Neurohumoral Transmission.pdf

At the end of this e-learning session you are able to…
A. Discuss Neurohumoral Transmission.
B. Explain role of GABA, Glutamate, Glycine, Serotonin and Dopamine in neurohumoral transmission.

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1. Prof. Shaikh Abusufiyan
Assistant Professor,
AIKTC-School of Pharmacy,
New Panvel-410206
Neurohumoral transmission: Role of GABA,
Glutamate, Glycine, Serotonin, Dopamine
Pharma Learning Forever

2. At the end of this e-learning session you are
able to…
A. Discuss Neurohumoral Transmission.
B. Explain role of GABA, Glutamate,
Glycine, Serotonin and Dopamine in
neurohumoral transmission.

3. •Neurohumoraltransmissionrefers
totheprocessbywhich
nervecells,alsoknownasneurons,
communicatewithothercellsinthe
body,suchasmusclecellsorother
neurons
throughthereleaseofchemicals
calledneurotransmittersand
hormones.
Definition

4. Whenaneuronreceivesasignalit
generatesanelectricalimpulse
thattravelsdownitsaxontotheend
oftheneuron,calledtheaxon
terminal.
Process of Neurohumoral Transmission

5. Attheaxonterminal,theelectricalimpulse
triggersthereleaseofneurotransmitters
whichthendiffuseacrossatinygapcalledthe
synapse
bindtospecificreceptorsonthetargetcell.
triggersaseriesofchemicalandelectrical
eventsinthetargetcell
leadtothedesiredresponse(suchasmuscle
contractionortheinitiationofanewelectrical
impulseinaneighboringneuron).
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6. •Theterm"neurohumoral"referstothe
combinationofbothneuralandhumoral
(meaninginvolvinghormonesorotherbodily
fluids)signals
thatworktogethertocoordinateandregulate
manyphysiologicalprocessesinthebody
movement,digestion,andtheregulationofbody
temperature.
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7. •Gamma-aminobutyricacid(GABA)
isaninhibitoryneurotransmitter
•Whenreleasedbyneurons
GABAbindstospecificreceptorson
thetargetcell
causinganinfluxofnegativelycharged
ions(suchaschlorideions)intothecell
whichmakesthetargetcelllesslikely
togenerateanelectricalimpulse.
Role of GABA in neurohumoral transmission
Cl-Cl-
Cl-
Cl-Cl-
Cl-
Less electrical
impulses
Inhibition of response

8. •GABA is widely distributed throughout the
brainand spinal cord
Role of GABA:
•Itis involved in the regulation of muscle tone,
sleep, and anxiety.
•In addition, GABAis also involved in the
regulation of other neurotransmitter systems,
including dopamineand serotonin.
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9. AbnormalitiesinGABAfunction:
•Ithavebeenlinkedtoavarietyof
neurologicalandpsychiatricdisorders
epilepsy,anxietydisorders,and
schizophrenia.

10. •ThedrugsthatenhanceGABAfunction,such
asbenzodiazepinesarecommonlyused
totreatanxietyandsleepdisorders
•whiledrugsthatreduceGABAfunction,such
assomestimulants
canleadtoincreasedarousalandwakefulness.
Drugs modulating GABA effect:

11. Q&A
Q.1 What is neurohumoral transmission?
Q.2 Give role of GABA.
Q.3 Give example of drug modulating
GABA effect?
Copyright @shaikhabusufiyan2021

12. •Glutamate
mainexcitatoryneurotransmitterin
thecentralnervoussystem.
Role of Glutamate in neurohumoral transmission

13. •Glutamatebindstospecificreceptorson
thetargetcells
causinganinfluxofpositivelycharged
ions(suchassodiumandcalciumions)into
thecell
whichmakesthetargetcelltogenerate
moreelectricalimpulse
Role of Glutamate in neurohumoral transmission
Na+
More electrical impulses
Excitatory response
Na+Na+
Na+
Na+

14. •Itisinvolvedinmanyimportant
functions
learningandmemory,synaptic
plasticity(theabilityofsynapsesto
changeinstrength),andthe
regulationofmoodandbehaviour.
Role of Glutamate:

15. •Excessiveactivationofglutamate
receptorscanbeharmfultoneurons
contributetoavarietyofneurological
disorders
stroke,traumaticbraininjury,and
neurodegenerativediseasessuchas
Alzheimer'sandParkinson's.
Role of Glutamate:

16. •Glutamateisalsoinvolvedinthe
regulationof
thehyothalamic-pituitary-adrenal(HPA)
axis
Itinvolvedinthebody'sresponsetostress.

17. •Thedrugsthatenhanceglutamate
function,suchastheNMDAreceptor
agonistD-cycloserine
potentialtreatmentsfordepression
•whiledrugsthatinhibitglutamate
function,suchasketamine
haveshownpromiseasrapid-acting
antidepressants.
Drugs modulating Glutamate function:

18. •Glycine is an inhibitory neurotransmitter
that plays an important role in the
regulation of neurohumoral transmission
particularly in the spinal cord and
brainstem.
Role of Glycine in neurohumoral transmission

19. •Glycinebinds to specific receptors on
the target cell
causing an influx of negatively charged
ions(such as chloride ions) into the cell
which makes the target cellto generate
an electrical impulse.
Cl-Cl-
Cl-
Cl-Cl-
Cl-
Less electrical
impulses
Inhibition of response

20. •Glycineismainlyfoundininhibitory
neuronsinthespinalcordand
brainstem
playsakeyroleintheregulationof
reflexes,sensoryprocessing,andthe
controlofmuscletone.

21. •Itisparticularlyimportantfor
regulatingtheactivityofmotor
neurons
thatcontrolmusclecontraction,and
abnormalitiesinglycinefunction
leadtoavarietyofneurological
disorders,includinghyperekplexia.

22. •Glycineisalsoinvolvedinthe
regulationofpainperception,
particularlyinthespinalcord.
Inhibitingglycinereleaseinthespinal
cordcanenhancepainsensitivity

23. •whileenhancingglycinerelease
canreducepainsensitivity.
•Thismakesglycineapotentialtarget
forthedevelopmentofnewpain
medications.
Drugs modulating glycinefunction:

24. •Overall, the role of glycine in
neurohumoral transmission is primarily
inhibitory
plays a key role in regulating a variety of
physiological processes
particularly in the spinal cord and
brainstem.
Drugs modulating glycinefunction:

25. Q&A
Q.1 How glutamateproduces excitatory
response?
Q.2 Give example of Drug that
modulatingGlutamate function. Name
disease in which it is useful.
Q.3 What is role of Glycine?

26. •Serotonin,alsoknownas5-hydroxytryptamine(5-HT)
•Itplaysacriticalroleintheregulationofmany
physiologicalprocesses
mood,appetite,sleep,andsensoryperception.
•Itisalsoinvolvedinneurohumoraltransmission,
particularlyinthemodulationofpainandmood.
Role of Serotonin in neurohumoral transmission

27. •Serotoninbindstospecificreceptorson
thetargetcells
activateorinhibitvarioussignalling
pathways.
Regulatemanyfunctions,includingmood,
emotion,cognition,andsensory
perception.

28. In the brain, serotonin is particularly
important for regulating moodand
behaviour.
Abnormalities in serotonin function have
been implicated in a variety of psychiatric
disorders
depression, anxiety, and schizophrenia.
Abnormalities in Serotonin function:

29. Drugs that enhance serotonin function, such
as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors
(SSRIs)
are commonly used to treat these
disorders.
Drugs modulating Serotoninfunction:

30. •Intheperipherytheserotonin
causesregulationofvariousphysiological
processes
gastrointestinalfunction,bloodclotting,
andbloodvesseltone.

31. •Itisalsoinvolvedintheregulationof
painperception
particularlyinthespinalcordand
peripheralnervoussystem.

32. •Inhibiting the release of serotonin in these
areas
enhancepain sensitivity
•while enhancing serotonin release
can reduce pain sensitivity.

33. •Dopamineisaneurotransmitter
playsanimportantroleintheregulationof
neurohumoraltransmission
particularlyintherewardandmotivation
pathwaysofthebrain.
Role of Dopamine in neurohumoral transmission

34. •Dopamine binds to specific receptors on the
target cell
which can activateor inhibitvarious signalling
pathways.

35. •In the brain, dopamine is mainly found in
neurons in the midbrainthat project to
various regions
including the striatum, prefrontal cortex,and
limbicsystem.

36. •Abnormalities in dopamine function
have been implicated in a variety of
neurological and psychiatric disorders
including Parkinson's disease,
schizophrenia, addiction,and attention
deficit hyperactivity disorder(ADHD).
Abnormalities in Dopamine function:

37. •Whenweexperiencesomethingpleasurable
orrewarding,suchasfoodorsocial
interaction
dopamineisreleased
reinforcingthebehaviorandmotivatingusto
seekoutsimilarexperiencesinthefuture.
Pleasurable effect of dopamine:

38. •Drugs of abuse, such as cocaine and
amphetamines
increase dopamine releasein these pathways
lead to addiction.
Drug of abuse

39. •Dopamine is also involved in the regulation
of movement
particularly in the control of fine motor skills.
•In Parkinson's disease, the degeneration of
dopamine-producing neurons in the midbrain
leads to a loss of motor control and other
symptoms.
Dopamine and motor skills

40. Q&A
Q.1 Which physiological processesare
regulated by serotonin?
Q.2 Rewardand motivationpathways
of the brain is regulated by………….
Q.3 Explain Pleasurable effect of
dopamine?

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