neurotransmitters mbbs karaganda university

Practical

1. LECTURER: NEILA TANKIBAYEVA PHD, professor of the Biomedicine department Karaganda Medical University Educational experience: Clinical Biochemistry Lecturer, Scientific supervisor of Master ‘s students Scientific experience: Research in the field of Pathology and reactive oxygen species Another experience: Post diploma education Expert Author of the elective course “Technology of rational creation of scientific research”

2. Neurotransmitters, signal transduction: variants Lecture Plan: Neurotransmitters (structure and synthesis) S ignal transduction Clinical cases

3. The 7 steps of synaptic transmission  (1) Action potential arrives at the presynaptic terminal , (2) Calcium channels open and calcium ions enter the terminal, (3) Neurotransmitter-filled vesicles fuse with the membrane and release neurotransmitters, (4) Neurotransmitters diffuse across the synaptic cleft, (5) Neurotransmitters bind to receptors on the postsynaptic neuron, (6) Ion channels open , causing a postsynaptic potential, (7) Neurotransmitter is inactivated or removed from the synapse to end the signal. 

4. Neurotransmitters are chemical messengers . They carry messages from one nerve cell across a space to the next nerve, muscle or gland cell.

5. Neurotransmitter receptor Significance Neurological Function :  Receptors are essential for maintaining proper brain function, affecting mood, learning, memory, and behavior.  Therapeutic Targets :  Because they play such a crucial role in neurotransmission, neurotransmitter receptors are important targets for many drugs used to treat neurological and psychiatric conditions. 

6. Neurotransmitters synthesis

7. Neurotransmitters synthesis

8. Small molecule neurotransmitters can be subdivided into groups based on chemical structure.  

9. Neurotransmitters variants

10. overview The synthesis, packaging, release, and re-uptake of neurotransmitter molecules by  neurons  are highly regulated. Most neurotransmitters are synthesized from common cellular metabolites by enzymes expressed specifically in  neurons  using the transmitter . Neurotransmitters are loaded into synaptic vesicles by vesicular transporters using a proton gradient as the source of energy . Distinct transporters are responsible for loading different transmitters . After the neurotransmitter is released by vesicular fusion, it diffuses across the synaptic cleft separating the pre- and postsynaptic cells and binds to receptors on the postsynaptic cell . Such receptors are highly specific for transmitters , and their expression in specific cells determines the response of the cell to the chemical signal . Receptors influence electrical activity in the postsynaptic cell. The signaling event is usually terminated by re-uptake of the transmitter from the synaptic cleft by plasma membrane transporters.

11. Glutamate is crucial for students - it's the primary excitatory neurotransmitter for learning , memory, and thinking. As the most abundant excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain, glutamate helps neural pathways strengthen through repetition.

12. Clinical case Clinical case: woman, 32 years old. Complaints: - legs pain by the type of electric shock, more in the right leg, when moving - blurred vision, more on the right, dizziness, - periodic feeling of congestion in the right ear, slight incoordination, - general fatigue, decreased memory and attention, a sense of anxiety and fear. ​​ CBC examination - anemia detected, hemoglobin - 110g/l, Erythrocytes- 4.7x10 12 /l, leukocytes- 5.3x10 9 /l, platelets -310x10 9 /l, ESR- 10mm /hr. Urinalysis : 1012, protein 0.5 g/l (N: 0-20mg/dl), pH- acidic Biochemical blood analysis : Sodium 139 mmol /l (N: 135-145), potassium 4.5 mmol /l (N: 3,6-5,2), Urea 2.7 mmol /l (N: 3,1 -8,8), creatinine 82 mmol /l (N: 41-111), cholesterol-5,2 Glucose 5.8 mmol /l (N: 4 – 5, 5), protein-75, ALT-23, total bilirubin-22, AST-21 Potasium in serum- 3, 78 mmol /l ​​ Coagulative screening: PT – 14 sec (N: 11- 15 sec), fibrinogen- 2, 74 g/l (N: 2,7 -4,0), APTT- 43,9 sec (N: 30-45sec)   Instrumental Research MRI of the brain: MRI signs of focal changes in the brain. MRI of the brain: MRI signs of a demyelinating process MRI of the cervical spine: MRI signs of degenerative-dystrophic signs of damage to the cervical spine Diagnosis : ?