Neoplasia and cancer for pathology students

These slides are meant for students who are pathology enthusiasts.

1. Neoplasia
Welcome to a comprehensive presentation on Neoplasia. Join us to explore the
different causes, types, stages, and treatments of neoplasia, as well as important
research findings and how to prevent and reduce your risk of developing it.

2. What Causes Neoplasia?
Genetic Mutations
Genetic mutations that occur
during cell division can cause
neoplastic cells.
Environmental Factors
Toxins, radiation, ultraviolet
light, and certain viruses and
bacteria can trigger or
promote neoplasia.
Lifestyle Factors
Issues like tobacco use,
alcohol consumption, poor
diet, and lack of exercise are
associated with an increased
risk of neoplasia.

3. Types of Neoplasia
1
Blood &
Lymphatic
System
Leukemia,
Lymphoma
2
Breast
DCIS, Invasive,
Inflammatory
3
Central Nervous
System
Meningioma,
Astrocytoma,
Glioblastoma
4
Colon & Rectum
Adenocarcinoma,
Carcinoid Tumor

4. The Stages of Neoplasia
Stage I
The neoplasm is small, and
confined to one area.
Stage II
The neoplasm is larger and has
spread to nearby structures
Stage III
The neoplasm has spread to
regional lymph nodes and tissues.

5. Diagnostic Tools for Neoplasia
1Biopsy
A small piece of tissue is
removed and examined
under a microscope to
determine if neoplasia is
present.
2Imaging Tests
MRIs, CT scans, PET scans,
and X-rays can identify
neoplasia and its location.
3Blood Tests
These can help identify abnormalities in blood cells or chemicals that
may indicate neoplasia.

6. Treatments for Neoplasia
1Surgery
Removing the neoplastic tissue is a
common treatment method.2Chemotherapy
Using chemicals to kill neoplastic cells can
be very effective.3Radiation Therapy
High-energy radiation can be used to
destroy neoplastic cells.4Immunotherapy
Boosting the immune system to fight
neoplasia is an emerging treatment.

7. Prevention and Risk Reduction
Eat Healthily
Include plenty of fruits,
vegetables, and whole grains
in your diet and limit
processed meats and red
meat.
Quit Smoking
Smoking tobacco is a leading
cause of most types of
neoplasia. Quitting reduces
your risk significantly.
Exercise
Maintaining a healthy weight
and exercising regularly also
help prevent neoplasia.

8. Breakthroughs in Neoplasia Research
Gene Editing
CRISPR-Cas9 technology may help
find a cure for neoplasia by
editing out genetic mutations.
Immunotherapy
Breakthroughs
New therapies using CAR-T cells
have shown amazing progress in
treating certain neoplasms.
Nanoparticles
Nanoparticles that only attach to
neoplastic cells could
revolutionize the way we detect
and treat neoplasia.

9. The Nature of New
Growth: Neoplasm
Neoplasm is an abnormal growth of cells. It can be benign or malignant,
andcan manifest in any organ or tissue. In this presentation, we will
explore the causes, types, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, prevention,
and management of neoplasms.
SB

10. Causes of Neoplasms
Environmental Factors
Exposure to radiation, toxins,
and pollutants can trigger
mutations in genes that
regulate cell growth, leading
to neoplasms.
Genetic Factors
Neoplasms can run in families
due to inherited mutations in
specific genes.
Lifestyle Factors
Unhealthy diets, lack of
physical activity, and obesity
can contribute to the
development of neoplasms.

11. Types of Neoplasms
Benign Neoplasms
These tumors grow slowly, are less
invasive, and do not spread to other parts
of the body.
Malignant Neoplasms
These tumors grow rapidly, invade nearby
tissues, and can metastasize to other parts
of the body, making them life-threatening.
1Carcinomas
Neoplasms that arise from epithelial
cells that cover the inside and
outside surfaces of the body2Sarcomas
Neoplasms that arise from
connective tissues, such as bones,
muscles, and cartilage.3Leukemias
Neoplasms that arise from blood-
forming cells in the bone marrow and
accumulate in blood and lymphatic
tissues.4Lymphomas
Neoplasms that arise from lymphatic
tissues, such as lymph nodes, spleen,
tonsils, and bone marrow.

12. Symptoms of Neoplasms
General Symptoms
•Fatigue
•Fever
•Unexplained weight loss
•Pain and changes in
appetite
Specific Symptoms
•Cough and shortness
of breath
•Changes in bowel
habits or bladder
function•Skin changes, such as
itching, redness, or
yellowing
•Lumps, bumps, or swelling
Psychological
Symptoms
•Anxiety and depression
•Mood swings and
personality changes
•Sleep disturbances
and concentration
problems

13. Diagnosis of Neoplasms
1Imaging Tests
X-rays, CT scans, MRI,
and PET scans can
locate and measure
neoplasms and their
spread.
2Biopsy
Removing a small
tissue sample and
examining it under a
microscope can
determine if a
neoplasm is benign or
malignant.
3Blood Tests
Some neoplasms
secrete specific
substances that can be
detected in blood or
urine tests, or by
molecular analysis.
Screening Tests
Regular mammograms, colonoscopies, and Pap tests can detect neoplasms before symptoms occur.

14. Treatment Options for Neoplasms
Radiation Therapy
High-energy radiation is used
to destroy neoplastic cells.
Surgery
The neoplasm is removed
along with surrounding
tissues or organs to prevent
it from regrowing.
Chemotherapy
Drugs are used to kill
neoplastic cells or stop them
from dividing and growing.
1
Targeted Therapy
Drugs that interfere with specific molecular
targets involved in neoplastic growth and
progression.
2
Immunotherapy
Drugs that stimulate the immune system
to recognize and attack neoplastic cells.
3
Hormone Therapy
Drugs that block hormones that stimulate
the growth of neoplastic cells.

15. Prevention and Management of
Neoplasms
Lifestyle Changes
•Eat a healthy diet
•Exercise regularly
•Avoid exposure to
tobacco, alcohol, and
other harmful
substances
Screening and Early
Detection
•Get regular check-
ups and screenings
•Know your family history
•Be aware of
neoplastic symptoms
and changes in your
body
Supportive Care
•Manage pain and
other symptoms
•Get emotional and
psychological
support•Join support groups
and seek professional
help

16. Neoplasm: A Challenge and an
Opportunity
Neoplasms are a complex and challenging health issue that affect millions of people worldwide.
However, they are also an opportunity to learn, grow, and connect with others. By understanding the
nature of new growth and implementing effective prevention, detection, and management strategies,
we can face neoplasms with hope, courage, and resilience.

17. Understanding Cancer:
Causes, Symptoms,
Treatment, and
Prevention
Learn about the general characteristics of cancer and discover new
ways to stay healthy.
SB

18. Causes of Cancer
Smoking
Tobacco smoke contains carcinogens that
increase the risk of developing lung, throat, and
many other types of cancer.
Poor Diet
A diet high in processed foods and red meat
may contribute to the development of cancer.
Focus on eating whole foods and a variety of
fruits and veggies.
Environmental Factors
Pollution, sunlight, and radiation are just a few
environmental factors that may contribute to
cancer risk.

19. Signs and Symptoms of Cancer
Lumps or Bumps
Unusual lumps or bumps that don't go away
may be a sign of cancer. Check yourself
regularly and see a doctor if you notice
anything unusual.
Unexplained Weight Loss
Losing weight without trying can be a sign
of many health problems, including cancer.
Talk to your doctor if you experience
sudden weight loss.
Changes in Skin or Moles
If you notice changes in the colour, shape,
or size of a mole on your skin, see a doctor
immediately as these changes may be
indicative of skin cancer.
Chronic Fatigue or Pain
Constant fatigue or pain can be signs of
cancer. If you feel tired or in pain all the
time, see a doctor.

20. Diagnostic Tests for Cancer
1
Blood Test
A blood test can
sometimes help diagnose
cancer when certain
substances are released
by cancer cells.
2
Imaging Test
A CT scan, MRI, or PET
scan can produce
detailed images of the
body's internal structures
to help detect cancer.
3
Biopsy
A biopsy involves
removing a tissue sample
and examining it under a
microscope to check for
cancer cells.

21. Stages of Cancer
Stage I
The cancer is small and has not spread to
nearby tissue.
Stage II
The cancer may be larger and has started to
spread.
Stage III
The cancer has spread to nearby lymph nodes
and may also affect nearby organs.
Stage IV
The cancer has spread to other parts of the
body.

22. Treatment Options for Cancer
1Surgery
Removing the cancerous tumour
and neighbouring tissue may be
an option if the cancer hasn't
spread.
2Chemotherapy
Chemotherapy uses chemicals to
kill cancer cells. It is often used
along with other treatments.
3Radiation
Radiation therapy uses high-
energy beams to kill cancer cells.
It may be an option for people
with various types of cancer.
4Immunotherapy
Immunotherapy uses the body's
immune system to fight cancer
cells.

23. Side Effects of Cancer Treatment
Nausea and
Vomiting
Chemotherapy can cause
nausea and vomiting, but
medications can help
manage these symptoms.
Fatigue
Treatment can cause
fatigue, but gentle exercise
and rest can help manage
this side effect.
Skin Irritation
Radiation therapy can cause
skin irritation and sunburn-
like symptoms, but
moisturizing and avoiding
the sun can help.

24. Cancer Prevention Strategies
Eat a Healthy DietEat a variety of fruits, vegetables, and whole
grains and limit processed and red meat.
Exercise RegularlyGet at least 150 minutes of moderate
aerobic activity per week.
Don't SmokeAvoid smoking and limit exposure to
secondhand smoke.
Protect Your SkinAvoid UV rays by wearing protective clothing
and seeking shade, anduse a broad-
spectrum sunscreen.

25. Benign Neoplasia
Neoplasia refers to the abnormal growth of cells which can be benign
or malignant. In this presentation, we will discuss the characteristics,
types, causes, diagnosis, and treatment options for benign neoplasia.
SB

26. Characteristics
1Slow growth rate
Benign tumours grow
gradually and do not
invade nearby tissues or
metastasize to other
parts of the body.
2Well-defined
borders
Benign tumours are
usually encapsulated,
which means that they
have a clear boundary.
This makes them easier to
remove surgically.
3Low recurrence rate
After a benign tumour has been removed, there is a low chance
that it will come back. However, regular monitoring is still
recommended.

27. Types
Adenomas
Arise from glandular tissue
and can occur in many
organs, including the colon,
prostate, pancreas, and
thyroid.
Lipomas
Composed of fat cells and
can occur anywhere on the
body. They are usually small
and painless but can
become large and
disfiguring.
Fibromas
Develop from connective
tissue and can occur in
many organs, including the
skin, uterus, and breast.

28. Causes and Risk Factors
Smoking
Certain types of benign
tumours, such as lung
adenomas, are more common
in smokers.
Hormonal Changes
Changes in hormone levels
during pregnancy or
menopause can increase the
risk of benign tumours in the
breast or uterus.
Genetics
Some benign tumours, such
as neurofibromas and
lipomas, can be caused by
genetic mutations.

29. Symptoms and Diagnosis
Asymptomatic
Many benign tumours do
not cause any symptoms
and are discovered
incidentally on imaging
tests or during surgery for
another condition.
Pain or Discomfort
Some benign tumours,
such as uterine fibroids
and bone tumours, can
cause pain or discomfort
in the affected area.
Abnormal Imaging
Findings
Benign tumours can be
detected on X-rays, CT
scans, MRI, ultrasound, or
other imaging tests.

30. Treatment Options
1
Watchful Waiting
For small, asymptomatic benign
tumours, the doctor may
recommend regular monitoring
without treatment.
2
Surgery
For larger or symptomatic benign
tumours, surgery may be
necessary to remove the tumour
and prevent complications.
3
Radiation Therapy
In some cases, radiation therapy
may be used to shrink or destroy
the tumour.
4
Medication
Hormonal therapy or drug
therapy may be used to treat
certain types of benign tumours,
such as uterine fibroids or
pituitary adenomas.

31. Conclusion
1Most benign
tumours are not
life-threatening
and can be safely
monitored or
removed.
2Regular check-ups
and imaging tests
are important,
especially for
individuals at
higher risk.
3Further research is needed to understand the
causes and mechanisms of benign neoplasia
and to develop new treatments and
prevention strategies.

32. Malignant Neoplasia
Unlocking the mysteries of malignant neoplasia: from its causes to
prevention and everything in between.
SB

33. Causes of Malignant Neoplasia
1Genetic predisposition
Some people inherit mutations that make them more susceptible to cancer.
2Lifestyle factors
Factors such as tobacco use, poor diet, and lack of exercise may increase
the risk of developing cancer.
3Environmental factors
Exposure to certain chemicals or radiation may increase the risk of cancer.
4Age
The risk of developing cancer increases as people get older.

34. Symptoms and Signs of Malignant
Neoplasia
Common
symptoms
•Persistent cough or
hoarseness
•Unexplained weight loss
•Changes in bowel or
bladder habits
Signs on physical
examination
•Lumps or swelling
•Skin changes or rashes
•Abnormalities on
imaging tests
Less common
symptoms
•Difficulty swallowing
•Blood in urine or stool
•Unexplained pain or
fatigue

35. Diagnosis and Staging of Malignant
Neoplasia
Diagnostic Imaging
Tests like MRI scans and CT
scans help identify the site
and extent of cancer growth.
Tissue Sampling
A biopsy involves removing
tissue for laboratory analysis
to identify cancerous cells.
Physical Examination
A careful physical exam can
reveal clues to the presence
and type of cancer.

36. Treatment Options for Malignant
Neoplasia
1Surgery
Removes the cancerous tissue, butmay require additional therapies.
2Chemotherapy
Uses drugs to kill rapidly dividing cancer cells throughout the body.
3Radiation therapy
Uses high-energy radiation to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors.
4Immunotherapy
Stimulates the body's immune system to fight cancer cells.

37. Potential Complications of
Malignant Neoplasia
Spread to other
tissues
Cancer can spread
through the bloodstream
or lymphatic system to
other organs and tissues.
Relapse
Cancer can return after
treatment, requiring
additional therapies.
Surgical
Complications
Removal of cancerous
tissue can also damage
nearby organs and cause
complications.

38. Prevention and Early Detection of
Malignant Neoplasia
1
Lifestyle modifications
A healthy diet, exercise, and quitting
smoking can decrease the risk of cancer.
2
Screening and early detection
Tests like mammograms, colonoscopies,
and pap smears can detect cancer in the
early stages when it's easier to treat.
3
Genetic counseling
People with a family history of cancer may
benefit from genetic counseling to learn
about their risk factors.

39. Conclusion
Together We Can
Fight Cancer
With increased awareness
and advances in medical
science, we can work
together to beat this disease.
Support Cancer
Research
Donate to reputable cancer
research organizations to
advance our understanding of
this complex disease.
Hope for a Cure
Let's stay positive and
hopeful as we continue the
fight against malignant
neoplasia.