obesity msc zoology -171130214603 (1).pptx

A detail note on obesity

1. OBESITY 10/26/2025 1

2. Definition Obesity is a medical condition in which excess body fat accumulates to the extent that it may have a negative effect on health, leading to reduced life expectancy and/or increased health problems Latin word “OBESUS’’ meaning fat. BMI ≥ 30 10/26/2025 2

3. Obesity vs Overweight Overweight Fat Fluid Muscle mass Bone Tumors Obesity Fat(adipose tissue) 10/26/2025 3

4. Epidemiology The worldwide prevalence of obesity nearly tripled between 1975 and 2016 . In 2016 , more than 1.9 billion adults , 18 years and older , were overweight . of these over 650 million were obese . 39% of adults aged 18 years and over were overweight in 2016, and 13% were obese . 10/26/2025 4

5. Epidemiology Cont. Most of the world's population live in countries where overweight and obesity kills more people than underweight. Over 340 million children and adolescents aged 5-19 were overweight or obese in 2016 . Overall, about 13% of the world’s adult population ( 11% of men and 15% of women ) were obese in 2016 . 10/26/2025 5

6. Epidemiology Cont. The prevalence of overweight and obesity among children and adolescents aged 5-19 has risen dramatically from just 4% in 1975 to just over 18% in 2016 . Obesity is preventable. (WHO,Oct.2017) 10/26/2025 6

7. Measurement of obesity BMI Waist hip ratio Skin fold thickness Air displacement Plethysmography Total body electrical conductivity 10/26/2025 7

8. Types of obesity 10/26/2025 8

9. Inactivity Obesity It is no secret that a lack of physical activity can cause you to become overweight. In this type of obesity, once-strong parts of the body quickly gain fat and become unhealthy. 10/26/2025 9

10. Food Obesity If you overeat, and particularly if you overindulge in unhealthy foods, you may suffer from food obesity. Excessive sugar intake can also cause food obesity, which may lead to accumulation of fat around the middle part of the body. 10/26/2025 10

11. Anxiety Obesity Anxiety or depression can often lead to overeating and accumulation of fat in the body, since the body must constantly survive in fight-or-flight mode. To treat this type of obesity, you must control your anxiety. Common treatments include medication, a decrease in caffeine intake. 10/26/2025 11

12. Venous Obesity Venous circulation is one obesity cause that is genetic in nature, rather than habitual in nature. if anyone in your family suffers from venous circulation, you run the risk of the same condition. This type of obesity is particularly common in pregnancy. Exercise is the best solution for this problem. 10/26/2025 12

13. Gluten Obesity You are likely no stranger to the many health problems that gluten can cause. In fact, gluten can actually cause obesity. This type of weight gain is most common in women. It is often spotted during periods of hormonal change, like puberty, pregnancy, and menopause. 10/26/2025 13

14. Atherogenic Obesity People whose fat tends to accumulate in the stomach area often suffer from atherogenic obesity. This is a particularly dangerous condition since it can affect your other organs and lead to breathing problems. It is extremely important to avoid drinking alcohol if you have atherogenic obesity. 10/26/2025 14

15. Several factors are responsible for obesity Behavioral and lifestyle factors Diseases Mental illness Genetics 10/26/2025 15

16. Behavioral and lifestyle factors Unhealthy dietary patterns Less physical inactivity Medication use Easy availability of fast food Unfavorable physical activity environment Less education and skills Food marketing and promotion 10/26/2025 16

17. Diseases Many diseases like Cushing’s disease Polycystic ovary syndrome Thyroid and other endocrine disorders 10/26/2025 17

18. Genetics A person is more likely to develop obesity if one or both parents are obese. Genetics also affect hormones involved in fat regulation. For example, one genetic cause of obesity is leptin deficiency . 10/26/2025 18

19. Health consequences of obesity According to CDC obesity affects almost all organ systems and creates adverse health effects. Hypertension Dyslipidemia Type 2 diabetes Coronary heart disease Stroke 10/26/2025 19

20. Health consequences of obesity Cont. Gallbladder disease Osteoarthritis Sleep apnea, obesity related asthma Endometrial, breast, colon, liver cancers Low quality of life Mental illness Chronic pain 10/26/2025 20

21. STARVATION

22. Starvation in humans is the deprivation of any or all of the elements necessary for appropriate nutrition. Conditions for developing Starvation - Food Scarcity (Natural Calamities , Draughts, Floods and Famines) Extreme Poverty Lost in Sea routes for long durations Clinical Conditions: Major Surgeries, Severe Burns. Desire to loose rapid weight Political Issues: Hunger Strikes 10/26/2025 22

23. Features of Starved body No entry of exogenous food constituents Body in starvation is deprived of: Calories (Carbs and Lipids) Building blocks (Proteins) Growth Factors(Vitamins and Minerals) Protectors (antioxidants) ( During Starvation the body is under Metabolic Stress. Due to deprivation of only Food: 3 to 4 Weeks Longer up to 65 days Deprivation of water alone then survival is only for few days Less than a week Antioxidants)

24. During starvation No exogenous Food source ingested Food Nutrients get deprived Body is in an emergency condition Metabolic stress is developed Body manages and adapts to live on the endogenous fuel stores. Alterations in metabolic/biochemical processes

25. Protein Metabolism During Starvation Catabolism Of Muscle Proteins increased. During the first few days of fasting, there is a rapid breakdown of muscle protein, providing amino acids that are used by the liver for gluconeogenesis. Because muscle does not have glucagon receptors, muscle proteolysis is initiated by a fall in insulin and sustained by a rise in glucocorticoids. Trans-deamination reaction of Amino acids is increased. To release Glucogenic amino acids(Alanine and glutamine). Ammonia Detoxification and Urea production increased initially and decreased as Starvation phase prolongs. Body is in negative Nitrogen Balance. Concentration of Functional Proteins Decreases. Glucose-Nitrogen Ratio Increased In Starvation.

26. Consequences Of Starvation Severe Malnutrition Damages and affects vitality of Important Internal Organs Decreased BMR Night blindness (Vitamin A deficiency) Scurvy (Vitamin C deficiency) Irregular Menses Constipation Low Immunity Bone Loss Anaemia (Iron and Protein deficiency) Fatigue Dehydration Water Electrolyte Imbalance High Blood Pressure Brain Defects Death

27. Protein sparing tReatment Starvation ensues when the fat reserves are completely exhausted and protein is the only fuel source available to the body. Thus, after periods of starvation, the loss of body protein affects the function of important organs, and death results, even if there are still fat reserves left unused . The aim is to replace glucose catabolized by patients, and spare his tissue proteins by reducing the need for gluconeogenesis. The conventional metabolic care of severely ill patients include the administration of atleast , 100g of carbohydrates per day by the peripheral intravenous infusion of 5% dextrose in water.

28. Death associated with lack of food occurs when 30-50% of the body proteins are depleted. Obviously, the ideal situation for an obese dieter would ‘be an ability to use only fat and therefore totally spare body protein. Nitrogen excretion falls progressively during total fasting in obese subjects, most rapidly in the first 2 week and then very slowly thereafter. Nitrogen loss occurs as urea and ammonium. Factors in progressive protein “sparing” that develops with fasting, including a fall in insulin levels, an increase in fatty acid levels, an increase in ketone body levels (as an energy source), and an alteration in levels of circulating amino acids .

29. Important mechanisms for protein-sparing when FFAs and ketone bodies are available as fuel are inhibition of key enzymes for glycolysis (pyruvate dehydrogenase) oxidation of BCAA (BC 2-oxo-acid dehydrogenase) by a high acetyl-CoA/ CoASH ratio. In starvation, the kidney excretes excess hydrogen ions as ammonia from glutamine and glutamate, a process also leading to glucose production, and the kidney becomes a gluconeogenetic tissue. Thus, metabolic adaptation to starvation allows us to survive up to 2 months without food .

30. Starvation is used to treat severe human obesity but may be dangerous due to excessive loss of body protein. Obese humans when starving use fat and spare protein as effectively as those animals that spontaneously undergo prolonged fasting after accumulating large fat reserves.

31. references The Metabolic Events of Starvation Lecturers: CHRISTOPHER D. SAUDEK, M.D New York, New York PHILIP FELIG, M.D. New Haven, Connecticut Lippincott’s Illustrated Reviews: Biochemistry Sixth Edition Protein wasting due to acidosis of prolonged fasting M. C, HANNAFORD, L. A. LEITER, R. G. JOSSE, M. B. GOLDSTEIN, E. B. MARLISS, AND M. L. HALPERIN Department of Medicine, University of Toronto. The metabolic effects of fasting and surgery Jonas Nygren* MD, PhD Associate Professor, Senior Consultant Surgeon Centre of Gastrointestinal Disease, Ersta Hospital and Karolinska Institutet , P.O. Box 4622, 116 91 Stockholm, Sweden Metabolism during Fasting and Starvation: Understanding the Basics to Glimpse New Boundaries Moacir Couto de Andrade Júnior1,2* Starvation as treatment for obesity: The need to conserve body Protein , Yvon Le Maho , Jean-Patrice Robin, and Yves Cherel

32. 42 THANK YOU