Norman Fairclough 3D Model and Critical Discourse Analysis

What is Discourse analysis.
What is Critical discourse analysis. Tenants of CDA.
Norman Fairclough 3D Model, Relational dialectal approach

1. Fairclough and CDA Murk Razzaque

2. Norman Fairclough Norman Fairclough is a Professor of Linguistics at the Department of Linguistics and English Language at Lancaster University. He is one of the founders of critical discourse analysis as applied to sociolinguistics.  He is known as one of the prominent figures in the discussion of language, discourse, and society.

3. Discourse Analysis Discourse Analysis is an approach to the analysis of written, vocal, or sign language use or any significant semiotic event. It is a method of analyzing the structure of texts or utterances longer than one sentence. It is research method for studying written or spoken language in relation to its social social context. It aims to understand how language is used in real life situation. Discourse analysis helps in studying the underlying meaning of a spoken or written text as it considers the social and historical contexts.

4. Critical Discourse Analysis CDA is concerned with how power is exercised through language. It is a type of Discourse analytical research that primarily studies the way social power abuse, dominance, and inequality are enacted, reproduced and resisted by text and talk in the social and political context Critical discourse analysts take explicit position, and thus want to understand, expose and ultimately resist social inequality.

5. Tenets of CDA - Fairclough CDA addresses social problems like gender inequality, racism, body shaming etc. Discourse constitutes society and culture. Discourse does ideological work. Discourse is historical. Discourse analysis is interpretative and explanatory. Discourse is a form of social action.

6. Three-Dimensional Model Norman Fairclough has developed a model for critical discourse analysis the model consists of three categories.

7. Text The text could be speech, writing, images, or a mixture of all three forms of communication. It is an analysis at the word level. Example: My neighbor is an old witch My neighbor is an old woman

8. Discursive Practice In discursive practice, the analysis takes place at the text level. It deals with the relationship between the discursive process of production and interpretation and the text. At this step, we analyze institutional practices. what are the media domain and political domain, why do they use such kinds of aids, and what is their basic target.

9. Sociocultural Practice It deals with the relationship between production, interpretation, and social conditioning. In the last step, we examine how our aid and society are linked together and which things influence our society.

10. Language and Society According to Fairclough “Language is a kind of Social Practice”. What constitutes as social practice? 3 PRINCIPLES that are considered as social practices. Discourse contributes to the formation and reflection of social structures. Social practice builds social identities and social relationships. Social practice contributes to the system of knowledge and trust.

11. Social discourse theory Social significance Social context How social problems are dealt with in language. Social power Social dominancy

12. Example: Nivea ‘Goodbye Cellulite’ . The discourse of  beauty products

13. Relational Dialectal Approach "Relational dialectics" is a concept within communication theories which is introduced by professors "Leslie Baxter" and "Barbera M.Montgomery " in 1988, It defines communication patterns between relationship partners as the result of endemic  dialectical tensions . The relational dialectic is an elaboration on Mikhail Bakhtin's idea that life is an open monologue and humans experience collisions between opposing desires and needs within relational communications.

14. Ying and Yang It is a Chinese philosophical concept that describes how obviously opposite or contrary forces may actually be complementary, interconnected, and interdependent in the natural world. Many natural dualities (such as light and dark, fire and water) are thought of as physical manifestations of the duality symbolized by yin and yang.

15.  F our Main Assumptions of the Theory Relationships are not one dimensional. Change is a key element in relational life. Permanency of  contradictions between opposites forces. Essentiality of communication.

16. Four Core Concepts Contradiction: The extreme contrary has the characteristics of its opposite. Totality: We need to look at all of the tensions in a relationship, rather than just one in isolation. Process: Refers to the fact that relationships are things that change. Praxis: T he ways we behave in relationships to either ease, ignore, or exacerbate the tensions that currently exist.

17. The most common dialectics in a relationship  Autonomy-Connection This is a need to have a close connection with others as well as our need to have our own space and identity.  Predictability–Novelty We desire predictability as well as spontaneity in our relationships. In every relationship, we take comfort in a certain level of routine as a way of knowing what we can count on the other person in the relationship. Such predictability provides a sense of comfort and security

18. Openness–Closedness This dialectic refers to the desire to be open and honest with others while at the same time not wanting to reveal everything about yourself to someone else. One’s desire for privacy does not mean they are shutting out others. Certainity-Uncertainity All relationships have some certainties (or ‘knowns’) and uncertainties (or ‘unknowns’). Ideal-Real The perceptions of what is ideal may interfere with or inhibit perceptions of what is real. Transparency-Privacy n a relationship, it is important to keep some things between the two parties, while other parts of the relationship are okay to allow the public to know about.