Networking concepts
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Mar 15, 2012
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About This Presentation
this presentation is having all the important topics of Networking for Class XII
Slide Content
Computer Computer
NetworksNetworks
Class XIIClass XII
Multimedia & Web TechnologyMultimedia & Web Technology
NetworksNetworks
Class XIIClass XII
Multimedia & Web TechnologyMultimedia & Web Technology
ObjectivesObjectives
What is a network?What is a network?
Need for networkingNeed for networking
Components of NetworkComponents of Network
Types of NetworkTypes of Network
Evolution of NetworkingEvolution of Networking
Communication mediaCommunication media
Data Communication TerminologiesData Communication Terminologies
Switching TechniquesSwitching Techniques
Digital and Analog TransmissionDigital and Analog Transmission
Network TopologiesNetwork Topologies
Network DevicesNetwork Devices
Communication ProtocolsCommunication Protocols
Wireless/Mobile ComputingWireless/Mobile Computing
What is a network?What is a network?
Need for networkingNeed for networking
Components of NetworkComponents of Network
Types of NetworkTypes of Network
Evolution of NetworkingEvolution of Networking
Communication mediaCommunication media
Data Communication TerminologiesData Communication Terminologies
Switching TechniquesSwitching Techniques
Digital and Analog TransmissionDigital and Analog Transmission
Network TopologiesNetwork Topologies
Network DevicesNetwork Devices
Communication ProtocolsCommunication Protocols
Wireless/Mobile ComputingWireless/Mobile Computing
NetworkNetwork
Network, a group of computers and Network, a group of computers and
associated devices that are connected by associated devices that are connected by
communication facilities.communication facilities.
Network is an inter connected collection of Network is an inter connected collection of
autonomous computers.autonomous computers.
When two or more computers are joined When two or more computers are joined
together so that they are capable of together so that they are capable of
exchanging information , they form a exchanging information , they form a
networknetwork..
Network, a group of computers and Network, a group of computers and
associated devices that are connected by associated devices that are connected by
communication facilities.communication facilities.
Network is an inter connected collection of Network is an inter connected collection of
autonomous computers.autonomous computers.
When two or more computers are joined When two or more computers are joined
together so that they are capable of together so that they are capable of
exchanging information , they form a exchanging information , they form a
networknetwork..
Need for NetworkingNeed for Networking
Resource sharing Resource sharing - Through a network , data , s/- Through a network , data , s/
w and h/w resources can be shared irrespective of w and h/w resources can be shared irrespective of
the physical location of the resources and the user.the physical location of the resources and the user.
ReliabilityReliability – A file can have its copies on two or – A file can have its copies on two or
more computers of the network.more computers of the network.
Reduced CostReduced Cost – Sharing resources reduces the cost – Sharing resources reduces the cost
Fast CommunicationFast Communication – Information can be – Information can be
exchanged at a very fast speedexchanged at a very fast speed
Resource sharing Resource sharing - Through a network , data , s/- Through a network , data , s/
w and h/w resources can be shared irrespective of w and h/w resources can be shared irrespective of
the physical location of the resources and the user.the physical location of the resources and the user.
ReliabilityReliability – A file can have its copies on two or – A file can have its copies on two or
more computers of the network.more computers of the network.
Reduced CostReduced Cost – Sharing resources reduces the cost – Sharing resources reduces the cost
Fast CommunicationFast Communication – Information can be – Information can be
exchanged at a very fast speedexchanged at a very fast speed
Components of NetworksComponents of Networks
Workstation or NodesWorkstation or Nodes
refers to a computer that are attached to a networkrefers to a computer that are attached to a network
ServerServer
The master comp is called server.The master comp is called server.
Facilitates the sharing of data, s/w and h/w concepts.Facilitates the sharing of data, s/w and h/w concepts.
Server
Workstation or NodesWorkstation or Nodes
refers to a computer that are attached to a networkrefers to a computer that are attached to a network
ServerServer
The master comp is called server.The master comp is called server.
Facilitates the sharing of data, s/w and h/w concepts.Facilitates the sharing of data, s/w and h/w concepts.
Server
Network Interface Unit (NIU)Network Interface Unit (NIU)
It is a device attached to each workstation and It is a device attached to each workstation and
server.server.
Helps to make connections within the network.Helps to make connections within the network.
Each NIU has a unique no identifying it called Each NIU has a unique no identifying it called
node address. node address.
NIU is also called terminal access point (TAP).NIU is also called terminal access point (TAP).
Also called Network Interface Card (NIC)Also called Network Interface Card (NIC)
Each NIC is given a unique physical address Each NIC is given a unique physical address
called MAC address.called MAC address.
It is a device attached to each workstation and It is a device attached to each workstation and
server.server.
Helps to make connections within the network.Helps to make connections within the network.
Each NIU has a unique no identifying it called Each NIU has a unique no identifying it called
node address. node address.
NIU is also called terminal access point (TAP).NIU is also called terminal access point (TAP).
Also called Network Interface Card (NIC)Also called Network Interface Card (NIC)
Each NIC is given a unique physical address Each NIC is given a unique physical address
called MAC address.called MAC address.
Evolution of NetworkEvolution of Network
In 1969 , US deptt of Defence started In 1969 , US deptt of Defence started
ARPANET( Advance Research Projects ARPANET( Advance Research Projects
Agency NETwork). Agency NETwork).
Goal was to connect different universities Goal was to connect different universities
and US defence.and US defence.
People exchanged info and played gamesPeople exchanged info and played games
Expanded rapidlyExpanded rapidly
In 1969 , US deptt of Defence started In 1969 , US deptt of Defence started
ARPANET( Advance Research Projects ARPANET( Advance Research Projects
Agency NETwork). Agency NETwork).
Goal was to connect different universities Goal was to connect different universities
and US defence.and US defence.
People exchanged info and played gamesPeople exchanged info and played games
Expanded rapidlyExpanded rapidly
Evolution of NetworkEvolution of Network
In mid 80’s National Science Foundation created a high In mid 80’s National Science Foundation created a high
capacity network called NSFnet.capacity network called NSFnet.
Allowed Academic use and private business Allowed Academic use and private business
Many private companies built their own networks which Many private companies built their own networks which
were later interconnected along with ARPANET and were later interconnected along with ARPANET and
NSFnet to form Internet.NSFnet to form Internet.
Arpanet was shut down in 1990 .Arpanet was shut down in 1990 .
Govt funding for NSFnet discontinued in 1995.Govt funding for NSFnet discontinued in 1995.
But commercial services can into the scenario which are But commercial services can into the scenario which are
still running the internet.still running the internet.
In mid 80’s National Science Foundation created a high In mid 80’s National Science Foundation created a high
capacity network called NSFnet.capacity network called NSFnet.
Allowed Academic use and private business Allowed Academic use and private business
Many private companies built their own networks which Many private companies built their own networks which
were later interconnected along with ARPANET and were later interconnected along with ARPANET and
NSFnet to form Internet.NSFnet to form Internet.
Arpanet was shut down in 1990 .Arpanet was shut down in 1990 .
Govt funding for NSFnet discontinued in 1995.Govt funding for NSFnet discontinued in 1995.
But commercial services can into the scenario which are But commercial services can into the scenario which are
still running the internet.still running the internet.
Types of NetworksTypes of Networks
Local Area Network - LANLocal Area Network - LAN
Metropolitan Area Network – MANMetropolitan Area Network – MAN
Wide Area Network - WANWide Area Network - WAN
Local Area Network - LANLocal Area Network - LAN
Metropolitan Area Network – MANMetropolitan Area Network – MAN
Wide Area Network - WANWide Area Network - WAN
Local Area NetworkLocal Area Network
A Local Area Network (LAN) is a network that is confined to a A Local Area Network (LAN) is a network that is confined to a
relatively small area. It is generally limited to a geographic area relatively small area. It is generally limited to a geographic area
such as a writing lab, school, or building. Rarely are LAN computers such as a writing lab, school, or building. Rarely are LAN computers
more than a mile apart. more than a mile apart.
In a typical LAN configuration, one computer is designated as the In a typical LAN configuration, one computer is designated as the
file server. It stores all of the software that controls the network, as file server. It stores all of the software that controls the network, as
well as the software that can be shared by the computers attached well as the software that can be shared by the computers attached
to the network.to the network.
Computers connected to the file server are called workstations. Computers connected to the file server are called workstations.
On most LANs, cables are used to connect the network interface On most LANs, cables are used to connect the network interface
cards in each computer. cards in each computer.
A Local Area Network (LAN) is a network that is confined to a A Local Area Network (LAN) is a network that is confined to a
relatively small area. It is generally limited to a geographic area relatively small area. It is generally limited to a geographic area
such as a writing lab, school, or building. Rarely are LAN computers such as a writing lab, school, or building. Rarely are LAN computers
more than a mile apart. more than a mile apart.
In a typical LAN configuration, one computer is designated as the In a typical LAN configuration, one computer is designated as the
file server. It stores all of the software that controls the network, as file server. It stores all of the software that controls the network, as
well as the software that can be shared by the computers attached well as the software that can be shared by the computers attached
to the network.to the network.
Computers connected to the file server are called workstations. Computers connected to the file server are called workstations.
On most LANs, cables are used to connect the network interface On most LANs, cables are used to connect the network interface
cards in each computer. cards in each computer.
MANMAN
Spread over a citySpread over a city
E.g. Cable T.V. networksE.g. Cable T.V. networks
Purpose is to share h/w and s/w resources Purpose is to share h/w and s/w resources
among its users.among its users.
Spread over a citySpread over a city
E.g. Cable T.V. networksE.g. Cable T.V. networks
Purpose is to share h/w and s/w resources Purpose is to share h/w and s/w resources
among its users.among its users.
WANWAN
Wide Area Networks (WANs) connect Wide Area Networks (WANs) connect
larger geographic areas, such as India, the larger geographic areas, such as India, the
United States, or the world.United States, or the world.
Dedicated transoceanic cabling or satellite Dedicated transoceanic cabling or satellite
uplinks may be used to connect this type uplinks may be used to connect this type
of network. of network.
Connected thru public networks such as Connected thru public networks such as
telephone lines , leased lines or satellites.telephone lines , leased lines or satellites.
Largest WAN is Internet.Largest WAN is Internet.
Wide Area Networks (WANs) connect Wide Area Networks (WANs) connect
larger geographic areas, such as India, the larger geographic areas, such as India, the
United States, or the world.United States, or the world.
Dedicated transoceanic cabling or satellite Dedicated transoceanic cabling or satellite
uplinks may be used to connect this type uplinks may be used to connect this type
of network. of network.
Connected thru public networks such as Connected thru public networks such as
telephone lines , leased lines or satellites.telephone lines , leased lines or satellites.
Largest WAN is Internet.Largest WAN is Internet.
Comparatively higher
error rates
(4) Very low error rates
Owned by multiple
organizations
(3) Complete ownership
by a single organization
<= 1 MBPS(2) Operate at data
transfer rate of several
MBPS (1 to 10 MBPS)
Span entire countries(1) Diameter of not
more than few km
WANLAN
error rates
(4) Very low error rates
Owned by multiple
organizations
(3) Complete ownership
by a single organization
<= 1 MBPS(2) Operate at data
transfer rate of several
MBPS (1 to 10 MBPS)
Span entire countries(1) Diameter of not
more than few km
WANLAN
Transmission media or Transmission media or
communication Channelcommunication Channel
(1)(1)Guided Media - cablesGuided Media - cables
(3)(3)Unguided media – waves through air, Unguided media – waves through air,
water or vacuum i.e. microwaves, water or vacuum i.e. microwaves,
radiowaves and satelites.radiowaves and satelites.
communication Channelcommunication Channel
(1)(1)Guided Media - cablesGuided Media - cables
(3)(3)Unguided media – waves through air, Unguided media – waves through air,
water or vacuum i.e. microwaves, water or vacuum i.e. microwaves,
radiowaves and satelites.radiowaves and satelites.
CablesCables
Following types of cables are used in Following types of cables are used in
networks networks
Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP) CableUnshielded Twisted Pair (UTP) Cable
Shielded Twisted Pair (STP) Cable Shielded Twisted Pair (STP) Cable
Coaxial Cable Coaxial Cable
Fiber Optic Cable Fiber Optic Cable
Wireless LANs Wireless LANs
Following types of cables are used in Following types of cables are used in
networks networks
Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP) CableUnshielded Twisted Pair (UTP) Cable
Shielded Twisted Pair (STP) Cable Shielded Twisted Pair (STP) Cable
Coaxial Cable Coaxial Cable
Fiber Optic Cable Fiber Optic Cable
Wireless LANs Wireless LANs
Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP) CableUnshielded Twisted Pair (UTP) Cable
Twisted pair cabling comes in two Twisted pair cabling comes in two
varieties: shielded and unshielded. varieties: shielded and unshielded.
Unshielded twisted pair (UTP) is the most Unshielded twisted pair (UTP) is the most
popular and is generally the best option popular and is generally the best option
for school networks .for school networks .
Twisted pair cabling comes in two Twisted pair cabling comes in two
varieties: shielded and unshielded. varieties: shielded and unshielded.
Unshielded twisted pair (UTP) is the most Unshielded twisted pair (UTP) is the most
popular and is generally the best option popular and is generally the best option
for school networks .for school networks .
Shielded Twisted Pair (STP) Cable Shielded Twisted Pair (STP) Cable
A disadvantage of UTP is that it may be A disadvantage of UTP is that it may be
susceptible to radio and electrical susceptible to radio and electrical
frequency interference. frequency interference.
Shielded twisted pair (STP) is suitable for Shielded twisted pair (STP) is suitable for
environments with electrical interference; environments with electrical interference;
however, the extra shielding can make the however, the extra shielding can make the
cables quite bulky. cables quite bulky.
Shielded twisted pair is often used on Shielded twisted pair is often used on
networks using Token Ring topology. networks using Token Ring topology.
A disadvantage of UTP is that it may be A disadvantage of UTP is that it may be
susceptible to radio and electrical susceptible to radio and electrical
frequency interference. frequency interference.
Shielded twisted pair (STP) is suitable for Shielded twisted pair (STP) is suitable for
environments with electrical interference; environments with electrical interference;
however, the extra shielding can make the however, the extra shielding can make the
cables quite bulky. cables quite bulky.
Shielded twisted pair is often used on Shielded twisted pair is often used on
networks using Token Ring topology. networks using Token Ring topology.
Coaxial CableCoaxial Cable
Coaxial cabling has a single copper conductor at Coaxial cabling has a single copper conductor at
its center. its center.
A plastic layer provides insulation between the A plastic layer provides insulation between the
center conductor and a braided metal shield . center conductor and a braided metal shield .
The metal shield helps to block any outside The metal shield helps to block any outside
interference from fluorescent lights, motors, and interference from fluorescent lights, motors, and
other computers. other computers.
Outer shield provides the ground.Outer shield provides the ground.
Coaxial cabling has a single copper conductor at Coaxial cabling has a single copper conductor at
its center. its center.
A plastic layer provides insulation between the A plastic layer provides insulation between the
center conductor and a braided metal shield . center conductor and a braided metal shield .
The metal shield helps to block any outside The metal shield helps to block any outside
interference from fluorescent lights, motors, and interference from fluorescent lights, motors, and
other computers. other computers.
Outer shield provides the ground.Outer shield provides the ground.
Optical Fibers Optical Fibers
•Fiber optic cabling consists of a center glass core
surrounded by several layers of protective materials.
•It transmits light rather than electronic signals
eliminating the problem of electrical interference.
•This makes it ideal for certain environments that
contain a large amount of electrical interference.
•It has also made it the standard for connecting
networks between buildings, due to its immunity to the
effects of moisture and lighting.
•Fiber optic cabling consists of a center glass core
surrounded by several layers of protective materials.
•It transmits light rather than electronic signals
eliminating the problem of electrical interference.
•This makes it ideal for certain environments that
contain a large amount of electrical interference.
•It has also made it the standard for connecting
networks between buildings, due to its immunity to the
effects of moisture and lighting.
MicrowaveMicrowave
Microwave is an Electromagnetic waves in
the frequency range of about 2 to 40 GHz
Microwave is a direct line-of-sight
transmission.
The Microwave communication consists of a
transmitter, receiver and the atmosphere.
In microwave communication, parabolic
antennas are mounted on towers to send a
beam to other antennas tens of KM away.
The higher the tower , the greater the range .
Microwave is an Electromagnetic waves in
the frequency range of about 2 to 40 GHz
Microwave is a direct line-of-sight
transmission.
The Microwave communication consists of a
transmitter, receiver and the atmosphere.
In microwave communication, parabolic
antennas are mounted on towers to send a
beam to other antennas tens of KM away.
The higher the tower , the greater the range .
Wireless LANs
•Not all networks are connected with cabling; some
networks are wireless.
•Wireless LANs use high frequency radio signals,
infrared light beams, or lasers to communicate
between the workstations and the file server or hubs.
•Each workstation and file server on a wireless
network has some sort of transceiver/antenna to
send and receive the data.
•Not all networks are connected with cabling; some
networks are wireless.
•Wireless LANs use high frequency radio signals,
infrared light beams, or lasers to communicate
between the workstations and the file server or hubs.
•Each workstation and file server on a wireless
network has some sort of transceiver/antenna to
send and receive the data.
Wireless LAN contd.Wireless LAN contd.
For longer distance, wireless communications
can also take place through cellular telephone
technology, microwave transmission, or by
satellite.
Wireless networks are great for allowing laptop
computers or remote computers to connect to
the LAN.
Wireless networks are also beneficial in older
buildings where it may be difficult or impossible
to install cables.
For longer distance, wireless communications
can also take place through cellular telephone
technology, microwave transmission, or by
satellite.
Wireless networks are great for allowing laptop
computers or remote computers to connect to
the LAN.
Wireless networks are also beneficial in older
buildings where it may be difficult or impossible
to install cables.
InternetInternet
Internet is worldwide network of computer networks.Internet is worldwide network of computer networks.
How does it work?
•Most computers are not connected
directly to the internet.
•They are connected to smaller
networks
•Which are connected through
gateways to the internet backbone
Internet is worldwide network of computer networks.Internet is worldwide network of computer networks.
How does it work?
•Most computers are not connected
directly to the internet.
•They are connected to smaller
networks
•Which are connected through
gateways to the internet backbone
GatewayGateway
Gateway is a device Gateway is a device
that connects that connects
dissimilar networks.dissimilar networks.
A backbone is a A backbone is a
central central
interconnecting interconnecting
structure that structure that
connects one or more connects one or more
networks just like the networks just like the
trunk of a tree.trunk of a tree.
Gateway is a device Gateway is a device
that connects that connects
dissimilar networks.dissimilar networks.
A backbone is a A backbone is a
central central
interconnecting interconnecting
structure that structure that
connects one or more connects one or more
networks just like the networks just like the
trunk of a tree.trunk of a tree.
How does internet work?How does internet work?
At the source comp the message to be sent is At the source comp the message to be sent is
broken down into small parts called packets.broken down into small parts called packets.
Each packet is given a serial no e.g. 1,2,3Each packet is given a serial no e.g. 1,2,3
All these packet are sent to the destination All these packet are sent to the destination
computercomputer
The destination comp receives the packets in The destination comp receives the packets in
random order( 10 may come before 1)random order( 10 may come before 1)
The packets are reassembled in the order of The packets are reassembled in the order of
their no and message is restored.their no and message is restored.
At the source comp the message to be sent is At the source comp the message to be sent is
broken down into small parts called packets.broken down into small parts called packets.
Each packet is given a serial no e.g. 1,2,3Each packet is given a serial no e.g. 1,2,3
All these packet are sent to the destination All these packet are sent to the destination
computercomputer
The destination comp receives the packets in The destination comp receives the packets in
random order( 10 may come before 1)random order( 10 may come before 1)
The packets are reassembled in the order of The packets are reassembled in the order of
their no and message is restored.their no and message is restored.
How it functions smoothly?How it functions smoothly?
Every computer connected to the internet uses same set Every computer connected to the internet uses same set
of rules for communication.of rules for communication.
Set of rules is called protocolSet of rules is called protocol
Communication protocol used by internet is TCP/IP Communication protocol used by internet is TCP/IP
The TCP (Transmission control protocol) part is The TCP (Transmission control protocol) part is
responsible for dividing the message into packets on the responsible for dividing the message into packets on the
source comp and reassembling them at the destination source comp and reassembling them at the destination
comp.comp.
The IP (Internet Protocol) is responsible for handling the The IP (Internet Protocol) is responsible for handling the
address of the destination comp so that the packet is address of the destination comp so that the packet is
sent to its proper destination.sent to its proper destination.
Every computer connected to the internet uses same set Every computer connected to the internet uses same set
of rules for communication.of rules for communication.
Set of rules is called protocolSet of rules is called protocol
Communication protocol used by internet is TCP/IP Communication protocol used by internet is TCP/IP
The TCP (Transmission control protocol) part is The TCP (Transmission control protocol) part is
responsible for dividing the message into packets on the responsible for dividing the message into packets on the
source comp and reassembling them at the destination source comp and reassembling them at the destination
comp.comp.
The IP (Internet Protocol) is responsible for handling the The IP (Internet Protocol) is responsible for handling the
address of the destination comp so that the packet is address of the destination comp so that the packet is
sent to its proper destination.sent to its proper destination.
Future of Internet- InterSpaceFuture of Internet- InterSpace
InterSpace is a client /server software InterSpace is a client /server software
program that allows multiple users to program that allows multiple users to
communicate online with real time audio , communicate online with real time audio ,
video and text chat in dynamic 3D video and text chat in dynamic 3D
environments.environments.
InterSpace is a client /server software InterSpace is a client /server software
program that allows multiple users to program that allows multiple users to
communicate online with real time audio , communicate online with real time audio ,
video and text chat in dynamic 3D video and text chat in dynamic 3D
environments.environments.
Few terms related to NetworkFew terms related to Network
Workstation or NodesWorkstation or Nodes
refers to a computer that are attached to a networkrefers to a computer that are attached to a network
ServerServer
The master comp is called server.The master comp is called server.
Facilitates the sharing of data, s/w and h/w concepts.Facilitates the sharing of data, s/w and h/w concepts.
Server
Workstation or NodesWorkstation or Nodes
refers to a computer that are attached to a networkrefers to a computer that are attached to a network
ServerServer
The master comp is called server.The master comp is called server.
Facilitates the sharing of data, s/w and h/w concepts.Facilitates the sharing of data, s/w and h/w concepts.
Server
Few terms related to NetworkFew terms related to Network
Two types of serversTwo types of servers
One computer
reserved
for server job.
Faster
The networks using such a
server is called Master – slave
network.
Workstation doubles
up as a server
Slower, requires more memory
Used in small networks called
Peer-to-peer networks
Dedicated serverNon Dedicated server
Two types of serversTwo types of servers
One computer
reserved
for server job.
Faster
The networks using such a
server is called Master – slave
network.
Workstation doubles
up as a server
Slower, requires more memory
Used in small networks called
Peer-to-peer networks
Dedicated serverNon Dedicated server
Network Interface Unit (NIU)Network Interface Unit (NIU)
It is a device attached to each workstation and It is a device attached to each workstation and
server.server.
Helps to make connections within the network.Helps to make connections within the network.
Each NIU has a unique no identifying it called Each NIU has a unique no identifying it called
node address. node address.
NIU is also called terminal access point (TAP).NIU is also called terminal access point (TAP).
Also called Network Interface Card (NIC)Also called Network Interface Card (NIC)
Each NIC is given a unique physical address Each NIC is given a unique physical address
called MAC address.called MAC address.
It is a device attached to each workstation and It is a device attached to each workstation and
server.server.
Helps to make connections within the network.Helps to make connections within the network.
Each NIU has a unique no identifying it called Each NIU has a unique no identifying it called
node address. node address.
NIU is also called terminal access point (TAP).NIU is also called terminal access point (TAP).
Also called Network Interface Card (NIC)Also called Network Interface Card (NIC)
Each NIC is given a unique physical address Each NIC is given a unique physical address
called MAC address.called MAC address.
How data is transmitted across networks?How data is transmitted across networks?
Switching Techniques are used for Switching Techniques are used for
transmitting data across networks.transmitting data across networks.
3 types of switching techniques are there.3 types of switching techniques are there.
Circuit SwitchingCircuit Switching
Message SwitchingMessage Switching
Packet SwitchingPacket Switching
Switching Techniques are used for Switching Techniques are used for
transmitting data across networks.transmitting data across networks.
3 types of switching techniques are there.3 types of switching techniques are there.
Circuit SwitchingCircuit Switching
Message SwitchingMessage Switching
Packet SwitchingPacket Switching
Circuit SwitchingCircuit Switching
Physical connection between the two computers is Physical connection between the two computers is
established and then data is transmitted from source to established and then data is transmitted from source to
destination computer.destination computer.
When a computer places a telephone call , the switching When a computer places a telephone call , the switching
equipment within the telephone system seeks out a equipment within the telephone system seeks out a
physical copper path from sender’s to receiver’s physical copper path from sender’s to receiver’s
telephone.telephone.
It sets up end-to-end connection between computers It sets up end-to-end connection between computers
before any data can be sent.before any data can be sent.
Physical connection between the two computers is Physical connection between the two computers is
established and then data is transmitted from source to established and then data is transmitted from source to
destination computer.destination computer.
When a computer places a telephone call , the switching When a computer places a telephone call , the switching
equipment within the telephone system seeks out a equipment within the telephone system seeks out a
physical copper path from sender’s to receiver’s physical copper path from sender’s to receiver’s
telephone.telephone.
It sets up end-to-end connection between computers It sets up end-to-end connection between computers
before any data can be sent.before any data can be sent.
Message SwitchingMessage Switching
The source comp sends the data to The source comp sends the data to
the switching office first which stores the switching office first which stores
the data in its buffer.the data in its buffer.
It then looks for a free link to another It then looks for a free link to another
switching office and then sends the switching office and then sends the
data to this office.data to this office.
Process is continued till the data is Process is continued till the data is
delivered to the destination delivered to the destination
computer.computer.
It is also known as store and forward It is also known as store and forward
technique.technique.
The source comp sends the data to The source comp sends the data to
the switching office first which stores the switching office first which stores
the data in its buffer.the data in its buffer.
It then looks for a free link to another It then looks for a free link to another
switching office and then sends the switching office and then sends the
data to this office.data to this office.
Process is continued till the data is Process is continued till the data is
delivered to the destination delivered to the destination
computer.computer.
It is also known as store and forward It is also known as store and forward
technique.technique.
Packet SwitchingPacket Switching
There is a tight upper limit on the block size. In There is a tight upper limit on the block size. In
message switching there was no upper limit.message switching there was no upper limit.
A fixed size of packet is specified.A fixed size of packet is specified.
All the packets are stored in All the packets are stored in main memorymain memory in in
switching office. In message switching packets switching office. In message switching packets
are stored on are stored on disk. disk.
This increases the performance as access time is This increases the performance as access time is
reduced.reduced.
There is a tight upper limit on the block size. In There is a tight upper limit on the block size. In
message switching there was no upper limit.message switching there was no upper limit.
A fixed size of packet is specified.A fixed size of packet is specified.
All the packets are stored in All the packets are stored in main memorymain memory in in
switching office. In message switching packets switching office. In message switching packets
are stored on are stored on disk. disk.
This increases the performance as access time is This increases the performance as access time is
reduced.reduced.
Transmission media or Transmission media or
communication Channelcommunication Channel
(1)(1)Guided Media - cablesGuided Media - cables
(3)(3)Unguided media – waves through air, Unguided media – waves through air,
water or vacuum i.e. microwaves, water or vacuum i.e. microwaves,
radiowaves and satelites.radiowaves and satelites.
communication Channelcommunication Channel
(1)(1)Guided Media - cablesGuided Media - cables
(3)(3)Unguided media – waves through air, Unguided media – waves through air,
water or vacuum i.e. microwaves, water or vacuum i.e. microwaves,
radiowaves and satelites.radiowaves and satelites.
CablesCables
Following types of cables are used in Following types of cables are used in
networks networks
Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP) CableUnshielded Twisted Pair (UTP) Cable
Shielded Twisted Pair (STP) Cable Shielded Twisted Pair (STP) Cable
Coaxial Cable Coaxial Cable
Fiber Optic Cable Fiber Optic Cable
Wireless LANs Wireless LANs
Following types of cables are used in Following types of cables are used in
networks networks
Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP) CableUnshielded Twisted Pair (UTP) Cable
Shielded Twisted Pair (STP) Cable Shielded Twisted Pair (STP) Cable
Coaxial Cable Coaxial Cable
Fiber Optic Cable Fiber Optic Cable
Wireless LANs Wireless LANs
Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP) CableUnshielded Twisted Pair (UTP) Cable
Twisted pair cabling comes in two Twisted pair cabling comes in two
varieties: shielded and unshielded. varieties: shielded and unshielded.
Unshielded twisted pair (UTP) is the most Unshielded twisted pair (UTP) is the most
popular and is generally the best option popular and is generally the best option
for school networks .for school networks .
Twisted pair cabling comes in two Twisted pair cabling comes in two
varieties: shielded and unshielded. varieties: shielded and unshielded.
Unshielded twisted pair (UTP) is the most Unshielded twisted pair (UTP) is the most
popular and is generally the best option popular and is generally the best option
for school networks .for school networks .
Shielded Twisted Pair (STP) Cable Shielded Twisted Pair (STP) Cable
A disadvantage of UTP is that it may be A disadvantage of UTP is that it may be
susceptible to radio and electrical susceptible to radio and electrical
frequency interference. frequency interference.
Shielded twisted pair (STP) is suitable for Shielded twisted pair (STP) is suitable for
environments with electrical interference; environments with electrical interference;
however, the extra shielding can make the however, the extra shielding can make the
cables quite bulky. cables quite bulky.
Shielded twisted pair is often used on Shielded twisted pair is often used on
networks using Token Ring topology. networks using Token Ring topology.
A disadvantage of UTP is that it may be A disadvantage of UTP is that it may be
susceptible to radio and electrical susceptible to radio and electrical
frequency interference. frequency interference.
Shielded twisted pair (STP) is suitable for Shielded twisted pair (STP) is suitable for
environments with electrical interference; environments with electrical interference;
however, the extra shielding can make the however, the extra shielding can make the
cables quite bulky. cables quite bulky.
Shielded twisted pair is often used on Shielded twisted pair is often used on
networks using Token Ring topology. networks using Token Ring topology.
Coaxial CableCoaxial Cable
Coaxial cabling has a single copper conductor at Coaxial cabling has a single copper conductor at
its center. its center.
A plastic layer provides insulation between the A plastic layer provides insulation between the
center conductor and a braided metal shield . center conductor and a braided metal shield .
The metal shield helps to block any outside The metal shield helps to block any outside
interference from fluorescent lights, motors, and interference from fluorescent lights, motors, and
other computers. other computers.
Outer shield provides the ground.Outer shield provides the ground.
Coaxial cabling has a single copper conductor at Coaxial cabling has a single copper conductor at
its center. its center.
A plastic layer provides insulation between the A plastic layer provides insulation between the
center conductor and a braided metal shield . center conductor and a braided metal shield .
The metal shield helps to block any outside The metal shield helps to block any outside
interference from fluorescent lights, motors, and interference from fluorescent lights, motors, and
other computers. other computers.
Outer shield provides the ground.Outer shield provides the ground.
Optical Fibers Optical Fibers
•Fiber optic cabling consists of a center glass core
surrounded by several layers of protective materials.
•It transmits light rather than electronic signals
eliminating the problem of electrical interference.
•This makes it ideal for certain environments that
contain a large amount of electrical interference.
•It has also made it the standard for connecting
networks between buildings, due to its immunity to the
effects of moisture and lighting.
•Fiber optic cabling consists of a center glass core
surrounded by several layers of protective materials.
•It transmits light rather than electronic signals
eliminating the problem of electrical interference.
•This makes it ideal for certain environments that
contain a large amount of electrical interference.
•It has also made it the standard for connecting
networks between buildings, due to its immunity to the
effects of moisture and lighting.
Wireless LANs
•Not all networks are connected with cabling; some
networks are wireless.
•Wireless LANs use high frequency radio signals,
infrared light beams, or lasers to communicate
between the workstations and the file server or hubs.
•Each workstation and file server on a wireless
network has some sort of transceiver/antenna to
send and receive the data.
•Not all networks are connected with cabling; some
networks are wireless.
•Wireless LANs use high frequency radio signals,
infrared light beams, or lasers to communicate
between the workstations and the file server or hubs.
•Each workstation and file server on a wireless
network has some sort of transceiver/antenna to
send and receive the data.
Wireless LAN contd.Wireless LAN contd.
For longer distance, wireless communications
can also take place through cellular telephone
technology, microwave transmission, or by
satellite.
Wireless networks are great for allowing laptop
computers or remote computers to connect to
the LAN.
Wireless networks are also beneficial in older
buildings where it may be difficult or impossible
to install cables.
For longer distance, wireless communications
can also take place through cellular telephone
technology, microwave transmission, or by
satellite.
Wireless networks are great for allowing laptop
computers or remote computers to connect to
the LAN.
Wireless networks are also beneficial in older
buildings where it may be difficult or impossible
to install cables.
Types of NetworksTypes of Networks
Local Area Network - LANLocal Area Network - LAN
Metropolitan Area Network – MANMetropolitan Area Network – MAN
Wide Area Network - WANWide Area Network - WAN
Local Area Network - LANLocal Area Network - LAN
Metropolitan Area Network – MANMetropolitan Area Network – MAN
Wide Area Network - WANWide Area Network - WAN
Local Area NetworkLocal Area Network
A Local Area Network (LAN) is a network that is confined to a A Local Area Network (LAN) is a network that is confined to a
relatively small area. It is generally limited to a geographic area relatively small area. It is generally limited to a geographic area
such as a writing lab, school, or building. Rarely are LAN computers such as a writing lab, school, or building. Rarely are LAN computers
more than a mile apart. more than a mile apart.
In a typical LAN configuration, one computer is designated as the In a typical LAN configuration, one computer is designated as the
file server. It stores all of the software that controls the network, as file server. It stores all of the software that controls the network, as
well as the software that can be shared by the computers attached well as the software that can be shared by the computers attached
to the network.to the network.
Computers connected to the file server are called workstations. Computers connected to the file server are called workstations.
On most LANs, cables are used to connect the network interface On most LANs, cables are used to connect the network interface
cards in each computer. cards in each computer.
A Local Area Network (LAN) is a network that is confined to a A Local Area Network (LAN) is a network that is confined to a
relatively small area. It is generally limited to a geographic area relatively small area. It is generally limited to a geographic area
such as a writing lab, school, or building. Rarely are LAN computers such as a writing lab, school, or building. Rarely are LAN computers
more than a mile apart. more than a mile apart.
In a typical LAN configuration, one computer is designated as the In a typical LAN configuration, one computer is designated as the
file server. It stores all of the software that controls the network, as file server. It stores all of the software that controls the network, as
well as the software that can be shared by the computers attached well as the software that can be shared by the computers attached
to the network.to the network.
Computers connected to the file server are called workstations. Computers connected to the file server are called workstations.
On most LANs, cables are used to connect the network interface On most LANs, cables are used to connect the network interface
cards in each computer. cards in each computer.
MANMAN
Spread over a citySpread over a city
E.g. Cable T.V. networksE.g. Cable T.V. networks
Purpose is to share h/w and s/w resources Purpose is to share h/w and s/w resources
among its users.among its users.
Spread over a citySpread over a city
E.g. Cable T.V. networksE.g. Cable T.V. networks
Purpose is to share h/w and s/w resources Purpose is to share h/w and s/w resources
among its users.among its users.
WANWAN
Wide Area Networks (WANs) connect Wide Area Networks (WANs) connect
larger geographic areas, such as India, the larger geographic areas, such as India, the
United States, or the world.United States, or the world.
Dedicated transoceanic cabling or satellite Dedicated transoceanic cabling or satellite
uplinks may be used to connect this type uplinks may be used to connect this type
of network. of network.
Connected thru public networks such as Connected thru public networks such as
telephone lines , leased lines or satellites.telephone lines , leased lines or satellites.
Largest WAN is Internet.Largest WAN is Internet.
Wide Area Networks (WANs) connect Wide Area Networks (WANs) connect
larger geographic areas, such as India, the larger geographic areas, such as India, the
United States, or the world.United States, or the world.
Dedicated transoceanic cabling or satellite Dedicated transoceanic cabling or satellite
uplinks may be used to connect this type uplinks may be used to connect this type
of network. of network.
Connected thru public networks such as Connected thru public networks such as
telephone lines , leased lines or satellites.telephone lines , leased lines or satellites.
Largest WAN is Internet.Largest WAN is Internet.
Comparatively higher
error rates
(4) Very low error rates
Owned by multiple
organizations
(3) Complete ownership
by a single organization
<= 1 MBPS(2) Operate at data
transfer rate of several
MBPS (1 to 10 MBPS)
Span entire countries(1) Diameter of not
more than few km
WANLAN
error rates
(4) Very low error rates
Owned by multiple
organizations
(3) Complete ownership
by a single organization
<= 1 MBPS(2) Operate at data
transfer rate of several
MBPS (1 to 10 MBPS)
Span entire countries(1) Diameter of not
more than few km
WANLAN
TopologiesTopologies
The pattern of interconnection of nodes in The pattern of interconnection of nodes in
a network is called the topology.a network is called the topology.
The pattern of interconnection of nodes in The pattern of interconnection of nodes in
a network is called the topology.a network is called the topology.
Bus topologyBus topology
A linear bus topology consists of a main run of A linear bus topology consists of a main run of
cable with a cable with a terminatorterminator at each end . at each end .
All All nodesnodes (file server, workstations, and (file server, workstations, and
peripherals) are connected to the linear cable.peripherals) are connected to the linear cable.
A linear bus topology consists of a main run of A linear bus topology consists of a main run of
cable with a cable with a terminatorterminator at each end . at each end .
All All nodesnodes (file server, workstations, and (file server, workstations, and
peripherals) are connected to the linear cable.peripherals) are connected to the linear cable.
Bus topologyBus topology
Advantages of a Linear Bus Topology
• Easy to connect a computer or peripheral to a linear bus.
• Requires less cable length than a star topology.
Disadvantages of a Linear Bus Topology
•Entire network shuts down if there is a break in the main cable.
•Terminators are required at both ends of the backbone cable.
•Difficult to identify the problem if the entire network shuts down.
•Nodes must be intelligent . Each node is directly connected to the
central bus.
Advantages of a Linear Bus Topology
• Easy to connect a computer or peripheral to a linear bus.
• Requires less cable length than a star topology.
Disadvantages of a Linear Bus Topology
•Entire network shuts down if there is a break in the main cable.
•Terminators are required at both ends of the backbone cable.
•Difficult to identify the problem if the entire network shuts down.
•Nodes must be intelligent . Each node is directly connected to the
central bus.
Star TopologyStar Topology
Star topologyStar topology
A star topology is designed with each node (file server,
workstations, and peripherals) connected directly to a central
network hub or concentrator
Data on a star network passes through the hub or concentrator
before continuing to its destination.
The hub or concentrator manages and controls all functions of
the network. It also acts as a repeater for the data flow.
A star topology is designed with each node (file server,
workstations, and peripherals) connected directly to a central
network hub or concentrator
Data on a star network passes through the hub or concentrator
before continuing to its destination.
The hub or concentrator manages and controls all functions of
the network. It also acts as a repeater for the data flow.
Star topologyStar topology
Advantages of a Star Topology
Easy to install and wire.
No disruptions to the network when connecting
or removing devices.
Easy to detect faults and to remove parts.
Disadvantages of a Star Topology
Requires more cable length than a linear
topology.
If the hub or concentrator fails, nodes attached
are disabled.
More expensive than linear bus topologies More expensive than linear bus topologies
because of the cost of the concentrators. because of the cost of the concentrators.
Advantages of a Star Topology
Easy to install and wire.
No disruptions to the network when connecting
or removing devices.
Easy to detect faults and to remove parts.
Disadvantages of a Star Topology
Requires more cable length than a linear
topology.
If the hub or concentrator fails, nodes attached
are disabled.
More expensive than linear bus topologies More expensive than linear bus topologies
because of the cost of the concentrators. because of the cost of the concentrators.
Ring Topology Ring Topology
Ring Network, a local area network Ring Network, a local area network
formed in a ring (closed loop) topology formed in a ring (closed loop) topology
that uses token passing as a means of that uses token passing as a means of
regulating traffic on the line. regulating traffic on the line.
•On a token ring network, a token governing the right to transmit is
passed from one station to the next in a physical circle.
•If a station has information to transmit, it “seizes” the token, marks
it as being in use, and inserts the information
•. The “busy” token, plus message, is then passed around the circle,
copied when it arrives at its destination, and eventually returned to
the sender.
• The sender removes the attached message and then passes the
freed token to the next station in line.
Ring Network, a local area network Ring Network, a local area network
formed in a ring (closed loop) topology formed in a ring (closed loop) topology
that uses token passing as a means of that uses token passing as a means of
regulating traffic on the line. regulating traffic on the line.
•On a token ring network, a token governing the right to transmit is
passed from one station to the next in a physical circle.
•If a station has information to transmit, it “seizes” the token, marks
it as being in use, and inserts the information
•. The “busy” token, plus message, is then passed around the circle,
copied when it arrives at its destination, and eventually returned to
the sender.
• The sender removes the attached message and then passes the
freed token to the next station in line.
Advantages of Ring TopologyAdvantages of Ring Topology
Short Cable length as compared to star .Short Cable length as compared to star .
No wiring closet space required.No wiring closet space required.
Suitable for optical fibresSuitable for optical fibres
- high speed- high speed
- traffic travels in one direction.- traffic travels in one direction.
Short Cable length as compared to star .Short Cable length as compared to star .
No wiring closet space required.No wiring closet space required.
Suitable for optical fibresSuitable for optical fibres
- high speed- high speed
- traffic travels in one direction.- traffic travels in one direction.
Disadvantages of Ring TopologyDisadvantages of Ring Topology
Node failure causes network failure.Node failure causes network failure.
Difficult to diagnose faults.Difficult to diagnose faults.
Network reconfiguration is difficult. It is Network reconfiguration is difficult. It is
not possible to shut down a small section not possible to shut down a small section
of the ring.of the ring.
Node failure causes network failure.Node failure causes network failure.
Difficult to diagnose faults.Difficult to diagnose faults.
Network reconfiguration is difficult. It is Network reconfiguration is difficult. It is
not possible to shut down a small section not possible to shut down a small section
of the ring.of the ring.
Tree TopologyTree Topology
•A tree topology combines
characteristics of linear bus and star
topologies.
•It consists of groups of star-
configured workstations connected
to a linear bus backbone cable.
• Tree topologies allow for the
expansion of an existing network,
and enable schools to configure a
network to meet their needs
•A tree topology combines
characteristics of linear bus and star
topologies.
•It consists of groups of star-
configured workstations connected
to a linear bus backbone cable.
• Tree topologies allow for the
expansion of an existing network,
and enable schools to configure a
network to meet their needs
Tree TopologyTree Topology
Advantages of a Tree TopologyAdvantages of a Tree Topology
Point-to-point wiring for individual segments. Point-to-point wiring for individual segments.
Supported by several hardware and software Supported by several hardware and software
venders. venders.
Disadvantages of a Tree TopologyDisadvantages of a Tree Topology
Overall length of each segment is limited by the Overall length of each segment is limited by the
type of cabling used. type of cabling used.
If the backbone line breaks, the entire segment If the backbone line breaks, the entire segment
goes down. goes down.
More difficult to configure and wire than other More difficult to configure and wire than other
topologies. topologies.
Advantages of a Tree TopologyAdvantages of a Tree Topology
Point-to-point wiring for individual segments. Point-to-point wiring for individual segments.
Supported by several hardware and software Supported by several hardware and software
venders. venders.
Disadvantages of a Tree TopologyDisadvantages of a Tree Topology
Overall length of each segment is limited by the Overall length of each segment is limited by the
type of cabling used. type of cabling used.
If the backbone line breaks, the entire segment If the backbone line breaks, the entire segment
goes down. goes down.
More difficult to configure and wire than other More difficult to configure and wire than other
topologies. topologies.
Considerations When Choosing Considerations When Choosing
a Topology:a Topology:
MoneyMoney.. A linear bus network may be the least A linear bus network may be the least
expensive way to install a network; you do not have to expensive way to install a network; you do not have to
purchase concentrators. purchase concentrators.
Length of cable neededLength of cable needed.. The linear bus network uses The linear bus network uses
shorter lengths of cable. shorter lengths of cable.
Future growthFuture growth. With a star topology, expanding a . With a star topology, expanding a
network is easily done by adding another concentrator. network is easily done by adding another concentrator.
Cable typeCable type. The most common cable in schools is . The most common cable in schools is
unshielded twisted pair, which is most often used with unshielded twisted pair, which is most often used with
star topologies. star topologies.
a Topology:a Topology:
MoneyMoney.. A linear bus network may be the least A linear bus network may be the least
expensive way to install a network; you do not have to expensive way to install a network; you do not have to
purchase concentrators. purchase concentrators.
Length of cable neededLength of cable needed.. The linear bus network uses The linear bus network uses
shorter lengths of cable. shorter lengths of cable.
Future growthFuture growth. With a star topology, expanding a . With a star topology, expanding a
network is easily done by adding another concentrator. network is easily done by adding another concentrator.
Cable typeCable type. The most common cable in schools is . The most common cable in schools is
unshielded twisted pair, which is most often used with unshielded twisted pair, which is most often used with
star topologies. star topologies.
Network DeviceNetwork Device
ModemModem
Modems are most frequently used to Modems are most frequently used to
enable computers to communicate with enable computers to communicate with
each other across telephone lines.each other across telephone lines.
Stands for Modulation – demodulation.Stands for Modulation – demodulation.
Converts digital signal to analog signal and Converts digital signal to analog signal and
vice versa.vice versa.
Two types- Internal and ExternalTwo types- Internal and External
ModemModem
Modems are most frequently used to Modems are most frequently used to
enable computers to communicate with enable computers to communicate with
each other across telephone lines.each other across telephone lines.
Stands for Modulation – demodulation.Stands for Modulation – demodulation.
Converts digital signal to analog signal and Converts digital signal to analog signal and
vice versa.vice versa.
Two types- Internal and ExternalTwo types- Internal and External
RJ 45 ConnectorRJ 45 Connector
Register Jack 45 is an 8 wire connector Register Jack 45 is an 8 wire connector
which is commonly used to connect which is commonly used to connect
computers on LAN.computers on LAN.
Looks like RJ-11 telephone connectorLooks like RJ-11 telephone connector
Register Jack 45 is an 8 wire connector Register Jack 45 is an 8 wire connector
which is commonly used to connect which is commonly used to connect
computers on LAN.computers on LAN.
Looks like RJ-11 telephone connectorLooks like RJ-11 telephone connector
Ethernet CardEthernet Card
Ethernet,Ethernet, is a LAN is a LAN
architecture developed by the architecture developed by the
Xerox corporation in 1976, Xerox corporation in 1976,
originally for linking originally for linking
minicomputers at the Palo minicomputers at the Palo
Alto Research Center.Alto Research Center.
Computers that uses Ethernet Computers that uses Ethernet
architecture have to install architecture have to install
ethernet card .ethernet card .
Now computers are coming Now computers are coming
fitted with ethernet card.fitted with ethernet card.
Ethernet,Ethernet, is a LAN is a LAN
architecture developed by the architecture developed by the
Xerox corporation in 1976, Xerox corporation in 1976,
originally for linking originally for linking
minicomputers at the Palo minicomputers at the Palo
Alto Research Center.Alto Research Center.
Computers that uses Ethernet Computers that uses Ethernet
architecture have to install architecture have to install
ethernet card .ethernet card .
Now computers are coming Now computers are coming
fitted with ethernet card.fitted with ethernet card.
HubHub
•A common connection point for devices in a network.
• Hubs are commonly used to connect segments of a LAN.
•A hub contains multiple ports.
• A passive hub serves simply as a conduit for the data,
enabling it to go from one device (or segment) to another.
•Active hub electrically amplify the signal as it moves from one
connected device to another.
•Support 8, 12 or 24 RJ-45 ports
•Used in star or ring topology.
•A common connection point for devices in a network.
• Hubs are commonly used to connect segments of a LAN.
•A hub contains multiple ports.
• A passive hub serves simply as a conduit for the data,
enabling it to go from one device (or segment) to another.
•Active hub electrically amplify the signal as it moves from one
connected device to another.
•Support 8, 12 or 24 RJ-45 ports
•Used in star or ring topology.
SwitchSwitch
A switch (A switch (switchswitching ing hubhub) in the context of networking refers to a device ) in the context of networking refers to a device
which filters and forwards data packets across a network. which filters and forwards data packets across a network.
Unlike a Unlike a standard hubstandard hub which simply replicates what it receives on one port which simply replicates what it receives on one port
onto all the other ports, a switching hub keeps a record of the MAC onto all the other ports, a switching hub keeps a record of the MAC
addresses of the devices attached to it. addresses of the devices attached to it.
When the switch receives a data packet, it forwards the packet directly to the When the switch receives a data packet, it forwards the packet directly to the
recipient device by looking up the MAC address. recipient device by looking up the MAC address.
A network switch can utilise the full throughput potential of a networks A network switch can utilise the full throughput potential of a networks
connection for each device making it a natural choice over a standard hub. connection for each device making it a natural choice over a standard hub.
In other words, say for instance you had a network of 5 PCs and a server all In other words, say for instance you had a network of 5 PCs and a server all
connected with 10Mbps UTP cable, with a hub the throughput (10Mbps) connected with 10Mbps UTP cable, with a hub the throughput (10Mbps)
would be shared between each device, with a switch each device could utilise would be shared between each device, with a switch each device could utilise
the full 10Mbps connection. the full 10Mbps connection.
A switch (A switch (switchswitching ing hubhub) in the context of networking refers to a device ) in the context of networking refers to a device
which filters and forwards data packets across a network. which filters and forwards data packets across a network.
Unlike a Unlike a standard hubstandard hub which simply replicates what it receives on one port which simply replicates what it receives on one port
onto all the other ports, a switching hub keeps a record of the MAC onto all the other ports, a switching hub keeps a record of the MAC
addresses of the devices attached to it. addresses of the devices attached to it.
When the switch receives a data packet, it forwards the packet directly to the When the switch receives a data packet, it forwards the packet directly to the
recipient device by looking up the MAC address. recipient device by looking up the MAC address.
A network switch can utilise the full throughput potential of a networks A network switch can utilise the full throughput potential of a networks
connection for each device making it a natural choice over a standard hub. connection for each device making it a natural choice over a standard hub.
In other words, say for instance you had a network of 5 PCs and a server all In other words, say for instance you had a network of 5 PCs and a server all
connected with 10Mbps UTP cable, with a hub the throughput (10Mbps) connected with 10Mbps UTP cable, with a hub the throughput (10Mbps)
would be shared between each device, with a switch each device could utilise would be shared between each device, with a switch each device could utilise
the full 10Mbps connection. the full 10Mbps connection.
RepeaterRepeater
A A repeaterrepeater is an is an electronicelectronic device that receives a device that receives a
weak or low-level weak or low-level signalsignal and and retransmitsretransmits it at a it at a
higher level or higher power, so that the signal can higher level or higher power, so that the signal can
cover longer distances without degradation.cover longer distances without degradation.
A A repeaterrepeater is an is an electronicelectronic device that receives a device that receives a
weak or low-level weak or low-level signalsignal and and retransmitsretransmits it at a it at a
higher level or higher power, so that the signal can higher level or higher power, so that the signal can
cover longer distances without degradation.cover longer distances without degradation.
BridgeBridge – connects two LANS having the same – connects two LANS having the same
protocol – (e.g. Ethernet or Token ring)protocol – (e.g. Ethernet or Token ring)
LAN A
Bridge
LAN B
Data not
destined for
other network
is prevented
from passing
over the bridge.
protocol – (e.g. Ethernet or Token ring)protocol – (e.g. Ethernet or Token ring)
LAN A
Bridge
LAN B
Data not
destined for
other network
is prevented
from passing
over the bridge.
BridgeBridge
In telecommunication networks, a bridge is a product that connects In telecommunication networks, a bridge is a product that connects
a local area network (a local area network (LANLAN) to another local area network that uses ) to another local area network that uses
the same the same protocolprotocol (for example, (for example, EthernetEthernet or or Token RingToken Ring). ).
You can envision a bridge as being a device that decides whether a You can envision a bridge as being a device that decides whether a
message from you to someone else is going to the local area message from you to someone else is going to the local area
network in your building or to someone on the local area network network in your building or to someone on the local area network
in the building across the street. in the building across the street.
A bridge examines each message on a LAN, "passing" those known A bridge examines each message on a LAN, "passing" those known
to be within the same LAN, and forwarding those known to be on to be within the same LAN, and forwarding those known to be on
the other interconnected LAN (or LANs). the other interconnected LAN (or LANs).
In telecommunication networks, a bridge is a product that connects In telecommunication networks, a bridge is a product that connects
a local area network (a local area network (LANLAN) to another local area network that uses ) to another local area network that uses
the same the same protocolprotocol (for example, (for example, EthernetEthernet or or Token RingToken Ring). ).
You can envision a bridge as being a device that decides whether a You can envision a bridge as being a device that decides whether a
message from you to someone else is going to the local area message from you to someone else is going to the local area
network in your building or to someone on the local area network network in your building or to someone on the local area network
in the building across the street. in the building across the street.
A bridge examines each message on a LAN, "passing" those known A bridge examines each message on a LAN, "passing" those known
to be within the same LAN, and forwarding those known to be on to be within the same LAN, and forwarding those known to be on
the other interconnected LAN (or LANs). the other interconnected LAN (or LANs).
RouterRouter
Router is a specialized network device used to interconnect Router is a specialized network device used to interconnect
different types of computer network that uses different protocols different types of computer network that uses different protocols
e.g. Ethernet to a mainframe.e.g. Ethernet to a mainframe.
Router is a specialized network device used to interconnect Router is a specialized network device used to interconnect
different types of computer network that uses different protocols different types of computer network that uses different protocols
e.g. Ethernet to a mainframe.e.g. Ethernet to a mainframe.
Uses of RouterUses of Router
A router can be used to connect A router can be used to connect
a Local Area Network (LAN) to another a Local Area Network (LAN) to another
LAN,LAN,
a Wide Area Network (WAN) to another a Wide Area Network (WAN) to another
WAN, WAN,
a LAN to the Internet. a LAN to the Internet.
A router can be used to connect A router can be used to connect
a Local Area Network (LAN) to another a Local Area Network (LAN) to another
LAN,LAN,
a Wide Area Network (WAN) to another a Wide Area Network (WAN) to another
WAN, WAN,
a LAN to the Internet. a LAN to the Internet.
Working of RouterWorking of Router
Routers transmit data packets Routers transmit data packets
through these networks through these networks
determine the best path of determine the best path of
transmission, based on a number transmission, based on a number
of factors, including traffic load, of factors, including traffic load,
line speed, and costsline speed, and costs..
Routers transmit data packets Routers transmit data packets
through these networks through these networks
determine the best path of determine the best path of
transmission, based on a number transmission, based on a number
of factors, including traffic load, of factors, including traffic load,
line speed, and costsline speed, and costs..
GatewayGateway
Gateway is a device that Gateway is a device that
connects dissimilar networks.connects dissimilar networks.
Establishes intelligent connection Establishes intelligent connection
between a local network and between a local network and
external networks with external networks with
completely different structures.completely different structures.
Gateway is the ISP that connects Gateway is the ISP that connects
the user to the internet.the user to the internet.
Gateway is a device that Gateway is a device that
connects dissimilar networks.connects dissimilar networks.
Establishes intelligent connection Establishes intelligent connection
between a local network and between a local network and
external networks with external networks with
completely different structures.completely different structures.
Gateway is the ISP that connects Gateway is the ISP that connects
the user to the internet.the user to the internet.
LAN design- General Network Design ProcessLAN design- General Network Design Process
Access needs and costs
Model Network workload
Select topologies and technologies to
satisfy needs
Simulate behavior under expected load
Perform sensitivity test
Rework design as needed
Access needs and costs
Model Network workload
Select topologies and technologies to
satisfy needs
Simulate behavior under expected load
Perform sensitivity test
Rework design as needed
Thank youThank you
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