Nutrition course (water)

Nutrition course for nursing students

1. WATER

2. Objectives - Describe the functions of water in the body. - Explain fluid balance and its maintenance. - Name the causes and consequences of water depletion. - Give some causes and consequences of positive fluid balance. - Describe the acid-base balance in the human body.

3. Functions of water 1- Major component of blood plasma 2- Solvent for nutrients and waste products 3- Necessary for hydrolysis of nutrients

4. 4- Essential for metabolism 5- Lubricant in joints and digestion 6- Cools the body through perspiration 7- Provides some mineral elements

5. Sources of water - Drinking water is the best source. - Other beverages are second-best source. - Other sources include fruits, vegetables, soups, milk, and gelatin desserts.

6. - Energy metabolism produces water. When carbohydrates, fats and proteins are metabolized, their end products include carbon dioxide and water

7. Estimated Daily Fluid Intake for an Adult - Ingested liquids: 1,500 mL - Water in foods: 700 mL - Water from oxidation: 200 mL - Total: 2,400 mL

8. Body Fluid Body fluid or body water are divided in to two: 1- Intracellular fluid (ICF): Means within the cells and it equivalent 65% of total body fluid

9. 2- Extracellular fluid (ECF): means outside the cells and it equivalent 35% of total body fluid Found in intravascular fluid (in blood stream) interstitial fluid (between cells) and glandular secretions.

10. Fluid and Electrolyte Balance: - Sensible water loss is water lost through urine. - Insensible water loss is water lost in feces, perspiration, and respiration. - Waste products of metabolism excreted in the form of urine (500 mL of water each day).

11. - Solute : is substance dissolved in a solution - Osmosis : water flows from the side with the lesser amount of solute to the side with the greater solute concentration .

12. - Potassium is the principal electrolyte in intracellular fluid. - Sodium is the principal electrolyte in extracellular fluid . - Sodium , chloride, and potassium maintain the balance between intracellular and extracellular fluids.

13. Hypothalamus regulation - When electrolytes in ECF are increased, ICF moves to the ECF to equalize the concentration of electrolytes on both sides. - This reduces the amount of water in the cells which causes the cells of the hypothalamus mouth and tongue become dehydrated and cause thirst.

14. - When cells in the hypothalamus become dehydrated, the hypothalamus stimulates the pituitary gland to excrete ADH (antidiuretic hormone). - ADH causes kidneys to reabsorb water. - And thirst causes a healthy person to drink fluids .

15. Adrenal Glands regulation - When sodium in ECF is reduced, water flows from ECF into ICF , causing cellular edema. - Adrenal glands secrete aldosterone, which triggers kidneys to increase the amount of sodium reabsorbed. - When sodium is replaced in the ECF, excess water moves back to the ECF and edema is relieved.

16. Water requirement: - Amount of water use varies, depending on age, size, activity, environmental temperature, and physical condition .

17. Clinical Conditions Affecting Hydration - Uncontrolled diabetes : - Cystic fibrosis - High fiber intake - High protein intake - Intense physical activity - Impaired thirst in older adults - Medications

18. Dehydration - Occurs when amount of water in the body is inadequate - Caused by inadequate intake or loss, loss can occur from severe diarrhea, vomiting, hemorrhage, burns, diabetes mellitus, excessive perspiration, excessive urination, or the use of certain medications, such as diuretics.

19. Symptoms of dehydration include: - Low blood pressure - Thirst - Dry skin - Fever - Mental disorientation .

20. - Decrease in urine output - Weight loss - Eyes appear sunken - Tongue has increased furrows and fissures - Oral mucous membranes are dry - Decreased skin turgor - Changes in neurological status

21. Treatment: The treatment involves replacement of electrolytes and fluids.

22. Thank