NCM 104 LECTURE CHAPTER 2.1 HEALTH-CARE-DELIVERY-SYSTEM 2.pptx

Health Care Delivery System, Sustainable Development Goals, Philippine Health Agenda

1. SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS

2. WHAT IS SDG ALL ABOUT? The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), officially known as Transforming our world: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development is a set of seventeen aspirational "Global Goals" with 169 targets between them. Spearheaded by the United Nations, through a deliberative process involving its 193 Member States, as well as global civil society, the goals are contained in paragraph 54 United Nations Resolution A/RES/70/1 of 25 September 2015.

3. HISTORY OF SDG The history of the SDGs can be traced to 1972 when governments met under in Stockholm, Sweden, for the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment , to consider the rights of the human family to a healthy and productive environment. It was not until 1983 that the United Nations decided to create the World Commission on Environment and Development which defined sustainable development as "meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs."

4. HISTORY OF SDG In 1992 the first United Nations Conference on Environment and Development was held in Rio. It was here that the first agenda for Environment and Development was developed and adopted, also known as Agenda 21. Twenty years later, at the Rio+20 Conference, a resolution, known as The Future We Want was reached by member states.

5. WHAT IS THE 2030 AGENDA FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT? At the Sustainable Development Summit on 25 September, 2015, UN Member States will adopt the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, which includes a set of 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) to end poverty, fight inequality and injustice, and tackle climate change by 2030.

6. GLOBAL GOALS The SDGs, otherwise known as the Global Goals, build on the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), eight anti-poverty targets that the world committed to achieving by 2015. The MDGs, adopted in 2000, aimed at an array of issues that included slashing poverty, hunger, disease, gender inequality, and access to water and sanitation. The new Global Goals, and the broader sustainability agenda, go much further than the MDGs, addressing the root causes of poverty and the universal need for development that works for all people.

7. " THIS AGREEMENT MARKS AN IMPORTANT MILESTONE IN PUTTING OUR WORLD ON AN INCLUSIVE AND SUSTAINABLE COURSE. IF WE ALL WORK TOGETHER, WE HAVE A CHANCE OF MEETING CITIZENS’ ASPIRATIONS FOR PEACE, PROSPERITY, AND WELLBEING, AND TO PRESERVE OUR PLANET." By UNDP Administrator Helen Clark

8. WHAT ARE THE PROPOSED GLOBAL GOALS?

9. NO POVERTY End poverty in all its forms everywhere.

10. 2. ZERO HUNGER End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture.

11. 3. GOOD HEALTH & WELL - BEING Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages.

12. 4. QUALITY EDUCATION Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote lifelong learning opportunities for all.

13. 5. GENDER EQUALITY Achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls.

14. 6. CLEAN WATER & SANITATION Ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all.

15. 7. AFFORDABLE & CLEAN ENERGY Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy for all.

16. 8. DECENT WORKPLACE & ECONOMIC GROWTH Promote sustained, inclusive and sustainable economic growth, full and protective employment and decent work for all.

17. 9. INDUSTRY, INNOVATION & INFRASTRUCTURE Build resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive and sustainable industrialization and foster innovation.

18. 10. REDUCED INEQUALITIES Reduce inequality and among countries.

19. 11. SUSTAINABLE CITIES AND COMMUNITIES Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable.

20. 12. RESPONSIBLE CONSUMPTION & PRODUCTION Ensure sustainable consumption and production patterns.

21. 13. CLIMATE ACTION Take urgent action to combat climate change and its impact.

22. 14. LIFE BELOW WATER Conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas, and marine resources for sustainable development.

23. 15. LIFE ON LAND Protect, restore and promote sustainable use of terrestria ; ecosystems, sustainably manage forests, combat desertification, and halt and reverse land degradation and halt biodiversity loss.

24. 16. PEACE, JUSTICE AND STRONG INSTITUTIONS Promote peace and inclusive societies for sustainable development, provide access to justice for all and build effective, accountable and inclusive institutions at all levels.

25. 17. PARTNERSHIPS FOR THE GOALS Strengthen the means of implementation and revitalize the global partnership for sustainable development.

26. To truly make the Global Goals sustainable, it is vital communities are well informed about the goals and engaged in through the process of reaching them. The UN’s “Major Groups” is a great place to start and includes women, children and youth, indigenous peoples, NGOs and non-profit organizations, local authorities, workers and trade unions, business and industry, and farmers. The Global Goals require the inclusion of local groups like these to truly be sustainable. Moreover, the very definition of sustainability must include a focus on children and youth. GLOBAL GOALS ARE NOT SUSTAINABLE WITHOUT THE SDG GENERATION

27. SO WHAT ABOUT THE PHILIPPINES?

28. PHILIPPINES TAKES FURTHER STEPS TOWARDS SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT BY 2030 On May 13, 2016 the Philippines is taking further steps to identify the country’s roadmap towards sustainable development in the next 15 years. The National Economic and Development Authority (NEDA) and the Philippine Statistics Authority (PSA), with support from the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), recently held the “2nd Technical Workshop on the Sustainable Development Goals Indicators” The activity is second in a series of multi-stakeholder consultations spearheaded by the Philippine Government to pin down targets and corresponding indicators to help the country achieve the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) by 2030.

29. The Philippines is one of the 193 member states that adopted the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development on 25 September last year during the United Nations General Assembly in New York. The Agenda, which consists of 17 Sustainable Development Goals with 169 targets and 230 indicators, is a plan of action for people, planet and prosperity. In adopting the SDGs, the Philippines pledged “to make the 2030 Agenda a reality and leave no one behind. PHILIPPINES TAKES FURTHER STEPS TOWARDS SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT BY 2030

30. “THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE 2030 AGENDA MUST BE INCLUSIVE AND TRANSLATED INTO DATA-DRIVEN, EVIDENCEBASED AND TARGET-SPECIFIC POLICIES, PROGRAMS, AND PROJECTS AT THE GRASSROOTS LEVEL. THE AVAILABILITY OF DATA THAT ARE UPDATED AND WITH LOWER LEVELS OF DISAGGREGATION WILL AID IN THE MONITORING, PRIORITIZATION AND COMING-UP OF BETTER TARGETED PROGRAMS.” By NEDA Director General and Socioeconomic Planning Secretary Emmanuel Esguerra

31. PHILIPPINE DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH

32. The Department of Health The DOH is the national agency mandated to lead the health sector towards assuring quality health care for all Filipinos. DOH Vision: is to make “Filipinos among the healthiest in Southeast Asia by 2022 and in Asia by 2040” DOH Mission: to “ Lead the country in the development of a productive, resilient, equitable, and people centered health system” (DOH,2019).

33. VISION BY 2030 (DREAM OF DOH) “A Global Leader for attaining better health outcomes, competitive and responsive health care systems, and equitable health financing.”

34. In the pursuit of its vision and execution of its mission, the following has the major roles: Leader in health Enabler and capacity builder Administrator of specific services The Department of Health

35. ROLES and Functions of the DOH Leadership in Health - elucidated in Executive Order 102,in terms of the following functions; Planning and formulating policies of health programs and services Monitoring and evaluating the implementation of health programs, projecys , research, training and services Advocating for health promotion and healthy lifestyle Serving as technical authority in disease control and prevention Prov iding administrative and technical leadership in health care financing and implementing the National Health Insurance Law.

36. ROLES and Functions of the DOH 2 . Enabler and Capacity Builder Providing logistical support to LGUs the private sector, and other agencies in implementing health programs and services; Serving as the lead agency in health and medical research Protecting standards of excellence in training and education of health care providers at all levels of the health care system.

37. ROLES and Functions of the DOH 3. Administrative of Specific Services Serve as administrator of selected health facilities at subnational levels that act as referral centers for local health system, Provide specific program components for conditions that affect large segments of the populations Develop strategies for responding to emerging health needs Provide leadership in health emergency preparedness and response services, including referral and networking systems for trauma, injuries

38. The DOH core values reflect adherence to the highest standards of work namely: Integrity Excellence Compassion and respect for human dignity Commitment Professionalism Teamwork Stewardship The DOH carries out its work through the various central bureaus and services in the central office, Center for Health Development (CHD) in every region, DOH- attached agencies, and DOH-retained hospitals.

39. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH

40. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH

41. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH

42. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH

43. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH

44. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH

45. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH

46. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH

47. Principles to attain the vision of DOH Equity: equal health services for all-no discrimination Quality : DOH is after the quality of service not the quantity Philosophy of DOH : “Quality is above quantity ” Accessibility : DOH utilize strategies for delivery of health services

48. HEALTH CARE DELIVERY SYSTEM “the totality of all policies, facilities, equipment, products , human resources and services which address the health needs, problems and concerns of the people. It is large, complex , multi-level and multi-disciplinary.”

49. THREE STRATEGIES IN DELIVERING HEALTH SERVICES (ELEMENTS) Creation of Restructured Health Care Delivery System (RHCDS) regulated by PD 568 (1976 ) Management Information Systems regulated by R.A. 3753: Vital Health Statistics Law Primary Health Care (PHC) regulated by LOI 949 (1984): Legalization of Implementation of PHC in the Philippines

50. RHO (National Health Agency) or existing national agencies like PGH or specialized agencies like Heart Center for Asia, NKI MHO & PHO (Municipal/Provincial Health Office ) BHS & RHU (Barangay Health Station/Rural Health Unit) Creation of Restructured Health Care Delivery System

51. Devolution of Health Services On October 10, 1991 , President Corazon Aquino signed into law Republic Act 7160 of the Local Government Code , the Code defined wider areas for genuine self-rule. Principally based on Article 10 of the 1987 Constitution, the Code mandates, among other things, that the territorial and political subdivisions of the Republic shall enjoy local autonomy. According to Senator Aquilino Pimentel the principal sponsors of the bill, the Code was passed " to accelerate the development of the nation and to help change the culture of dependency among Filipinos.

52. Devolution of Health Services With the passage of RA 7160, local government units are mandated to institute management systems that would translate to better and more efficient delivery of basic services (LGUs). Thus, the code features the following; (1 .) It devolves to local government units the responsibility for the delivery of basic services that has always belonged to the national government ; (2.) It grants local government units significant regulatory powers that traditionally belonged to the national agencies . (3). It significantly increases the financial resources available to local government units through increased internal revenue allotment (IRA) (4). It recognizes-and encourages-the active participation of the private sector, nongovernmental organization and people's organizations in the processes of governance.

53. R.A 7160 or Local Government Code was enacted to bring about genuine and meaningful local autonomy. This will enable local governments to attain their fullest development as self-reliant communities and make them more effective partners in the attainment of national goals. Devolution refers to the act by which the national government confers power and authority upon the various LGU’s to perform specific functions and responsibilities. R.A 7160 provided for the creation of the Provincial Health Board and the City/Municipal Health boards, or Local Health Boards. The chairman of the board is t he local executive- the Provincial Governor/ Mayor. The Provincial/ City/ Municipal Health Officer serve as vice chairman.

54.   Integrated Provincial Health Office  (IPHO)    City Health Office (CHO) City Hospital (CH)   Chairman of the local health board

55. Devolution of Health Services The said Code clearly devolves the delivery of basic services and the operation and maintenance of local health facilities form the Department of Health (DOH) to provinces, cities, and municipalities. Local government unit is now responsible for the performance of functions that were mandated previously in the said agency.

56. Members of the board are composed of the chairman of the committee on health of the Sanggunian , a representative from private sector or NGO involved in health services, and a representative of the DOH. The functions of local health boards are as follows: Proposing to the Sanggunian annual budgetary allocations for the operation and maintenance of health facilities and services within the province/city/municipality; Serving as an advisory committee to the Sanggunian on health matters; and Creating committees that shall advise local health agencies on various matters related to health service operations.

57. The Rural Health Unit The RHU, commonly known as health center , is a primary level health facility in the municipality. The focus of RHU is preventive and promotive health services and the supervision of BHSs under its jurisdiction. The recommended ratio of RHU to catchment population is 1 RHU: 20,000 populations. The BHS is the first contact health care facility that offers basic services at the barangay level. It is a satellite station of the RHU. It is manned by Volunteer Barangay Health Workers (BHW’s) under the supervision of Rural Health Midwife (RHM).

58. The Rural Health Unit Personnel The Municipal Health Officer (MHO) or Rural Health Physician heads the health services at the municipal level and carries out the following roles and functions: Administrator of the RHU Prepares the municipal health plan and budget Monitors the implementation of basic health services Management of the RHU staff

59. 2. Community physician Conducts epidemiological studies Formulates health education campaigns on disease prevention Prepares and implements control measures or rehabilitation plan 3. Medico-legal officer f the municipality. The revised implementing rules and regulations (IRRSs) of R.A. 7305 or the Magna Carta of Public Health Workers stipulate that there be one rural health physician to a population of 20,000.

60. The Rural Health Unit Personnel The Public Health Nurse (PHN): Supervise and guides all RHMs in the municipality. Prepares the FHIS (Field Health Service Information System) quarterly and annual reports of the municipality for submission to the Provincial Health Office. Utilize the nursing process in responding to health care needs, including needs for health education and promotion of individuals, families and catchment community. Collaborate with the other members of the health team, government agencies, private business, NGO’s and people organizations to address the community’s health problems.

61. * With limitations of LGUs to finance health human resource, the DOH has launched Nurse Deployment Project (NDP) to augment efforts of PHNs in their areas of jurisdiction.

62. The Rural Health Unit Personnel The Nurse Deployment Project : One of the projects under the Department of Health (DOH) Deployment Program that aims to deploy, community-oriented and dedicated nurses to difficult areas. Notably, the project aims to achieve the following: Augment the nursing workforce in the Rural Health Units/Birthing Homes and Barangay Health Stations thus provide access to health services for the marginalized population; Provide employment and work experience for nurses in rural areas and underserved communities and Address the proliferation of the so-called “volunteer nurses for a fee” (i.e., working in hospitals without being paid, albeit, they themselves pay the hospital to obtain a certificate of work experience

63. Project Description: Deployment of registered nurses for the improvement of local health systems and support to the attainment of Universal Health Care or Kalusugan Pangkalahatan Nurses shall be hired under contract of services with a position of Public Health Nurse II. Contract for six 6) months that can be renewed based on a very satisfactory Assignment in priority areas covering 1,491 municipalities, 143 cities and 13 districts of Metro Manila giving preference to 44 Focus Geographical Areas (FGA), Accelerated Sustainable Anti-Poverty Program (ASAP), Whole of Nation Initiative (WNI) After satisfactory completion of the project, the Nurses are awarded with a Certificate of Completion and Employment

64. Focus on assisting PHNs in implementing programs, health education, and preparation of reports. Conducts regular visits to priority households under the National Household Targeting System for Poverty Reduction (NHTS-PR) Prepares health status reports of families based on the NHTS-PR priority households Plans for appropriate interventions on the identified health concerns of families under the priority NHTS-PR Assists in the conduct of regular monitoring and evaluation of various health programs under the NHTS-PR Focus on assisting PHNs in implementing programs, health education, and preparation of reports. Assists in the conduct of disease surveillance Maintains Barangay Health Stations Conducts health education and training Assists in the preparation of reports on clinic and community activities. FUNCTIONS:

65. S alaries and Benefits: Public Health Nurse II - Salary Grade 17 Monthly Salary of Php 32,747.00 for 2017 2nd tranche of the Salary Standardization Law 4 Enrollment to PhilHealth Insurance Enrollment to GSIS Personal Group Accident Insurance Local/Regional Trainings ( ie , Orientation on Disease Surveillance, Family Planning Counselling, etc. )

66. The Rural Health Unit Personnel The Rural Health Midwife (RHM) or Public Health Midwife: Manages the BHS and supervise and trains the BHW; Provides midwifery services and executes health care programs and activities for woman of reproductive age, including family planning counselling and services. Conducts patient assessment and diagnosis for referral or further management; Perform health information, education and communication services Organize the community Facilitates barangay health planning and other community services.

67. The Rural Health Unit Personnel . The Rural Sanitation Inspector are directed towards ensuring a healthy physical environment in the municipality. This entails advocacy, monitoring and regulatory activities such as inspection of water supply and unhygienic household conditions. Barangay Health Worker (BHW) considered as the interface between the community and the RHU. They are trained in the preventive health care, with a strong emphasis on maternal and child care, family planning and reproductive health, nutrition and sanitation. BHWs are accredited by the local health board according to DOH guidelines. R.A 7883 or the Barangay Health Workers Benefit and Incentives Act entitles them to hazard and substance allowance and other benefits.

68. DOH Recommendations for Human Resource for Health and Health Facilities Ratio to Population 1 RHU/ HC Physician: 20, 000 Population Ratio 1 Public Health Nurse: 10,000 Population Ratio 1 Public Health Midwife: 5,000 Population Ratio 1 Public Dentist: 50,000 Population Ratio 1 RHU(Rural Health Unit): 20,000 Population Ratio 1 BHS (Barangay Health Station): 5,000 Population Ratio

69. Classification of Health Facilities ( DOH AO – 2012-0012 )

70. Republi c Act No. 4226 otherwise known as Hospital Licensure Act, “The licensing agency shall study and adopt a system of classifying hospitals in the Philippines as to: (1) general or special; (2) service capabilities; (3) size or bed capacity and (4) class ifi cation of hospital whether training or not ". Regulation of health facilities takes into account their service capacities and compliance with standards for manpower, equipment, construction and physical facilities. It is of the essence that the actual situation be taken into consideration in dealing with the current classification of hospitals and other health facilities. 

71. CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO SCOPES OF SERVICES

72. CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO FUNCTIONAL CAPACITY

73. CLASSIFICATION OF OTHER HEALTH FACILITIES

74. DOH administrative Order 2012-0012 classifies other health facilities as follows: Category A. Primary Health Care Facility – a first contact health care facility that offers basic service including emergency services and provision for normal deliveries. Without in-patient beds like health centers, out-patient clinics, and dental clinics. With in-patient beds – a short-stay facility where the patient spends on the average of one to two days before discharge. Ex: Infirmaries and birthing (Lying-in) facilities.

75. Category B. Custodial Care Facility – a health facility that provides long-term care, including basic services like food and shelter, to patients with chronic conditions requiring ongoing health and nursing care due to impairment and a reduced degree of independence in activities of daily living, and patients in need of rehabilitation. Ex: Custodial health care facilities, substance/drug abuse treatment and rehabilitation centers, sanitaria, leprosaria, and nursing homes.

76. Category C. Diagnostic/Therapeutic Facility - a facility for the examination of the human body, specimens from the human body for the diagnosis, sometimes treatment of disease or water for drinking analysis. The test covers the preanalytical, analytical and post analytical phases of examination. This category is further classified into: Laboratory Facility, such as, but not limited to the following: Clinical laboratory HIV/testing laboratory Blood service facility Drug testing laboratory Newborn screening laboratory Laboratory for dringking water analysis.

77. 2. Radiologic facility providing services such as X-ray, CT scan, mammography, MRI, and ultrasonography. 3, Nuclear medicine facility- a facility regulated by the Philippine Nuclear Research Institute utilizing applications of radioactive materials in diagnoses, treatment, or medical research, with the exception of the use of sealed radiations sources in radiotherapy as in internal radiation therapy.

78. Category D. Specialized outpatient facility – a facility that performs highly specialized procedures on a outpatient basis. Ex: Dialysis clinic, ambulatory surgical clinic, cancer chemotherapeutic center/clinic, cancer radiation facility, and physical medicine and rehabilitation center/clinic.

79. The Inter-Local Health Zone An Inter Loca l Health Zone (ILHZ) is defined to be any form of organized arrangement for coordinating the operations of an array and hierarchy of the health care providers and facilities, which typically includes primary health care providers, core referral hospital and an end referral hospital, jointly serving a common population within a local geographic area under the jurisdictions of more than one local government. ILHZ, as a form of inter-LGU cooperation is established in order to better protect the public or collective health of their community , assure the constitu ents access range of services necessary to meet health care needs of individuals, and to manage their limited resources for health more efficiently and equitably.

80. The Inter-Local Health Zone The Inter Loca l Health Zone (ILHZ) functionality is defined mainly by observable zone wide health sector performance results in term of: Improved the health status and coverage of public health intervention of the zone population. Ac cess by everyone in the zone to a qualify care; Efficiency in the operations of the inter-local health services.

81. The referral system functioning within the context of the Inter-Local Health Zone (ILHZ) provides a means for consolidating health care efforts. The ILHZ is based on the concept of the District Health System, a generic term used by WHO to describe an integrated health management and delivery system based on a defined administrative a geographical area. An ILHZ has a defined catchment population within a defined geographical area, it has a central or core referral hospital and a number of primary level facilities such as RHUs and BHSs.

82. The ILHZ has the following components: People. Although WHO has described the ideal population size of a health district between 100,000 and 500,000, the number of people may vary from zone to zone, especially when taking into consideration the number of LGUs that will decide to cooperate and cluster. Boundaries. Clear boundaries between ILHZs establish accountability and responsibility of health service providers. Health facilities. RHUs, BHSs, and other health facilities that decide to work together as an integrated health system and a district or provincial hospital, serving as the central referral hospital. Health workers. To deliver comprehensive services, the ILHZ health workers include personnel of the DOH, district or provincial hospitals, RHUs, BHSs, private clinics, volunteer health workers from NGOs, and community based organizations.

83. The Health Referral System A referral is a set of activities undertaken by a health care provider or facility in response to its inability to provide the necessary health intervention to satisfy a patient’s need. A functional referral system is one that ensures the continuity and complementation of health and medical services. It usually involves movement of a patient from the health center of first contact and the hospital at first referral level. When hospital intervention has been completed, the patient is referred back to the health center. This accounts for the term two-way referral system. Referrals may be internal or external

84. Internal referrals – occur within the health facility; may be made to request for an opinion or suggestion, comanagement , or further management or specialty care. External referral – is a movement of a patient from one health facility to another. It may be vertical, where the patient referral may be from a lower to a higher level of health facility or the other way round.

85. Barangay Health Station (BHS) is under the management of Rural Health Midwife (RHM) Rural Health Unit (RHU) is under the management or supervision of PHN Public Health Nurse (PHN) caters to 1:10,000 population , acts as managers in the implementation of the policies and activities of RHU, directly under the supervision of MHO (who acts as administrator) Referral System in Levels of the Health Care

86. Referral System in Levels of the Health Care

87. Health Sector Reform: FOURmula One Plus (F1 Plus) is the latest in aseries of continuing efforts of the government to bring about health sector reform covering to 2017 to 2022. F1 Plus was built upon strategies of two previous platforms of reform: FOURmula One (F1) for health (2005-2010) and Kalusugan Pangkalahatan or Aquino Health Agenda (2011-2015.) Administrative Order 2018-0014 entitled “Strategic Framework and Implementing Guidelines for FOURmula One Plus (F1 Plus) for Health.

88. FOURmula One 2005-2010 Kalusugan Pangkalahatan 2011-2015 Duterte Health Agenda 2016 FOURmula One Plus (F1) PLUS 2017-2022 Health Reform Framework in the DOH from 2005 to 2022.

89. UNIVERSAL HEALTH CARE (UHC), ALSO REFERRED TO AS KALUSUGAN PANGKALAHATAN (KP). The Aquino administration puts it as the availability and accessibility of health services and necessities for all Filipinos. It is a government mandate aiming to ensure that every Filipino shall receive affordable and quality resources – health human resources, health facilities, and health financing. UHC law (Republic Act 11223) guarantees each Filipino citizen access to healthcare services that are either individual-based or population based.

90. UHC’S THREE THRUSTS 1) Financial risk protection through expansion in enrollment and benefit delivery of the National Health Insurance Program (NHIP); 2) Improved access to quality hospitals and health care facilities; and 3) Attainment of health-related Millennium Goals (MDGs).

91. PHILIPPINE HEALTH AGENDA