reproduction. The male gonads are called testes which secrete the male hormones called testosterone. Testosterone regulates the sexual development, sexual characteristics, physical appearance related changes, drive for sex and sexual behavior in males in males and equally influences the psychological well-being.

26. A dysfunction of the gonads may lead to serious psychological issues. The female sex glands or the ovaries, secrete the female hormones estrogen and progesterone. Estrogen influences the development of the female sexual organs, sexual characteristics, behavioral changes, drive and motivation for sex. Estrogen and progesterone regulate the menstrual cycle and involved in the conception period.

27. Research conducted by  Dabbs, Hargrove, and Heusel (1996)  on the role of the sex hormones in influencing social behavior show strong evidence between testosterone and aggressive or unruly behavior. They found that people having high testosterone levels were more unruly and wild, while those who had relatively low levels of testosterone were relatively well behaved, academically strong, well behaved and had pleasant mannerisms.  Banks and Dabbs (1996) , highlighted in their research that juvenile prisoners who had relatively high levels of testosterone behaved in a more violent manner. 

28. Tremblay et al. (1998)  equally highlighted through his research that testosterone was related to leadership behavior and mental toughness in young adolescent males. Research evidences equally prove that the correlation between high testosterone and aggression may not be restricted to males only, but studies show a positive relationship between aggression, competitiveness and testosterone in women even  ( Cashdan , 2003) .

29. MOTOR DEVELOPMENT refers to changes in children’s ability to control their body’s movements, from infants’ first spontaneous waving and kicking movements to the adaptive control of reaching, locomotion, and complex sport skills” (Adolph, Weise, and Marin 2003, 134)

30. Interrelation of motor abilities Handedness Motor development and Play

31. References: https://bit.ly/3PDX2Oq https://bit.ly/3c6ixd7 https://bit.ly/3T5DYvI https://bit.ly/3SV8MPD https://bit.ly/3c6iNJ7