neet pg class preparation by nmch nellore

Neet PG classes

1. FORENSIC MEDICINE & TOXICOLOGY Dr. Bala M.B;B.S., M.D Professor & HOD Dept of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology

2. True about Photographic superimposition Frontal view photograph is mandatory Interpupillary distance should be corresponds. Test has got more positive value Comparison can not be made in the absence of lower jaw

3. B

4. Superimposition Applied by glaister and brash in 1935 in Ruxton case. A technique applied to determine whether the skull is that of the person in the photograph. Criteria: Photograph - front, lateral and semi lateral view of face Recent photograph is better Comparison can be made even in the absence of lower jaw.

5. Two pairs of canthuses Nasion Prosthion in the central line Nasal spine Lower border of the nose Lower border of the upper jaw Zygomas bellow the eyes Supra orbital ridges Angle of the jaw External auditory meatus Teeth. Points for comparison:

6. This test is of more negative value . It can definitely be stated that the skull and photograph are not those of the same person. If they tally it can only be stated that the skull could be that of the person in the photograph, because of the possibility that another skull of that size and contour may tally with the photograph.) Significance

7. As per Haderup System +2 indicates Upper right canine Upper left 2 nd lateral incisor Lower left canine Upper right 2 nd lateral incisor

8. B. Upper left 2 nd lateral incisor

9. CHARTING OF TEETH More than 150 different methods (1) Universal system: 1 to 16 from upper right to upper left, 17 to 32 from lower left to right. Upper Right  Left 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 32 31 30 29 28 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20 19 18 17 Lower

10. (2) Palmer’s notation: Numbering given in each quadrant from 1 – 8  medial to Lateral on either side Upper 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Lower

11. (3) Haderup System: It is similar to Palmer’s notation except that it uses a plus sign (+) to designate upper teeth, and a minus sign (-) for the lower. Upper (+) Right Left 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Lower (- )

12. (4) FDI (two-digit System) (Federation Dentaine Internationale ) Upper Right Left 1 2 4 3 Lower 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 48 47 46 45 44 43 42 41 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38

13. (5). Modified FDI system. Upper 1 2 3 4 Lower 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 38 37 36 35 34 33 32 31 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48

14. DIFFERENCE BETWEEN WOUNDS OF ENTRANCE AND EXIT OF A BULLET WOUND Entrance wound Size – smaller than the size of the bullet. Edges – inverted. Bruising, abrasion and grease collar – present. Burning, blackening, tattooing – may be seen. Exit wound larger than the bullet. Everted. Absent. Absent.

15. Entrance wound Bleeding – less. Fat – no protrusion. Fibers of clothing – may be carried into the wound. Lead ring or metal ring – may be seen. Exit wound More. May protrude. Turned out. Absent.

16. FORENSIC BALLISTICS Is the science that deals with the fire arms and the injuries caused by it. Ballistics: study of the missiles.

17. Internal ballistics. Study of the fire arms and projectiles Exterior ballistics. Study of the motion of the projectile after it leaves the barrel till the time it hits the target Terminal ballistics Study of behavior of missiles once they penetrate their targets wound ballistics Study of effects of missiles on living tissue

18. Rifling gives the bullet except a spin, greater power of penetration, a straight course and prevents it from unsteady movement as it travels in the air. Lessens the spreading action None

19. D. Lessens the spreading action

20. RIFLED FIRE ARMS A rifle is a gun with a long barrel, the bore of which is rifled. The bore is scored internally with a number of shallow spiral grooves varying from two to more than 20. Rifling gives the bullet a spin, greater power of penetration, a straight course and prevents it from unsteady movement as it travels in the air.

21. PROJECTILE SPIN DURING FLIGHT

22. CALLIBRE OR GAUGE It is measured by the internal dimension of the barrel and is given in decimals of inch or millimeters. The dimension of the rifled weapon is measured between lands and not grooves. For larger bores the size is determined by the size of the lead ball which will exactly fit the barrel. By the number of such ball of equal size and weight as can be made from 1 pound of lead.

23. DETAILS OF GUN RIFLING

24. CALIBER

25. SHOT GUN It may be single barreled or double barreled. Barrel length varies from 55 to 72 cm’s and the inside of the cylinder is smooth with out any groves.

26. CHOKING Choking is the tapering lumen of the muzzle end .

27. VARIOUS DEGREES OF CHOKE Designation Constriction in mm 1. Full- choke 1.00mm 2. Three- quarter choke 0.75mm 3. Half-choke 0.50mm 4. Quarter-choke 0.25mm 5. True cylinder 0mm

28. ADVANTAGES OF CHOKING Choking lessens the rate of spread of shot after it leaves the muzzle. Increases the explosive force and increases the velocity.

29. SHOTGUN and RIFLED CARTRIDGE

30. PRIMING MIXTURE contains except ? Barium nitrate. Lead peroxide. Mercurous chloride. Lead styphnate. None

31. C. Mercurous chloride.

32. PRIMING MIXTURE Priming mixture contains. Barium nitrate. Lead peroxide. Antimony sulfide Lead styphnate. Tetrazene.

33. PRIMING MIXTURE Priming mixture contains. B arium nitrate. L ead peroxide. A ntimony sulfide Lead S typhnate. T etrazene.

34. GUN POWDER Black powder :- Potassium nitrate 75% Charcoal 15% Sulphur 10%. Smokeless powders:- Nitrocellulose. ( singlebase ) Nitrocellulose and Nitroglycerine. ( doublebase ) Nitrocellulose, Nitroglycerine and Nitro guanidine. ( triplebase ) Semi-smokeless:- Mixture of 80% of black & 20% of smokeless.

35. Heat combustion effect: Burning : seen on non synthetic natural fibres Singeing of the hair Due to flame Seen on cloths and skin

36. Smudging/Blackening: Due to smoke Tattooing/peppering: Due to gunpowder

37. Abrasion collar: Gyroscopic movement of the bullet Elasticity of the skin Seen as a marginal abrasion around the wound of entry In Perpendicular entry – round shape. In acute angular entry – oblique/oval shape. Grease collar: Grease and dirt particles on bullet Seen as a black deposit.

38. This type of wound is produced by shot gun cartridge from the distance of Up to 30 cm 30 Cm to one meter Over 2 meters Over 3 meters

39. B. 30 Cm to one meter

40. BALLING OR WELDING OF SHOT It is done by adding some adhesive in the shots during the manufacture of the shot gun cartridge. It is done to prevent the dispersion of the pellets. In such cases a circular or oval entrance wound is found in long range fire.

41. SATELLITE PELLET When the entire shot enters into the body as a single shot making a single entrance hole and a single pellet entering separately is called as satellite pellet.

42. CONTACT SHOT The discharge from the muzzle i.e. gases, flame, powder, smoke and metallic particles are blown into the track taken by the bullet through the body. The powder residue is usually grossly visible in the subcutaneous tissue and the bullet track.

43. The margins are contused and everted due to the gasses coming out of the wound. Back spatter is seen. Corona consists of a circular zone of soot deposit surrounding the bullet defect. BACK SPATTER ?

44. PUPPE’S RULE It can determine the sequence of shots when several bullets have struck the cranium. This rule can be applied to any blunt force injury causing skull fractures.

45. BULLET INJURY IN SKULL In the entrance hole the inner table gets beveled. In the exit hole the outer table gets beveled. Fissure fractures often radiates from the defects. The exit hole wound is larger due to the deformity and tumbling of the bullet after entering the hole.

46. KRONLEIN SHOT if the fracture extends beyond the area of the entrance and exit and the cavitation is very severe the skull may burst by the pressure of the brain. A large portion of the brain thrown out of the bursting skull and found relatively intact.

47. PECULIAR EFFECTS OF FIREARM 1.Yawning bullet A bullet travelling in a irregular fashion instead of travelling nose-on is called ?

48. 2.Tumbling bullet Bullet that rotates end on end during the motion is called tumbling bullet.

49. Appearance of Injury by tumbling bullet?

50. 3.Tandem bullet On first firing, the bullet remains in the barrel and during subsequent firing two bullets one behind the other are projected out and they may hit the body from same or different wounds.

51. 4.Ricochet bullet Ricocheting occurs with the inferior fire arms. The bullet before striking the target strikes some intervening object first and then after ricocheting and rebounding from these hits the object.

52. External ricocheting Internal ricocheting This is seen when the bullet hits the cranial cavity.

53. 5.Mushrooming of bullet A soft nose bullet on hitting the target may get deformed to assume this shape . Because of increased surface area the damage will be more.

54. 6.Souvenir bullet Refers to the bullet which has been lying in body part since long .

55. 7.Bullet grage or slap If a bullet strikes skin at so acute angle that it does not perforate the skin an abrasion is produced

56. 8.Single entrance and multiple exits If the bullet splits up within the body and divides itself into 3 or 4 pieces .

57. 12.Kennedy phenomenon: Surgical alteration of the bullet injury makes difficult to the evaluation of the wound whether it was an entrance or an exit wound.

58. Q. Maceration is seen in the baby when A.Membranes are ruptured B.Liquor amni is scanty C. Air inside the uterus D.Adequate liquor amni

59. D

60. IUD – MACERATION Skin slippage, reddish color ROBERT’S SIGN Gas in great vessels and heart chambers SPALDING SIGN Overlapping of cranial bones A pathognomic sign of IUD. BALL’S SIGN Hyperflexion of spine DEUEL’S HALO SIGN Separation of subcutaneous fat from cranial bones

61. Skin slippage, reddish color – 12 hours Robert’s sign Bullae – 24 hours Disagreable sweetish odour – 48 hours Deuel’s halo sign – 3days Spalding sign Ball’s sign

62. Extra points: Viability: Stage of maturity at which a fetus is able to lead a separate existence after birth. As per law, a child is viable in 210 days (7 months) Vagitus uterinus : Respiration (cry) of the fetus while in the womb after the rupture of membranes. Vagitus vaginalis: Respiration while the head is in the vagina.

63. 1.A new-born baby didn’t show any sign of life for 5 minutes after delivery. Doctor declared the baby dead and handed over the body to the parents in a bag. After 10 minutes leaving the hospital on their way, there was some movements in the bag. Parents rushed to a nearby hospital, but doctors couldn’t revive the baby. Which of the following is incorrect related to this condition? A. It is the most common cause of apparent death. B. During this state, the individual cells utilize the dissolved oxygen in body fluids and remain viable. C. Doctor can be punished for issuance of false medical certificate under IPC 197. D. It can not be produced voluntarily

64. Ans : D

65. SUSPENDED ANIMATION Called as apparent death. ( The person appears to be dead but he is not actually dead ) The signs of life are reduced to very minimum that it cannot be detected by routine clinical methods. It can be produced Voluntarily & involuntarily During this state, the individual cells utilize the dissolved oxygen in body fluids and remain viable.

66. I nsanity / I atrogenic as in cardiopulmonary surgeries & A nesthesia. New B orn Q (Most Common) E lectrocution M esmeric trance, M orphine overdose Y oga practitioners Wasting diseases like C holera H eat stroke/ H ypothermic/ H anging D rowning/ D rugs like B arbiturates T yphoid In H anging, D rowning if CPR done person can be revived.

67. A,B,C,D,E MY HITS

68. Medicolegal Importance: Suspended animation should not be mistaken for death. If death is declared and certified in this case prematurely the doctor can be punishable for issuance of false medical certificate under IPC 197 .[234 BNS] S.198 IPC [235 BNS] – using false medical certificate Death certificate should not be issued without an ECG or EEG.

69. SOMMER’S MOVEMENTS LAZARUS SYNDROME WAITING MORTUARIES

70. 2. Which type of incision is given over the back for the postmortem examination ? Y shaped Modified Y shaped T shaped X shaped

71. Ans : D

72. TYPES OF SKIN INCISIONS I shape – most commonly used ( chin to symphysis pubis) T shape – called as Bucket handle incision Y shape – is Inframammary incision ( Acromion to Xiphisternum and then to pubis ) Modified Y shape – for better visualisation of neck injuries , in Hanging & Strangulation cases Inverted Y shape – in fetus or newborn to examine the umbilical arteries All above incisions are used for visualising anterior part of the body X shape – in custodial deaths it is made at back. (One acromion to other side of gluteal region ). To demonstrate the deep bruises in custodial death cases. used for visualising posterior part of the body .

73. TYPES OF SKIN INCISIONS

74. I SHAPE Y SHAPE MODIFIED Y SHAPE T SHAPE

75. CUSTODIAL DEATHS X- SHAPE INCISION

76. METHODS OF ORGAN REMOVAL : VIRCHOW’S TECHNIQUE Individual organs removed one by one Anatomical relations are not preserved Inter relationships not preserved, loss of continuity LETTULE’S TECHNIQUE Various system organs are removed as en-masse (all together) cervical, thoracic, abdominal and pelvic organs and organ dissection. Anatomical relations are preserved Rapid technique. Difficult to handle individual organ.

77. GHON’S TECHNIQUE Organ blocks and organ dissection Cervical, thoracic, abdominal and urogenital system are removed as organ block (separate blocks) ROKITANSKY’S TECHNIQUE In-situ dissection of organs Fetal brain dissection Infectious disease like HIV, Hep B Radiation hazards

78. Which types of gloves should be used in HIV etc ……? Chainmail gloves Kevlar gloves

79. PSYCHOLOGICAL AUTOPSY Investigative procedure of reconstructing a persons state of mind prior to death based on information gathered from personal documents, police , medical records, deceased families and friends.

80. VIRTOPSY Minimally invasive procedure utilizing imaging techniques like CT scan , MRI etc.

81. Negative autopsy vs Obscure autopsy No discernible cause of death: Even after extensive examination, the autopsy doesn't reveal any abnormalities or injuries that would explain the death.  All investigations are negative: This includes gross examination of organs, microscopic analysis of tissue samples, and toxicological tests looking for poisons or drugs.  Cause of death remains unknown: The pathologist is unable to pinpoint a reason for the death based on the evidence from the autopsy.  Thorough examination, but inconclusive results: The pathologist performs a complete and detailed autopsy, including all necessary investigations. Minimal or unclear findings: While some findings might be present, they are not definitive enough to explain the cause of death or are ambiguous. Uncertain cause of death: Despite the effort, the pathologist cannot confidently state the cause of death. 

82. In essence, a negative autopsy is characterized by the absence of any positive findings , while an obscure autopsy involves inconclusive findings that prevent a clear determination of the cause of death, despite a thorough investigation.

83. 3. In a case of poisoning , for the opening of stomach which method of autopsy is described ? Inflow outflow method Double ligation method Single ligation method Rokitansky’s technique

84. Ans : B

85. Important individual Organ Dissection Stomach Dissection : Double ligation method for opening stomach incision is given along….? Spinal cord : Posterior approach is best. It is recommended in neck injuries cases. Brain : Scalp incision is started at “ Behind the ear lobe ” ( Inter Mastoid incision).

86. Heart Dissection : Inflow outflow method follow the direction of blood flow. First: Right atrium is opened, followed by Tricuspid valve and then Pulmonic valve (R→T→P) Next, Left atrium is opened, followed by Mitral valve and then Aotric valve (L→M→A).

87. 5. Removal of skull in infants : By ………? (skull & dura are cut parallel to the midline from the lateral edge of anterior fontanelle.)

88. BENEKE’S TECHNIQUE BARR’S TECHNIQUE

89. 4. Which of the following is a wrong statement related to post mortem changes? Loss of voluntary movement/ insensibility – Earliest sign after death. Tache Noir Sclerotica – Earliest eye sign after death Greenish discoloration in right iliac fossa – Earliest sign of decomposition externally. Reddish brown discolouration of aortic intima –Earliest sign of decomposition internally.

90. Ans : B

91. 5. Which of the following is correct regarding the postmortem change shown in photo? A. Cattle trucking sign B. Due to fragmentation of retinal vessels C. Appears within seconds/minutes and persists till one hour. D. Time since death is 4 hours.

92. Ans : D

93. KEVORKIAN SIGN/ CATTLE TRUCKING TACHE NOIRE

94. KEVORKIAN SIGN TACHE NOIRE SCLEROTICA A/K/A Cattle trucking sign/railway trucking sign Due to drying/ dessication , deposition of cellular debris & dust Appears within seconds/minutes and persists till 1 hour Time Since Death: 4 hours

95. Normal Intra Ocular Tension of an eye : 10 to 22 mm Hg Just after death : 12 mm Hg After 3 hrs : 3mm Hg After 4 to 8 hrs : 0 mm Hg Earliest sign in eye is ? Kevorkian sign, Visualised by Ophthalmoscope

96. POSTMORTEM CHANGES Changes taking place after death of a person which help in estimation of approximate time of death. Immediate Early Late Signs appear in the following order:

97. POSTMORTEM CHANGES Immediate (Somatic Death) 1. Cessation of Respiration 2. Cessation of Circulation 3. Insensibility & Loss of voluntary power BISHOP’S Tripod of life BICHAT’S Mode of death

98. Early (Cellular Death) Changes in skin Changes in the eye Primary flaccidity of muscles (Primary Relaxation) Cooling of the body Postmortem Lividity (Hypostasis) Rigor Mortis (Death Stiffening)

99. Late (Decomposition & Decay) Putrefaction Adipocere Mummification

100. 6.If a woman sentenced to death is found to be pregnant, the high court shall postpone the execution, and may, if it thinks fit, commute the sentence to imprisonment for life. This is as per: A. IPC 416, BNS 319 B. CrPC 416 BNSS 456 C. CrPC 174 BNSS 194 D. IPC 228A BNS 72

101. Ans : B

102. S. 228 (A )IPC Revealing identity of victim of rape Punishable offence

103. 7. Find out the wrong match: Subpoena – A legal document which compels to attend the court for evidences Cognizable offences – Non bailable Session court – Lowest court which can give death sentence Conduct money – To be given during the summon in criminal case

104. Ans. D

105. Conduct Money/ Diet money Fee offered or paid to a witness in civil cases, at the time of serving the summons to meet the expenses for attending the court. Party who is calling the witness will pay the money. In criminal cases, no conduct money Q is paid to the witness at the time of serving summons. After giving the evidence, the expert witness Q is paid by the court or by the institution ( in case of Govt. employee)

106. POWERS OF CRIMINAL COURTS COURT MAXIMUM IMPRISONMENT FINE Supreme court judge Any sentence Q Unlimited High court judge Any sentence Q Unlimited Sessions court judge/ Additional sessions judge Any sentence Q (Death to be confirmed by high court Q ) Unlimited Assistant sessions judge 10 Years Q Unlimited Chief Judicial Magistrate 7 years Q Unlimited I Class Judicial Magistrate 3 years Q 10000 rupees II Class Judicial Magistrate 1 year Q 5000 rupees

107. 7.Which of the following is wrong about dying declaration? A. Leading questions are not be asked B. Compos mentis is important C. Oath is mandatory D. If the declarant survives, the declaration is not admitted, but has corroborative value.

108. Ans : C

109. DYING DECLARATION Practiced in India Recorded by anyone ( Magistrate, Doctor, Police, village head man) Compos mentis of patient is certified by the doctor before recording statement Oath not taken No cross examination done

110. DYING DEPOSITION ( BED SIDE COURT) - Oath is to be taken It is more superior to dying declaration ( it is like mini trial). It is a statement of a person on oath, recorded by the magistrate in the presence of the accused or his lawyer, who is allowed to cross-examine the witness. Cross examination can be done. Leading questions are permitted. It is not practiced in India.

111. Leading Questions Any question prompting the answer which the lawyer expects to receive. Requiring a simple ‘ yes’ or ‘no’ answer. Are these type of injuries produced due to accident? Leading question permitted in: Cross examination ( Section 143 IEA) Hostile witness (Section 154 IEA) Dying deposition. Leading questions are not permitted in; Direct examination and Re-examination Dying declaration Chief Examination and Re-Examination – Same side lawyer Cross examination – By Opposite side lawyer

112. In india magistrate’s inquest is done in all the fallowing cases except: A. Police firing B. Dowry death C. Custodial death D. Murder E. None of the above

113. D

114. INQUEST in India: Police and Magistrate

115. POLICE INQUEST Most common type S. 174 Cr.P.C MAGISTRATE INQUEST S. 176 Cr.P.C . Superior to police inquest is done in case of deaths in : Asylum Borstal ( Juvenile) Custody Dowry Exhumation – time limit?

116. CORONER’S MEDICAL EXAMINER’S PROCURATOR FISCAL

117. 9.Ramesh,a 35 year old male is planned for cholecystectomy after 2 days. Doctor has explained him about the consequences and complications regarding the surgery. To proceed with the surgery, patient has given his consent by signing on a consent paper. Which type of consent is this? A. Blanket consent B. Implied consent C. Written informed consent D. No consent

118. Ans : C

119. For examine of accused Doctor can apply reasonable force – 53 CrPC. 51 BNSS Informed refusal: victim can refuse examination.

120. Consent Consent is a part of India contract act (Article 13). Indian contract act got implemented in 1872. IPC: 87 IPC : 25 BNS Person above 18 years of age can give consent for suffering any harm like surgery, invasive procedures etc.

121. 88 IPC : 26 BNS Surgeon getting consent for surgery, for the good faith of the patient. 89 IPC : 27 BNS For benefit of the child, if < 12 years or patient is insane, consent is taken from the guardian. 90 IPC: 28 BNS Consent given by a person under fear of injury

122. Types of consent : Expressed consent : Consent given orally or by writing Implied consent : Self explanatory (Recording BP and female patient going to male gynecologist). Informed consent : Consent obtained after doctor explains everything to the patient and the patient explains everything to the doctor in the same language (Best consent).

123. Substituted consent: Consent obtained from a relative or a friend when the patient is unconscious. Open/Blind/Blanket consent: Not valid in India, valid in USA where a single consent on admission is enough for all procedures.

124. → Exceptions: Emergency Medico-legal autopsy.

125. Test for medical negligence: Bolam test: If a doctor has acted according to proper and accepted practice , he is not guilty of medical negligence or they have acted in accordance with a responsible body of opinion. Bolitho test: Legal test, defuse, body pt. It is a legal test the court must be satisfied that body of opinion relied upon has a logical basis Body of opinion must be reasonable and responsible.

126. 10. A female is undergoing the physical examination. Labia Majora is thick, firm, fleshy and they oppose each other to completely close vaginal orifice. Clitoris is small. Vagina is reddish with rugose wall. She should be considered as: Virgin Non Virgin False virgin Sterile

127. Ans : A

128. VIRGINITY: A virgin is a woman who never had any sexual intercourse. Defloration means loss of virginity.

129. SIGNS OF VIRGINITY NON-VIRGIN LABIA MAJORA Thick, rounded, firm, fleshy and elastics. They are opposed to each other to completely close vaginal orifice Thin, lax and do not completely close the vaginal orifice. LABIA MINORA Small, thin, pink and lies inside the labia majora Enlarge, cutaneous , and projecting outside labia majora CLITORIS Small Enlarged VESTIBULE Narrow Spacious VAGINA Small. Narrow, tight, reddish with rugose wall Spacious, loose, roomy and elongated HYMEN Intact Ruptured FOURCHETTE & POSTERIOR COMMISSURE Intact Torn FOSSA NAVICULARIS Normal Conspicuous

130. RUPTURE OF HYMEN: Usually ruptures at the time of first sexual intercourse and usually ruptures POSTERO-LATERALLY 4 or 8 o’clock position . After 3 to 4 days, the edges are congested and swollen, which heal completely in 1 week. Masturbation by fingering results in hymen rupture at 11 or 1 o’clock position . Hymen rupture is not seen in rape among children due to its deeper location

131. In which position Hymen rupture seen in rape among children ? No rupture seen due to its deeper location

132. True Virgin : A female who has not experienced sexual intercourse and has intact hymen . False virgin : A female who has had sexual intercourse but has an intact hymen. TRUE VIRGIN FALSE VIRGIN INTACTNESS Hymen intact and inelastic Hymen intact but elastic HYMEN OPENING Barely admit the tip of little finger Admits two fingers easily EDGES Distinct Undulated

133. 11. Find out the correct statement related to the given sexual offence as shown in pics : Defined by IPC 354-B It is fetishism 1 st offence is cognizable and bailable Not an offence

134. Ans : C

135. CLASSIFICATION OF SEXUAL OFFENCES Natural sexual offences 3. Sexual perversions a) Rape a) Sadism b) Incest b) Fetishism c) Adultery c) Masochism 2. Unnatural sexual offences d) Transvestism a) Sodomy e) Exhibitionism b) Buccal coitus f) Scoptophilia c) Bestiality g) Voyeurism d) Tribadism h) Paedophilia i ) Necrophilia j) Troilism h) Nymphomania l) Satyriasis

136. Natural sex offence When the offence committed through natural route ie. Vagina Unnatural sex offence When the offence committed through routes other than natural routes ie. Anus, oral cavity, arm pits, loins, groins.

137. Electra complex Sexual desire of daughter towards her father . Oedipus complex Sexual desire of son for his mother. Pharaonic incest Sexual intercourse b/n brother & sister . In Egypt royal brother & sister practiced it & marry Treatment: Psychotherapy, Behaviour therapy, rehabilitation… Incest is not punishable in india .

138. Biblical era prevalent in town of Gomorrah ( sin of Gomorrah ) Obtaining of sexual pleasure from the application of the mouth to the sexual organ. Anilingus ( rimming ) Kissing, licking and sucking of the anus by a sexual partner Cunnilingus ( mouth job ) Kissing, licking and sucking of the female genitals by her partner BUCCAL COITUS

139. Fellatio – ( irrumination or blow job ) Male organ is inserted into mouth of victim Faint teeth bite marks and abrasions may be over the penis Punishable under sec.377 IPC

140. Sadism : aka algolagnia ( torturing the partner) 2. Masochism : suffering pain Combination of both is Bondage 3. Dippoldism : sexual gratification by beating 4.Undinism : sexual gratification with smell of urine

141. Coprophilia : sexual gratification with the smell of feces Necrophagia : satisfaction after eating dead body Necrophilia : satisfaction after having sex with dead body Any dispect to deadbody is punishable Under ipc 297

142. Types of necrophile Role player Romantic necrophile Necrophilic fantasizer Tactile necrophile Fetechistic necrophile Necromutillomaniac Opportunistic necrophile Regular necrophile Exclusive necrophile

143. Legally Punishable Perversions: Frotteurism: 290 IPC (fine) and 291 IPC (6 months jail) 292 BNS, 293 BNS Exhibitionism: 294 IPC ( 3 months jail) 296 BNS Necrophagia & necrophilia: 297 IPC ( 1 year jail) 301BNS indecent assault – 354 IPC, 74 BNS Sexual favor, showing porn – 354 A, 75 BNS Use of criminal force to disrobe a woman: 354 B IPC (3-7 years jail) 76 BNS Voyeurism: 354 C IPC (1-3 years jail) Stalking: 354 D IPC ( upto 3 years jail). First offence of Voyeurism and stalking Cognizable and bailable Second offence of Voyeurism and stalking Cognizable and non- bailable .

144. 509 IPC : OUTRAGING THE MODESTY 497 IPC : ADULTERY 377 IPC : UNNATURAL SEXUAL OFFENCES 493 IPC : DECETING WOMAN

145. IPCs related to Rape: 375 and 376 Minimum age of a girl to give consent for sexual intercourse: 18 years (not 16 years)

146. S 166 A IPC : fails to record FIR S 166 B IPC : fails to provide first aid S 228 A IPC : print, publishes S 327 IPC : In camera trail

147. TYPES OF RAPE Statutory Rape: sexual intercourse with a girl <18 years. Marital Rape: sexual intercourse by husband upon His wife during separation without her consent. Custodial Rape: Rape of a woman under custody by persons of authority. Eg ; police officers, jail warden or hospital staff.

148. Date Rape : Rape on date by using date rape drugs, Eg ; Flunitrazepam (Rohypnol), Gamma hydroxy buterate (GHB) It is also called as acquaintance rape. Gang/Pack Rape : More than one person acting with common a woman. Each one is deemed to have committed rape. Stranger Rape : Rape by a man on a woman who had no previous contact to the victim. Secondary rape : ?

149. Extensions of 376 IPC: SECTION 64 BNS DESCRIPTION PUNISHMENT 376 A IPC Causing death or persistent vegetative state of rape victim Death sentence, 20 years jail or Jail for the remainder of his natural life. 376 AB IPC Rape on woman < 12 years of age 20 years jail or jail for the remainder of his natural life or Death sentence. 376 B IPC Sexual intercourse by husband upon his own wife during separation without her consent. 2 – 7 years jail 376 C IPC A person In authority inducing or seducing a woman under his custody to have sexual intercourse with him (Police, public servants, management or the staff of the jail, remand home) 5 -10 years jail.

150. SECTION DESCRIPTION PUNISHMENT 376 D IPC Gang rape 20years jail of life imprisonment 376 DA IPC Gang rape of a girl < 16 years of age Life imprisonment till the reminder of life 376 DB IPC Gang rape of girl < 12 years of age Jail for the remainder of his natural life or Death sentence. 376 E IPC Rape by Repeat offenders Death sentence or jail for the remainder of his natural life.

151. Examination of Rape Victim and Accused Toluidine Blue Lugol’s Iodine

152. POCSO AMENDMENTS

153. OFFENCE POCSO Act, 2012 2019 AMENDMENT Use of child for pornographic purposes Maximum:5 years Minimum:5 years Use of child for pornographic purposes resulting in penetrative sexual assault Minimum:10 years *Maximum: life imprisonment No change Use of child for pornographic purposes resulting in aggravated penetrative sexual assault Life imprisonment Minimum:20 years *Maximum: life imprisonment, or death. Use of child for pornographic purposes resulting in sexual assault Minimum: Six years * Maximum: Eight years Minimum: Three years *Maximum: Five years Use of child for pornographic purposes resulting in aggravated sexual assault Minimum: Eight years * Maximum: 10 years Minimum: Five years *Maximum: Seven years

154. 12. Fingers fail to show congestion and swelling to a ligature applied at their base. This test is done to check the immediate sign of death. What is the name of this test? A. Diaphanus test B. Winslow test C. Magnus test D. I-card test

155. Ans : C

156. THANATOLOGY – Study of death TAPHONOMY – Forensic taphonomy has been defined simply as  the study of what happens to a human body after death   Postmortem Changes – appears in the following order. Immediate signs (Due to somatic death) Early signs ( Due to molecular/ cellular death) Late signs ( decomposition or decay after molecular death)

157. TESTS FOR CONFIRMING CASSATION OF RESPIRATION Mirror test: No vapors and blurring over mirror held in front of nose Feather test: No movement of feather if held in front of nose Winslow’s test: No movement of reflection of light shown on mirror/surface water in bowel, kept on chest.

158. PERMANENT AND COMPLETE CESSATION OF FUNCTIONS OF HEART AND FLAT ECG; Tests for confirming cessation of circulation: Magnus test (ligature test): Fingers fail to show congestion and swelling to a ligature applied at their base. Diaphanus test (transillumination test): failure to show redness in finger web spaces on transillumination from behind. Icard’s test: failure to produce yellowish green discoloration of skin on injection of fluorescein dye. Finger nail test: no blanching and filling of blood on applying pressure and release of pressure.

159. ADIPOCERE MUMMIFICATION Warm, moist climate Dry hot climate Lipase, Clostridium welchii Ammonical smell Odourless 3 w – 6 m 6 m – 12 m

160. MARBLING (Linear branching patters on the skin Q ) Areas noted: Shoulder, roots of the limbs, thighs, sides of abdomen, chest and neck. Time: 36 -48 hours Q . Greenish staining of inner walls of the vessels Q , which is seen as linear branching patterns, a ‘marbled’ appearance of the skin.

161. Where can u see the post mortem hypostasis in a hanged body ?

162. 13.A Young man was hanged. During the time of recovery of suspended body, staining was seen over hands, legs and genital organs. After that body was kept on floor. Afterwards, staining was seen around his back, posterior thighs and legs. How much is time since death at the time of recovery?. A. > 6 hours B. > 12 hours C. < 4-5 hours D. > 1 day

163. Ans : C

164. CONTACT PALLAR POSITION

165. Development of Livor Mortis: Starts as patches in 30 min – 1 hour Patches coalesce with each other to form uniform staining in 3-4 hours Complete in 6-12 hours Which layer of dermis ? FIXATION OF LIVOR MORTIS : 8 Hours if you apply pressure Blanching seen – Not fixed Blanching not seen – Fixed.

166. LIVIDITY IS ABSENT IN Body is tossed and turned continuously – fast flowing water in rivers Q Severe haemorrhage (blood loss of 65% in adults and 45% in infants)

167. 14. Postmortem examination of a 45 year old man reveals bright red color of staining. On further evaluation, it was found that he died because of hypoxia, where his tissues were deprived of oxygen. On enquiry, it was found that he was poisoned by the powder made by crushing the seeds of apple. Which poisoning is suspected in this case?. A. Lead B. Arsenic C. Cyanide D. Carbon Monoxide

168. Ans : C

169. It’s a case of cyanide poison. Cyanide blocks cytochrome oxidase enzyme of complex IV of Electron Transport Chain ( ETC) Complex IV of ETC is blocked by: CO Cyanide H2S Sodium azide

170. Hypostatic areas have distinct colour in some cases of poisoning Cause of death Colour of hypostasis Hypothermia P ink red CO poisoning Cherry red CO 2 poisoning Deep blue Aniline poisoning Brown HCN poisoning Bright red Potassium chlorate, Potassium carbonate Chocolate brown Phosphorus poisoning Dark-brown or yellow Nitrate Reddish brown KCN, NaCN Brownish Nitrobenzene Dark purple Opiate poisoning Blackish Clostridium Perfringens septic abortion Bronze colour Clostridium Welchii septic abortion Greenish - brown Hydrogen sulphide Bluish green

171. 15. Body becomes cold after the death due to loss of temperature. But in some cases, there is heat production in the body. It is called as. A. Postmortem Rigidity B. Postmortem core temperature C. Postmortem Caloricity D. Cadaveric Spasm

172. Ans : C

173. Postmortem caloricity   is a phenomenon where the body temperature of a corpse rises or remains unusually high for up to 2 hours after death

174. Postmortem heat production is caused by biochemical and microbial activity in the dead body. The cause of postmortem caloricity varies depending on the cause of death: Postmortem  glycogenolysis   – a phenomenon beginning soon after death observed in nearly all cadavers. In an average adult, postmortem glycogenolysis can produce up to 140 calories of heat which can raise the temperature of the body by up to 2 °C. Bactaeremia ,  sepsis , and infectious causes – heat production may be attributed to postmortem microbial activity. Sunstroke, and pontine haemorrhages – disruption of thermoregulation prior to death. Tetanus, and strychnine – heat is produced by muscular contractions. The corpse may also absorb heat from the environment when environmental temperature exceeds that of the body.

175. 16. Which of the following is a correct sequence of the Nysten’s rule? A. Eyelids – Face – Chest – Abdomen B. Myocardium – Lower Jaw – Abdomen – Chest C. Myocardium -Eyelids – Lower Jaw – Chest – Upper Limb D. Myocardium – Lower Jaw – Abdomen – Upper Limb.

176. Ans : C

177. Nysten’s Rule is seen in RigorMortis RIGOR MORTIS Synonyms: Cadaveric rigidity Postmortem Rigor Postmortem Rigidity Postmortem Stiffening 1 st Muscle to go into Rigor mortis is Myocardium 1 st Voluntary muscle to go into Rigor mortis is Eyelids Primary Relaxation Rigor Mortis Secondary Relaxation

178. NYSTEN’S RULE: Myocardium – Eyelids – Neck & lower Jaw – Face – Chest muscles – Upper Limb – Abdomen – Lower Limb – Lastly fingers and toes Rigor mortis disappears in the same order of appearance in, which it develops. Rule of dozen Rigor mortis begins in 12 hours, persists for 12 hours and disappears in 12 hours ( RULE OF 12 )

179. SHAPOROE’S RULE R igor mortis does not fallow the anatomical sequence. Most likely to develop simultaneously in all the muscles. But easily detected in small muscles

180. Demonstration of supravital period in the dead Zsako’s phenomenon [ Syn , Tendon reaction] – Name given to contraction of the quadriceps femoris muscle on mechanical stimulation just after somatic death. Quadriceps femoris ( Qf ) muscle is struck with a reflex hammer about 10 cms above the patella. The patella moves upwards because of contraction.

181. (2) Idiomuscular contraction (bulge) – First described by Dotzauer and Prokop . The biceps brachii muscle is struck with the back of a knife. Muscular bulge appears at the point of contact due to local contracture of the muscle.

182. (3) Electrical excitability of muscles – Needle electrodes are inserted into the nasal part of the upper eyelid. The Orbicularis oculi muscle is stimulated using constant current rectangular impulses of 10 mA at 50 cycles per second.

183. The muscular reaction is graded according to the intensity and spread of contraction. Different intensities can be related to different periods of death (4) Supravital pharmacological excitability of the iris

184. 17. Find out the wrong statement related to the given condition: A. Primary relaxation is absent B. Last act of the person is preserved C. Involuntary muscles get involved just after death D. Exclusively antemortem in nature.

185. Ans : C

186. Cadaveric spasm also called as Instantaneous rigor RIGOR MORTIS CADAVERIC RIGIDITY Primary relaxation followed by Rigor mortis followed by secondary relaxation No primary relaxation Both voluntary & involuntary muscles are involved Only voluntary muscles are involved Post mortem sign Ante mortem sign

187. CONDITIONS SIMULATING RIGOR MORTIS Cadaveric spasm – (unknown mechanism, may be neurogenic ). Heat stiffening – ( due to muscle protein coagulation ) – Pugilistic attitude Cold stiffening – ( due to solidification of subcutaneous fat) Gas stiffening – ( due to gas accumulation evolved from putrefaction).

188. 18.Given post mortem picture can be correlated with: A. Compos mentis B. Casper’s dictum C. Commotio cardis D. Corpus Delicti

189. Ans : B

190. CASPER’S DICTUM: A body decomposes in air twice as rapidly as in water and 8 times as rapidly as in earth. Rate of decomposition in soil, water & air: 1:2:8 Q 1 week of putrefaction in air = 2 weeks in water = 8 weeks in soil. CORPUS DELICTI : Also called as Essence of crime Commotio cordis is a rare disruption of heart rhythm that occurs as a result of a blow to the area directly over the heart

191. 19. A dead body is recovered from a room. A thin rope was ligated around the neck. Ligatures marks were found to be incomplete, oblique and suprathyroid . Face was cyanosed and congested. Staining over hands and legs were fixed. Rigidity was seen all around the body. Autopsy revealed multiple bruises in the subcutaneous layers of neck. Which of the following is incorrect related to this case: A. It is a case of asphyxial death B. A sure case of partial hanging C. He was throttled before hanging D. Time since death is around 12 hours.

192. Ans : C

193. Asphyxia means Pulselessness Aphyxia triad : cyanosis, congestion, petechial hemorrhages ( Tardieu’s spots). TYPES OF HANGING: BASED ON POSITION OF KNOT: Typical and atypical TYPICAL HANGING ATYPICAL HANGING Knot is at occiput Point of suspension is placed centrally Knot of ligature is any where other than on the occiput

194. (B)Depending upon the position of the knot Typical : Knot at the nape of neck Atypical : Knot at any other point

195. BASED ON DEGREE OF SUSPENSION COMPLETE HANGING PARTIAL HANGING Body is fully suspended No body part touches the ground Constricting force is weight of the body Any part of the body is touching the ground Eg ; lying, kneeling, sitting position etc. Weight of the head is the constricting force.

196. Ligature mark depends on type of suspension and 2 types of knot: 1. Type of suspension; MLI of Dribbling of saliva ? is surest sign of Antemortem hanging. IN TYPICAL COMPLETE HANGING IN PARTIAL HANGING Above thyroid cartilage Oblique Bilateral symmetrical Incomplete Below thyroid cartilage Usually transverse

197. 20. Find out the wrong interpretation of following case: A. Dribbling of saliva can be seen B. Le facie Sympathique is antemortem in nature C. Hyoid bone fracture – inward compression D. Ligature mark – suprathyroid .

198. Ans : C

199. Inward compression fractures with outside periosteal tears. Antero-posterior compression fractures with inside periosteal tears. Avulsion fractures

200. LIGATURE MARK IN HANGING AND STRANGULATION: STRANGULATION HANGING Below thyroid Horizontal Complete Continuous Above thyroid Oblique Incomplete Symmetrical

201. STRANGULATION

202. 21. A newly married female was killed by pushing a cloth in her mouth. Which type of suffocation death is this? A. Choking B. Smothering C. Gagging D. Traumatic asphyxia

203. Ans : C

204. Burking consists? A. Suicidal Smothering + Traumatic asphyxia B. Accidental Smothering + Traumatic asphyxia C. Homicidal Smothering + Traumatic asphyxia D. Homicidal Smothering + positional asphyxia

205. C

206. Burking : Smothering + Traumatic asphyxia

207. TRAUMATIC ASPHYXIA: Asphyxia resulting from respiratory arrest due to mechanical fixation of chest , so that the normal movements of chest wall are prevented. CAUSES: Stampede in crowd Crush by heavy objects: collapse of wall/house, RTA, Run over by a vehicle Postmortem examination: MASQUE ECCHYMOTIQUE ?? Florid red or blue congestion of face and neck and chest above the compression level.

208. Positional Asphyxia Positional asphyxia, also known as postural asphyxia, is a form of asphyxia which occurs when someone’s position prevents the person from breathing Adequately

209. CAFÉ CORONARY: It refers to accidental choking by bolus of food obstructing Larynx. Death is mostly due to asphyxia or due to reflex cardiac arrest caused by stimulation of laryngeal nerve endings . Victim, who was apparently healthy, collapses suddenly turning blue while eating. It mimics heart attack and is usually seen in an intoxicated restaurant person. OVERLYING (COMPRESSION SUFFOCATION): It is a type of asphyxia which results due to Compression of chest, so as to prevent breathing

210. 22. A type of drowning, where a person is survived and death occurs at a later stage after removal from water. Either the person himself comes out of water or he is recovered alive, but due to complications of submersion, he dies at a later stage. This is called as: Dry drowning B. Submersion of unconscious C. Near drowning D. Immersion syndrome

211. Ans : C

212. DROWNING Type of asphyxial death caused by displacement of air from the lungs by any fluid, usually water. TYPICAL DROWNING ATYPICAL DROWNING Obstruction of air passages and lungs by water / liquid. - Therefore it is also called as WET DROWNING and findings of fluid and froth are present in PM examination. After submersion of body in water, little or no water enters respiratory passages and lungs. Hence typical findings of wet drowning in the form of froth ad edema aquosum of lungs are not found. Fresh water drowning Salt water drowning Dry drowning Immersion syndrome Submersion of unconscious Near drowning ( secondary drowning syndrome/post immersion syndrome).

213. DRY DROWNING: Water does not enter the lungs. Death results from …..? Laryngeal spasm Q due to sudden inrush of water into nasopharynx & larynx.

214. IMMERSION SYNDROME/ HYDROCUTION/ SUBMERSION INHIBITION/VAGAL INHIBITION: Death results from ? sudden cardiac arrest due to vagal inhibition of heart. Occurs in drowning in cold water, which stimulates the vagal nerve endings Q at surface of the body or water striking the epigastrium or cold water entering the ear passage. SUBMERSION OF UNCONSCIOUS: If person is unconscious since before submersion in water, little or no water enters respiratory passages. It may occur in hypertension, cerebrovascular accident, epilepsy, cerebral aneurysm and in drunk state.

215. FRESH WATER Salinity : 0.45% Nacl Hypotonic NORMAL PERSON Salinity : 0.9 % Nacl Isotonic SEA WATER Salinity : 3 to 4% Nacl Hypertonic

216. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF FRESH WATER DROWNING water airways lungs circulation hemodilution hemolysis hyperkalemia arrythmias death

217. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF SEA WATER DROWNING Water Airways Lungs Water from circulation enters the lungs [ hyper natremia ] Severe pulmonary oedema death

218. CAUSE OF DEATH IN DROWNING Fresh water : cardiac arrest Sea water : Respiratory failure ( pulmonary oedema) is most common or Cardiac arrest – 2 nd common cause

219. GETTLER’S TEST Used to differentiate Fresh water drowning from Sea water drowning. It estimates the chloride levels in water. If Cl levels is decreased in left heart it indicates Fresh water drowning. If Cl levels is increased in left heart it indicates Sea water drowning.

220. DIATOMS Unicellular algae of 60 microns size Can be detected in bone marrow by bone marrow aspiration Ideal bone for detection of diatoms – ? Femur Presence of diatoms indicate it is Antemortem drowning

221. 23. Diagnose the condition: A. Antemortem sign of scald burn B. Postmortem sign of Filigree burn C. Antemortem sign of drowning D. Postmortem sign of drowning

222. Ans : D

223. 24. A case of heteropaternity where possibility of twins also being half siblings is seen. Father claims that he is not sure if both babies belong to him. This is a case of; Superfetation Superfecundation Suppositious child Atavism

224. Ans : B

225. RES INDICATA The patient should file the case against the doctors within 2 years from the date of alleged negligence. CONTRIBUTORY NEGLIGENCE: Simultaneous negligence of doctor and patient so as to lead to damage to the patient. Eg . Improper history from patient and patient does not follow doctor’s instructions. It can be used as defense by the doctor, but in civil cases only, and not in criminal case. The burden of proof lies with the doctor. Damages awarded by the court may be reduced.

226. LEGAL SECTIONS IPC (Indian penal code): Injury: 44 IPC: Defines injury Illegal harm to body, mind, reputation & property.

227. Life and death of human being: 45 IPC: Defines Life of Human being. 46 IPC: Defines death of Human being. Criminal responsibility: 82 IPC : If age is < 7 years  Not liable. 83 IPC: If age is 7-12 years  Liability depends on maturity to understand the nature & consequences of the ace committed, decided by court of law.

228. 84 IPC: Crime committed by mentally unsound person  Not liable for punishment. Crime committed under Delirium Tremens  Not liable 85 IPC: Involuntary intoxication  Not liable. 86 IPC: Voluntary intoxication  Liable

229. CONSENT 87 IPC: Person with age > 18 years can give consent for an act, not intended & not known to cause death. 88 IPC: Nothing is an offense which is not intended to cause death & done in good faith for a person’s benefit. 89 IPC: If age < 12 years old  Consent given by the guardian.

230. 90 IPC: Invalid consent if given by: Child < 12 years. Insane person. Intoxicated person. Rape & Rape Victim: 375 IPC: Defines Rape. 376 IPC: Punishment for Rape.

231. 377 IPC: Punishment for non consensual unnatural sexual offenses. Note: 357 (C) CrPC : All doctors should Rx victims of rape and vitriolage immediately and inform the police about same. 166 B: Punishment of non Rx of rape victim. 228(A): Punishment for disclosure of identity of rape victim.

232. Summons: 61-69 CrPC 172 IPC: Punishment for absconding to avoid service of summons. 174 IPC: Punishment for non attendance of summons. 175 IPC: Punishment for not producing documents to the public servant. Note: 39 CrPC : Duty of citizen to inform police about any crime.

233. 176 IPC: Punishment for failure to inform police about the crime. 177 IPC: Punishment for providing false information about crime. 178 IPC: Punishment for refusal to take oath under court of law.

234. False evidence and certificates: 191 IPC: Giving false evidence under oath (Perjury). 192 IPC: Fabrication of evidence under oath. 193 IPC: Punishment for both 191 & 192 IPC 197 IPC: Punishment for issue of false certificates. 198 IPC: Punishment for usage of false certificates.

235. Evidence preservation: 201 IPC: Punishment for intentionally causing disappearance of evidence. Act likely to spread fatal infections: 269 IPC : Punishment for negligent act likely to spread any fatal infection. 270 IPC: Punishment for any malignant/ intentional act to spread any fatal infection.

236. Negligent act in handling poisons: 284 IPC : Punishment for any rash or negligent act with poison to endanger human life, or likely to cause hurt or injury to any person. Offenses against Human body: 299 IPC: Definition of culpable homicide. 300 IPC: Definition of culpable homicide amounting to murder ( mens Rea + Actus reus ) & Definition of culpable homicide not amounting to murder.

237. 302 IPC: Punishment for culpable homicide amounting to murder. 304 IPC: Punishment for culpable homicide not amounting to murder. 304(A) IPC: Punishment for any rash/ neglectful act resulting in death of the person. Eg : Patient’s death d/t medical negligence of the doctor  2 years imprisonment  Fine.

238. 304(B) IPC: Punishment for causing dowry death. 305 IPC: Punishment for abetment of suicide of child or insane person. 306 IPC: Punishment for abetment of suicide of an adult. 307 IPC: Punishment for attempt of murder. 308 IPC: Punishment for attempt of culpable homicide. 309 IPC:

239. Miscarriages: 312 IPC: Punishment for voluntary miscarriage with consent of woman. 313 IPC: Punishment for voluntary miscarriage without consent of women 314 IPC: Punishment for voluntary miscarriage resulting in death of the woman.

240. 315 IPC: Punishment for any act done with an intent to prevent a child being born alive/cause it’s death after birth. 316 IPC: Punishment for causing death of quick unborn child by an act amounting to culpable homicide

241. Abandonment and concealment of a child: 317 IPC: Punishment for abandonment of a child < 12 years. 318 IPC: Punishment for concealment of birth. Hurt: 319 IPC: Anyone causing bodily pain, disease or infirmity to any person is said to cause hurt. 320 IPC: Definition of Grievous hurt.

242. Anyone causing: Emasculation. Permanent privation (loss) of sight of either eye. Permanent privation of hearing of either ear. Privation of any member ( part of body having a specific function like fingers, nose etc.) or joint. Destruction or permanent impairing of power of any member or joint.

243. 6. Permanent disfiguration of the head or face. 7. Fracture or dislocation of a abone ( even hairline fracture) or tooth. 8.Any hurt which endangers life or which causes the sufferer to be in a space of severe bodily pains/ unable to follow his ordinary pursuits for 20 days

244. 323 IPC: Punishment for voluntarily causing hurt  1 year imprisonment. 324 IPC: Punishment for voluntarily causing hurt with dangerous weapon/ means  3 year imprisonment. Dangerous weapon: Any instrument used, a. For shooting, stabbing or cutting. OR b. As a weapon of offense likely to cause death. 2. By means of fire, or any heated substance, any poison, or any corrosive substance. OR

245. 3. By means of any explosive substance, OR 4.By means of any substance which is deleterious to the human body to inhale, swallow or receive into blood. OR 5.By means of any animal 325 IPC: Punishment for voluntarily causing grievous hurt  7 years imprisonment.

246. 326 IPC: Punishment for causing grievous hurt with dangerous weapon or means  10 years imprisonment. 326(A) IPC: Punishment for acid attack ( vitriolage ). 326(B):IPC: Punishment for attempt of vitriolage . 334 IPC: Punishment for causing hurt on provocation. 335 IPC: Punishment for causing grievous hurt on provocation. 336 IPC: Punishment for causing any rash or negligent act endangering life.

247. 337 IPC: Punishment for causing hurt d/t rash/ negligent act. 338 IPC: Punishment for causing grievous hurt d/t rash or negligent act. Assault: 341 IPC: Punishment for wrongful restraint. 351 IPC: Defines assault: Any gesture or preparation for the use of criminal force. 352 IPC: Punishment for assault.

248. Outraging the modesty of a woman: 354: Punishment for outraging the modesty of a women. A: Defines sexual harassment and its punishment. B:Forcibly disrobing a female. C: Voyeurism 1 st offense: cognizable and bailable D: Stalking 2 nd offense: cognizable and non bailable

249. 354 (A) IPC: Any physical contact involving unwelcome & explicit sexual overtures OR A demand or request for sexual favours OR Showing pornography against the will of a women OR making sexually coloured remarks. 509 IPC: Punishment for intending to insult the modesty of any woman by uttering any word, makes any sound or gestures, exhibits any object, intrudes upon the privacy of such woman. (Eve teasing) 1 year imprisonment (can extend to 3 years) + Fine.

250. Other IPCS: 359 -369 IPC: Involves defining kidnapping and its punishment. 294 IPC: Punishment for exhibitionism 297 IPC: Punishment for causing indignity to human corpse. 498 (A) IPC: Punishment for cruelty to woman by husband or relatives of husband. 377 IPC: Punishment for nonconsensual unnatural sexual offences

251. CrPC : 174 CrPC : Police inquest. 176 CrPC : Magistrate inquest. IEA (Indian Evidence Act): 45 IEA: Expert witness. 32(1) IEA: Dying declaration. 138 IEA: Order of trial in court of law. 141 IEA: Definition of leading question. 142 IEA: Leading question not permitted under chief and re-examination

252. 143 IEA: Leading question permitted under cross examination by defense lawyer 154 IEA: In a hostile witness, same side lawyer can also ask a leading question. 165 IEA: Questions by the judge at any stage of trial.