NUTRITION THROUGHOUT THE LIFE CYCLE 2nd doc.pptx

Nutrition

1. NUTRITION THROUGHOUT THE LIFE CYCLE

2. Outline Toddlers Preschoolers School – aged children Adolescents Adulthood Elderly

3. Childhood and Adolescence

4. Toddlers Age 12 to 36 months Rapid growth rate of infancy begins to slow Gain 5.5 to 7.5 inches, average 9-11 pounds Higher energy expended for increased activity levels

5. Toddlers Macronutrients: 30%-40% of total kcal from fat 1.1 grams of protein per kg body weight 130 grams carbohydrates per day 14 grams fiber per 1,000 kcal/day

6. Toddlers Micronutrients: Ensure adequate intake of the micronutrients including: Vitamins A, C, E, calcium, iron, zinc, potassium Until age 2 or beyond, drink whole milk for calcium Iron deficient anemia is the most common nutrient deficiency in young children

7. Toddlers Fluid needs: 1.3 liters per day Supplements: Toddlers may need supplements, especially for fluoride Supplement should not exceed 100% Daily Value for any nutrient per dose

8. Toddlers Nutritious Food Choices: Innate ability to match intake with needs Nutritious variety encourages a healthy diet Food should not be forced on a child Frequent small meals for small stomach Developmentally appropriate foods Small portions, limited healthy alternatives Role modeling is important

9. Preschoolers Age 3 to 5 years Growth rate continues to slow Will gain 3–4 inches, 5–6 pounds per year Reduced appetite Chew most foods adequately Use a cup, spoon, and fork with relative ease

10. Preschoolers Macronutrients: Total fat intake should gradually be to a level closer to adult fat intake 25%-35% of total energy from fat 0.95 grams protein per kg body weight 130 grams carbohydrate per day 14 grams fiber

11. Preschoolers Micronutrients: Adequate fruits and vegetables in the diet continues to be a concern Fiber and potassium: priority nutrients lacking in the diets of low-income preschoolers Concerns: vitamins A, C, E, calcium, iron, zinc Calcium requires increases for toddlers RDAs for iron and zinc also increase

12. Preschoolers Fluid: 1.7 liters per day Supplements: May be recommended when particular food groups are not eaten regularly Supplements should be appropriate for the child’s age

13. Preschoolers Nutritious Food Choices: Parents can teach preschoolers about healthy food choices Some foods will “give them energy” Some foods “ help them grow healthy and strong” Some foods are used as occasional treats

14. Preschoolers Nutrition-Related Concerns: Iron deficiency anemia Constipation Dental caries Childhood food insecurity

15. School-Aged Children Age 6 to 13 years Growth is slow and steady, 2-3 inches/year Children begin to make their own food choices Activity levels vary

16. School-Aged Children Macronutrients: 25%-35% of total energy from fat 0.95 grams protein per kg body weight 130 grams carbohydrates 45%-60% of kcal from carbohydrates 14 grams fiber per day

17. School-Aged Children Micronutrients: The need for most micronutrients increases slightly through age 8 Micronutrient needs rise sharply as children approach puberty Calcium and iron are still very important

18. School-Aged Children Fluid: Adequate Intake (AI) of fluids varies by age and gender, ranging from 1.7 liters to 2.4 liters per day Water should be encouraged during physical activities to maintain hydration Water remains the beverage of choice

19. School-Aged Children Nutritious Food Choices: Peer pressure can influence food choices School lunches should be based on the RDA for this age group A variety of foods

20. School-Aged Children Nutrition Related Concerns: Body image and appearance become more important to children as puberty approaches Inadequate calcium intake can result as children make their own choices and may avoid milk in favor of other beverages

21. Adolescents Age 14 to 18 years Emotions and behaviors often unpredictable Puberty : secondary sexual characteristics develop, capacity for reproduction Growth spurts begins at age 10-11 for girls, 12- 13 for boys Expect an average 20-25% increase in height Weight and body composition also change

22. Adolescents Macronutrients: Estimated energy requirements (EER) for adolescents is based on gender, age, activity level, height and weight 25 - 35 % of total energy from fat 45 - 60 % of kcal from carbohydrates 0.85 gram protein / kg body weight 26-38 grams of fiber per day

23. Adolescents Micronutrients: Calcium intakes must be sufficient for achieving peak bone density: 1300 mg/day Iron needs are relatively high: 11 mg/day for boys, 15 mg/day for girls Vitamin A is critical for supporting rapid growth and development

24. Adolescents Fluid: The need to maintain fluid intake is increased by higher activity levels Boys: 3.3 liters/day Girls: 2.3 liters/day

25. Adolescents Nutritious Food Choices: Peer influences and fast-paced lifestyle can lead adolescents to choose fast foods Parents can act as role models and make healthy food choices available Encourage fruits, vegetables, milk

26. Adolescents Nutrition Related Concerns: Adequate dietary calcium to maximize bone calcium uptake and bone mineral density Disordered eating and eating disorders can begin in these years (anorexia nervosa; bulimia etc. ) Acne and diet Cigarette smoking, alcohol, and illegal drugs can have an impact on nutrition

27. Nutrition in adulthood Age 18 to 65 years Early adult hood (18 to 30 yrs) Middle adulthood (30 to 65yrs) There’s less physical activity in adulthood and nutrition needs decrease to a maintenance level except for iron in women. After 21, energy needed for metabolism slowly decreases with age Iron requirement in women decrease after menopause

28. Nutrition in adulthood Nutrition related health problems: Obesity Hypertension Atherosclerosis Family planning methods may increase nutrient needs in women (e.g. the IUD) may lead to blood loss – increased iron needs

29. NUTRITION IN THE ELDERLY Age 65 and above Nutritional well being is influenced by: Person’s general health Established food habits Ability to obtain and prepare food Financial situation Level of physical activity Emotional state Mental health

30. NUTRITION IN THE ELDERLY Nutrition concerns Constipation – decreased GI motility and physical activity Iron deficiency anemia Pernicious anemia Dental problems Other chronic diseases

31. Requirements of the elderly: ↑ Vitamin D for bone strength ↓ Energy (not active) ↓ Iron (females) d/2 menopause. ↑ Vitamin to prevent diseases. ↑ Proteins for body tissue repair. Reasons ↓ lean body mass. ↓ Metabolic rates ↓ Physical activity Age related bone degeneration.

32. As people age there are Physiological; psychological and economic changes that affect nutrition: Physiological changes : body functions slow with age & ability of the body to reduce worn out tissues is reduced. Dentition is common among other challenges, if nutrition has been chronic immune system is compromised.

33. Psychological changes: Loneliness ; feelings of unworthy, / loss of self-esteem, grief, physical disabilities that come in old age can destroy the social life can lead to depression, diminish ones appetite and ability to shop or cook. Economic changes : Decreased income affects ones quality of life and adds worries in paying bills… one may select less than healthy diet on the basis of cost rather than nutrients