NORMAL BABY FOR NURSING STUDENTS AND MEDICS

Normal baby notes for nursing students

1. NORMAL BABY BY USTAD SHUKRI MOHAMED ELMI KMTC GARISSA CAMPUS

2. DESCRIBE CHARACTERISTICS OF NORMAL NEWBORN BABY Weight: Average Range: Typically between 5.5 to 8.8 pounds (2.5 to 4 kg). Distribution: Weight can vary based on gestational age, genetics, and other factors. A baby born at full term (37-42 weeks) usually falls within this range. Length: Average Range: About 18 to 22 inches (45 to 55 cm). Growth: Newburn length is measured from the top of the head to the heel of the foot while the baby is lying flat

3. Head Circumference: Average Range: Approximately 13.5 to 15 inches (34 to 38 cm).Significance: Head circumference is an important measure for assessing brain growth and development. It is measured just above the eyebrows and ears, and around the back of the head. Chest Circumference : Average Range: Typically around 12 to 13.5 inches (30 to 34 cm).Measurement: Measured around the chest just below the armpits

4. Abdominal Circumference : Average Range: Generally about 12 to 13 inches (30 to 33 cm). Purpose: Helps in assessing overall growth and can indicate issues if there are significant deviations from the norm.6. Body Proportions: Head-to-Body Ratio: At birth, the head is proportionally larger compared to the rest of the body. This ratio tends to even out as the baby grows.

5. Extremities: Arm Length: About 6 to 7 inches (15 to 18 cm).Leg Length: About 7 to 8 inches (18 to 20 cm).8. Body Mass Index (BMI): Measurement: Calculated using weight and length (or height). For newborns, it is generally not a standard measure but can be used to assess growth if necessary.

6. Skin : Appearance: Newborn skin can range from pink to red, and may have patches of peeling or dryness. It is often covered with vernix caseosa, a protective, waxy substance . Common Conditions: Many newborns have benign skin conditions such as jaundice (yellowing of the skin), which is common in the first few days of life, or milia (small white bumps on the face).

7. Head and Face: Fontanelles: The baby’s skull has soft spots called fontanelles where the bones have not yet fused. These are the anterior fontanelle (at the top of the head) and the posterior fontanelle (at the back of the head) .Molding: The shape of the head may be elongated or misshapen due to the birthing process. This usually resolves within a few days.

8. Eyes : Color : Eye color may not be final and can change over the first few months. Newborns often have blue or gray eyes at birth. Vision: Newborns can see objects up close (about 8-12 inches) and may respond to high-contrast patterns. They have limited visual acuity. Ears: Shape and Position: Ears are often soft and may appear flattened at birth. The shape and position become more defined as the baby grow

9. Nose and Mouth: Nose: Newborns often have a small, flat nose. It may appear slightly compressed or pushed in from the birth process . Mouth: The baby may have a strong sucking reflex and can latch onto the breast or bottle. The gums may appear slightly swollen or have small white spots known as Epstein’s pearls.

10. Limbs and Hands: Hands: Newborns have a grasp reflex where they will automatically close their fingers around an object placed in their hand. Hands may also have fine, downy hair called lanugo . Feet: The feet often have a slightly flexible arch and may have a common condition called "positional talipes" (clubfoot) that usually resolves without treatment.

11. Genitalia and Urinary System : Genitalia: There may be some swelling or discharge in both boys and girls due to maternal hormones. This is usually temporary. Urine Output: Newborns should have at least 6-8 wet diapers per day after the first few days, indicating adequate hydration and kidney function. Respiratory System : Breathing : Newborns typically breathe rapidly and irregularly, averaging around 40-60 breaths per minute. Their breathing pattern may include brief periods of irregularity or pauses

12. Sleep Patterns: Sleep Duration: Newborns sleep about 16-18 hours a day, but their sleep is fragmented into shorter periods. They often wake every 2-4 hours for feeding. Feeding and Digestion : Feeding Frequency: Newborns typically feed every 2-3 hours. They may exhibit signs of hunger such as rooting or sucking on their hands. Stools: Newborns pass meconium in the first 24-48 hours, which is dark green and sticky. Stool color and consistency change as the baby begins to digest milk or formula

13. DESCRIBE IMMRDIATE CARE OF NEWBORN Immediate care of a newborn focuses on ensuring their health and well-being right after birth. Here are the key aspects: Assessment: Apgar Score: Performed at 1 and 5 minutes after birth to evaluate the baby’s heart rate, respiration, muscle tone, reflex response, and color . A score of 7-10 is considered normal. Initial Examination: Checking for any physical anomalies and ensuring vital signs are stable

14. Breathing and Circulation : Clearing Airways: Suctioning the mouth and nose if needed to clear any mucus or fluid . Monitoring: Ensuring the baby is breathing well and has a steady heart rate. Temperature Regulation : Immediate Skin-to-Skin Contact: Placing the baby on the mother’s chest to regulate body temperature and promote bonding. Warmth: Using a warm blanket or a radiant warmer if necessary to prevent hypothermia

15. Umbilical Cord Care : Clamping and Cutting: The cord is clamped and cut a few inches from the baby’s abdomen . Cord Stump Care: Keeping the cord stump clean and dry to prevent infection until it falls off naturally. Identification : Wristbands : Placing identification bands on the baby and mother to ensure they are correctly matched. . Feeding : Initiation : Encouraging breastfeeding as soon as possible, usually within the first hour of life. Support: Providing guidance on proper positioning , attachment and feeding techniques if breastfeeding.

16. Preventive Measures: Vitamin K Injection: Administered to prevent bleeding disorders. Eye Prophylaxis: Applying antibiotic ointment to prevent eye infections . Hepatitis B Vaccine: Given shortly after birth to prevent hepatitis B infection. Monitoring and Observation: Vital Signs: Regularly checking temperature, heart rate, and respiration. Behavioral Monitoring: Observing for normal feeding patterns, alertness, and bonding behaviour .

17. Parental Education: Care Instructions: Providing information on newborn care, including bathing, feeding, and recognizing signs of illness . Support: Offering resources and support for new parents to ensure they are prepared for home care.

18. DISCUSS SUBSEQUENT CARE OF NEWBORN Subsequent care of a newborn involves ongoing attention to their health and development in the weeks and months after birth. Key aspects include: Routine Check-Ups : Pediatric Visits: Regular appointments to monitor growth, development, and address any health concerns. Typically, these occur at 1-2 weeks, 1 month, 2 months, and so on. Developmental Milestones: Tracking physical, cognitive, and social development to ensure the baby is meeting expected milestones.

19. Feeding and Nutrition: Breastfeeding Support: Continuing to support and encourage breastfeeding, ensuring the baby is gaining weight and feeding effectively . Introducing Solids: Starting solid foods around 6 months, following pediatric recommendations for a balanced diet Sleep Patterns: Establishing Routines: Helping the baby develop a regular sleep pattern by creating a consistent bedtime routine. Safe Sleep Practices: Ensuring the baby sleeps on their back, in a crib with no loose bedding or soft objects, to reduce the risk of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS).

20. Hygiene and Care: Bathing: Regular bathing with gentle products and ensuring the umbilical cord stump has fallen off and healed.Diapering : Frequent changing of diapers to prevent rashes and keeping the area clean. Vaccinations: Immunization Schedule: Following the recommended vaccination schedule to protect the baby from various diseases

21. Developmental Stimulation: Play and Interaction: Engaging with the baby through talking, reading, and age-appropriate toys to support cognitive and motor development. Physical Activity: Encouraging tummy time to strengthen muscles and promote motor skills. Health Monitoring: Signs of Illness: Monitoring for signs of illness, such as fever, unusual fussiness, or changes in feeding and sleeping patterns . Emergency Care: Knowing when to seek immediate medical attention for urgent issues or severe symptoms.

22. Parental Well- Being: Support Systems: Ensuring parents have access to support and resources, including counselling if needed, to manage stress and adjust to parenthood . Education: Providing ongoing education about newborn care and recognizing developmental changes Subsequent care aims to support the baby’s growth, development, and overall well-being while also addressing any health or behavioural concerns that may arise.

23. OUTLINE PURPOSES FIRST EXAMINATION OF NEWBORN Assessment of Vital Signs: Purpose: To evaluate the baby’s overall health status and detect any immediate issues.Includes : Checking heart rate, respiratory rate, temperature, and blood pressure. Physical Examination : Purpose: To identify any physical anomalies or conditions. Includes: Inspecting the baby’s head, face, chest, abdomen, limbs, and skin for abnormalities.

24. Evaluation of Reflexes: Purpose: To assess neurological function and development . Includes: Testing reflexes such as the rooting, grasp, and Moro reflexes. Assessment of Weight and Measurements: Purpose: To ensure the baby is within normal growth parameters. Includes: Measuring weight, length, and head circumference.

25. Examination of the Umbilical Cord: Purpose: To check for proper cord care and healing. Includes: Inspecting the cord stump for signs of infection or abnormalities. Evaluation of Feeding and Sucking: Purpose: To ensure the baby is feeding effectively and gaining weight appropriately. Includes: Observing feeding behaviour and latch, if breastfeeding

26. Screening for Common Conditions: Purpose: To identify and address any common newborn conditions early. Includes: Screening for jaundice, congenital heart defects, and other immediate health issues.8. Parental Education and Support: Purpose: To provide guidance on newborn care and address any parental concerns. Includes: Offering information on feeding, bathing, and recognizing signs of illness.

27. Establishing a Baseline: Purpose: To create a reference point for future health evaluations and development tracking. Includes: Documenting initial findings for comparison in subsequent check-ups . The first examination is crucial for ensuring the new-born's immediate health, identifying potential problems, and providing necessary support to parents.

28. DESCRIBE STPEPS OF DOING FIRSR EXAMINATION OF NEWBORN BABY Preparation: Ensure a Warm Environment: Maintain a warm room to prevent hypothermia. Gather Equipment: Have necessary tools ready, such as a stethoscope, thermometer, and measuring tape Initial Observation: General Appearance: Observe the baby’s color, breathing, and overall condition. Immediate Assessment: Check if the baby is alert, active, and responding well.

29. Vital Signs: Heart Rate: Measure using a stethoscope or pulse oximeter. Respiratory Rate: Count breaths per minute while noting any irregularities. Temperature: Take the baby’s temperature, ideally using a digital thermometer. Blood Pressure: If necessary, measure using a specialized neonatal cuff

30. Physical Examination : Head: Inspect for shape, fontanelles (soft spots), and any swelling or abnormal findings. Face: Check for symmetry, eye color, and any signs of discharge or abnormalities. Eyes, Ears, and Nose: Examine for any congenital issues or abnormalities. Mouth: Inspect the palate, gums, and tongue for any anomalies.

31. Chest and Abdomen: Palpate for any abnormalities; listen to lung and heart sounds. Limbs: Examine arms and legs for proper movement and alignment; check for any deformities. Skin: Inspect for rashes, birthmarks, or signs of jaundice. Neurological Examination:

32. Neurological Examination: Reflexes: Test key reflexes, such as rooting, grasp, Moro (startle), and stepping reflexes. Muscle Tone: Assess muscle tone and movement for any signs of abnormalities Umbilical Cord and Genitalia : Cord: Inspect the umbilical cord stump for cleanliness and signs of infection . Genitalia: Check for any anomalies and ensure proper development.

33. Measurements: Weight: Weigh the baby using a neonatal scale.Length : Measure from the top of the head to the heel. Head Circumference: Measure around the largest part of the head. Chest and Abdominal Circumference: If needed, measure these areas for further assessment.

34. Documentation: Record Findings: Document all observations, measurements, and any concerns. Update Records: Ensure that the baby’s health record is updated with initial findings. Documentation: Record Findings: Document all observations, measurements, and any concerns. Update Records: Ensure that the baby’s health record is updated with initial findings.

35. OUTLINE PUROSES OF DAILY EXAMINATION OF NEWBORN Monitor Health and Vital Signs: Purpose: To continuously track the baby’s overall health and detect any immediate or developing issues . Includes: Regular checks of heart rate, respiratory rate, temperature, and other vital signs to ensure they remain within normal ranges. Assess Growth and Development: Purpose: To track the baby’s growth and developmental progress on a daily basis, especially in the early days after birth. Includes: Monitoring changes in weight, length, and head circumference to ensure the baby is growing appropriately

36. Detect Early Signs of Illness or Complications: Purpose: To identify and address any potential health concerns before they become more serious . Includes: Observing for symptoms such as feeding difficulties, abnormal jaundice, signs of infection, or unusual fussiness. Evaluate Feeding Patterns: Purpose: To ensure the baby is feeding well and gaining weight as expected. Includes: Checking for signs of adequate feeding, such as proper latch during breastfeeding, sufficient wet and dirty diapers, and weight gai

37. Monitor Umbilical Cord and Skin: Purpose: To ensure proper healing of the umbilical cord stump and detect any skin issues. Includes: Inspecting the cord stump for signs of infection or abnormal discharge and checking the skin for rashes or other abnormalities. Assess Neurological Function: Purpose: To observe for normal neurological development and reflexes. Includes: Regularly testing reflexes and muscle tone to ensure there are no signs of neurological issues

38. Ensure Safe Sleep and Hygiene Practices: Purpose: To maintain safe sleep practices and proper hygiene. Includes: Checking that the baby is sleeping in a safe environment and that bathing and diapering routines are followed correctly. Provide Parental Support and Education: Purpose: To address any questions or concerns parents may have and provide ongoing support. Includes: Offering guidance on newborn care, troubleshooting feeding issues, and reinforcing safe parenting practices

39. Document and Update Records: Purpose: To maintain accurate and up-to-date health records for ongoing care . Includes: Recording daily findings and observations to track any changes or developments in the baby’s condition . Daily examinations are crucial for ensuring the new-born's well-being, preventing complications, and supporting parents in the early days of caregiving.

40. DISCUSS HOW TO DO DAILY EXAMINATION OF NEWBORN Conducting a daily examination of a newborn involves a systematic approach to assess their health and well-being. Here’s a step-by-step guide on how to perform a thorough daily examination: Preparation: Create a Calm Environment: Ensure the room is warm and well-lit. Gather necessary supplies, including a thermometer, stethoscope, and weighing scale. Wash Hands: Always wash your hands before and after handling the baby to prevent infection.

41. Initial Observation: General Appearance: Observe the baby’s overall condition, alertness, and activity level. Note the baby’s skin color, breathing patterns, and general demeanor. Behaviour: Look for signs of discomfort, unusual fussiness, or lethargy. Vital Signs: Temperature: Use a digital thermometer to measure the baby’s body temperature. Normal range is typically 97.7°F to 99.5°F (36.5°C to 37.5°C).

42. Heart Rate: Use a stethoscope to listen to the baby’s heart rate. The normal range is usually between 120 and 160 beats per minute. Respiratory Rate: Count the number of breaths per minute by observing the rise and fall of the baby’s chest. A normal range is 30-60 breaths per minute . Blood Pressure: While not always done daily, if required, use a neonatal cuff to measure blood pressure.

43. Physical Examination: Head and Face: Inspect the shape of the head and the fontanelles (soft spots). Check for swelling, bruising, or asymmetry. Examine the face for symmetry and any signs of discharge or abnormalities . Eyes: Check for clarity of the eyes, look for any discharge or redness. Note eye movements and any signs of jaundice. Ears: Examine the position and shape of the ears, and check for any discharge or abnormalities. Nose: Inspect for any obstruction or discharge.

44. Mouth: Look at the palate, gums, and tongue. Check for signs of thrush or abnormalities. Chest and Abdomen: Palpate the chest and abdomen to check for normal findings. Listen to lung and heart sounds with a stethoscope. Limbs: Examine arms and legs for movement, strength, and any signs of deformities or abnormalities . Skin: Inspect for any rashes, birthmarks, or signs of infection. Check the umbilical cord stump for proper healing and cleanliness.

45. Neurological and Reflex Assessment : Reflexes: Test key reflexes such as rooting, sucking, grasping, and the Moro (startle) reflex. Ensure these reflexes are present and appropriate for the baby’s age. Muscle Tone: Assess the baby’s muscle tone and coordination. Note any unusual stiffness or floppiness

46. Feeding and Diapering: Feeding Patterns: Check the frequency and effectiveness of feeding. Look for signs of adequate latch if breastfeeding and monitor the baby’s weight gain. Diapers: Ensure that the baby is producing an adequate number of wet and dirty diapers, indicating proper hydration and digestion Review and Document : Record Findings: Document all observations, measurements, and any concerns in the baby’s health record.Update Records: Note any changes from previous examinations and update the care plan as needed

47. Parental Interaction: Discuss Observations: Share the findings with the parents, addressing any questions or concerns they may have. Provide Guidance: Offer advice on care routines, feeding practices, and any other relevant aspects of newborn care.9. Follow-Up: Plan Next Steps: Schedule follow-up examinations or consultations if necessary, based on the baby’s condition and development.

48. DISCUSS HOW DO NEWBORN LOOSE HEAT Convection: Definition: Heat loss due to the movement of air or fluid around the baby. Examples: Airflow: A drafty room or open windows can cause heat loss as the cool air circulates around the baby. Exposure to Air: If the baby is not adequately covered or is exposed to air conditioning or fans, heat loss through convection can occur.

49. Conduction: Definition: Heat loss through direct contact with a colder surface. Examples: Cold Surfaces: If the baby is placed on a cold scale, metal examination table, or unheated surfaces, they can lose heat rapidly through conduction. Cold Objects: Contact with cold towels, blankets, or bedding can also result in heat loss

50. Radiation: Definition: Heat loss to objects or surfaces that are cooler than the baby, without direct contact. Examples: Unheated Walls and Windows: Heat can radiate from the baby to cool walls or windows nearby. Cold Environment: A cold room or environment can cause heat to radiate away from the baby, especially if they are not adequately insulated.

51. Evaporation: Definition: Heat loss through the conversion of water to vapor on the skin. Examples: Wet Skin: After birth, if the baby’s skin is wet from amniotic fluid or sweat and not promptly dried, heat loss occurs through evaporation. Bathing: If the baby is not dried quickly after a bath, evaporation can significantly reduce body temperature.

52. STATE HOW TO PREVENT HYPOTHERMIA Immediate Skin-to-Skin Contact: Place the newborn directly on the mother's bare chest immediately after birth. This practice helps to maintain body warmth and stabilizes the baby’s temperature. Warm Environment: Ensure that the delivery room and nursery are at a warm, comfortable temperature, typically around 72°F (22°C). This helps create a stable environment for the newborn. Drying and Swaddling: After birth, dry the newborn thoroughly to remove any moisture. Wrap the baby in warm, dry blankets or clothing to help retain body heat.

53. Use of a Radiant Warmer: In a medical setting, a radiant warmer can be used to provide controlled heat to the newborn, especially if they are premature or have a low birth weight. Warm Clothing: Dress the newborn in appropriate layers, including a hat and mittens, to help retain body heat. Make sure the clothing is not too tight but snug enough to provide warmth . Pre-warmed Items: Warm up any items that will come into contact with the baby, such as blankets and clothes, to avoid drawing heat away from the newborn.

54. Monitoring Temperature: Regularly check the newborn’s body temperature to ensure it remains within the normal range (typically 97.7°F to 99.5°F or 36.5°C to 37.5°C). Adjust the environment or clothing as needed Avoiding Overexposure: Protect the newborn from drafts and cold surfaces. Ensure that the baby's sleeping area is free from direct exposure to cold air or surfaces

55. Feeding: Ensure the newborn is feeding regularly. Proper nutrition helps the baby maintain a stable body temperature. For breastfeeding mothers, feeding can also help with body warmth through skin-to-skin contact . Use of Heating Devices: If necessary, use a heating pad or electric blanket, but make sure these are used safely and are not in direct contact with the baby to avoid burns

56. DESCRIBE NEWBORN REFLEXES Rooting Reflex: Onset: Present at birth. Duration: Lasts until about 4 months. Description: When the baby’s cheek or mouth is touched, they turn their head and open their mouth towards the stimulus. This reflex helps the baby find the breast or bottle for feeding. It gradually fades as the baby learns to find food through other means

57. Sucking Reflex: Onset: Present at birth.Duration : Generally persists until 4 to 6 months Description: Triggered when something touches the roof of the baby’s mouth, leading them to begin sucking. This reflex is crucial for feeding and is gradually replaced by voluntary sucking as the baby gains more control.

58. Moro Reflex (Startle Reflex): Onset: Present at birth. Duration: Typically fades by 4 to 6 months. Description: When the baby feels a sudden loss of support or hears a loud noise, they extend their arms and legs, then quickly retract them, often accompanied by crying. This reflex may be an evolutionary response to falling or sudden danger. It helps the baby react to unexpected stimuli but diminishes as the baby gains better control over their movements

59. Grasp Reflex: Onset: Present at birth. Duration: Usually lasts until 5 to 6 months. Description: When an object is placed in the baby’s palm, they automatically grasp it tightly. This reflex is believed to be a vestige of primitive grasping behaviours and helps the baby hold onto objects, but is replaced by voluntary hand movements as motor skills develop.

60. Babinski Reflex: Onset: Present at birth. Duration: Generally disappears by 12 months. Description: Stroking the sole of the baby’s foot from heel to toe causes the toes to fan out and curl. This reflex is a normal part of infant neurological development and helps assess the functioning of the spinal cord and brain. The reflex fades as the nervous system matures.

61. Tonic Neck Reflex (Fencing Reflex): Onset: Present at birth. Duration: Typically integrates by 6 to 7 months . Description: When the baby’s head is turned to one side, the arm and leg on that side extend, while the opposite arm and leg flex. This reflex is thought to help with hand-eye coordination and is gradually replaced by voluntary movements

62. Step Reflex (Walking Reflex): Onset: Present at birth. Duration: Generally disappears by 2 months. Description: When held upright with their feet touching a solid surface, the baby makes stepping movements as if walking. This reflex demonstrates early motor development but is not indicative of actual walking, which develops later

63. Asymmetric Tonic Neck Reflex (ATNR): Onset: Present at birth. Duration: Typically integrates by 6 months . Description: Similar to the tonic neck reflex, this involves turning the baby’s head to one side, causing the arm and leg on that side to extend and the opposite arm and leg to flex. It plays a role in developing hand-eye coordination and motor skills.

64. These reflexes are crucial for assessing an infant’s neurological development and health. They reflect the baby’s brain and spinal cord functioning and gradually integrate as the child grows and develops voluntary motor control.

65. ENUMERATE MINOR DISORDERS OF NEWBORN Minor disorders in newborns are typically conditions that are not life-threatening and often resolve with minimal medical intervention or over time. However, they still require monitoring and sometimes treatment to ensure the baby's well-being. Here’s a list of some common minor disorders in newborns: Jaundice: Description: A yellowing of the skin and eyes due to an excess of bilirubin in the blood. Treatment: Often resolves on its own, but severe cases may require phototherapy

66. Umbilical Cord Issues: Description: Includes conditions like an umbilical hernia or an infection (omphalitis) in the umbilical cord area. Treatment: Umbilical hernias often resolve by themselves. Infections may require antibiotics and proper hygiene. Cradle Cap (Seborrheic Dermatitis): Description: A condition characterized by flaky, yellowish scales on the scalp. Treatment: Usually treated with gentle washing and sometimes medicated shampoos.

67. Baby Acne (Neonatal Acne): Description: Small red or white bumps on the baby's face, similar to acne in adolescents. Treatment: Typically resolves on its own without treatment. Colic: Description: Excessive crying and fussiness in an otherwise healthy baby, often due to digestive discomfort. Treatment: Management strategies include changes in feeding, soothing techniques, and sometimes medication

68. Diaper Rash : Description: Redness and irritation in the area covered by a diaper. Treatment: Treated with frequent diaper changes, keeping the area dry, and applying barrier creams. Milia : Description: Tiny white bumps on the face, especially around the nose and eyes, caused by clogged sweat glands.Treatment : Usually resolves on its own without treatment.

69. Congenital Nevi (Birthmarks): Description: Pigmented lesions or spots on the skin present at birth. Treatment: Most are harmless and require no treatment, though some may be monitored for changes. Transient Tachypnoea of the Newborn (TTN): Description: A condition where the baby breathes rapidly shortly after birth due to fluid in the lungs. Treatment: Usually resolves within a few days with supportive care

70. Pityriasis Rosea: Description: A skin rash that may start with a single large patch and then spread. Treatment: Typically resolves on its own within a few weeks. Sucking Blisters: Description: Small blisters on the lips or fingers from sucking. Treatment: Usually resolves without intervention Spitting Up: Description: Occasional regurgitation of milk after feeding. Treatment: Often managed by adjusting feeding techniques and keeping the baby upright after feeding.

71. OUTLINE AT LEAST DANGER SIGNS IN NEWBORN Dangers signs in a newborn that may indicate serious health issues include: Difficulty Breathing: Signs include rapid, labored breathing, grunting, or a bluish tint to the skin. Persistent Vomiting: Continuous vomiting or vomiting green or yellow bile. High Fever: A temperature over 100.4°F (38°C) requires immediate medical attention. Lethargy or Unresponsiveness: Extreme drowsiness or difficulty waking the baby

72. Severe Jaundice: Rapidly worsening yellowing of the skin and eyes, especially within the first 24 hours. Poor Feeding: Inability to feed or consistently refusing to eat. Seizures: Any unusual shaking or twitching movement Abnormal Crying: Excessive or high-pitched crying that is not typical for the baby. Red or Swollen Umbilical Area: Signs of infection around the umbilical cord. Dehydration: Signs include dry mouth, fewer wet diapers, or dark- colored urine.