Open and closed class

Classes of Words

1. Open and Closed Class Dr. Manohar P. Joshi Associate Professor Dept of English [email protected] Walchand College of Arts and Science, Solapur www.wcassolapur.org

2. Learning Outcomes This PPT will enable the learners to 1. Know the modern concept of word classes 2. Differentiate between the parameters of open and closed class 3. Comprehend the members under each of these classes of words 2 Dr. Manohar P Joshi, Walchand College of Arts and Science, Solapur

3. Word Classes Old Grammar used the term Parts of Speech, which is insufficient. New Grammar uses the term Word Classes which is comprehensive: 1. Open Class 2. Closed Class Dr. Manohar P Joshi, Walchand College of Arts and Science, Solapur 3

4. Open Class Open class of words carries following parameters- These words are Infinite. They are Content words. They are mutually inclusive. Dr. Manohar P Joshi, Walchand College of Arts and Science, Solapur 4

5. Parameters of Open Class:1 The words belonging to open class are infinite, since new words can be borrowed or created and added to the stock of old words. English is termed sponge language, as it has been deriving words from different languages- both European and Non-European. Dr. Manohar P Joshi, Walchand College of Arts and Science, Solapur 5

6. Parameters of Open Class:2 The words of the open class are content words. By content words we mean that they are independent and carry bulk of the meaning when used in different grammatical units. eg- a boy , the large house , has written , at one place Dr. Manohar P Joshi, Walchand College of Arts and Science, Solapur 6

7. Parameters of Open Class:3 The words of the open class are mutually exclusive. It means one word of a group of this class can be replaced with another similar word without damaging the meaning. eg- man can be replaced with person, chap, fellow, gentleman, guy, etc Dr. Manohar P Joshi, Walchand College of Arts and Science, Solapur 7

8. Members of Open Class Following are the members of the open class of words: Nouns Adjectives Verbs Adverbs Dr. Manohar P Joshi, Walchand College of Arts and Science, Solapur 8

9. Members of Open Class Nouns: Nouns are the words that indicate persons, things, beings, concepts, etc. Nouns are broadly classified into Concrete and Abstract. Concrete nouns may be Proper, Common, Material or Collective, as in, Sam city gold army Dr. Manohar P Joshi, Walchand College of Arts and Science, Solapur 9

10. Members of Open Class Abstract nouns are the words that stand for different entities which give rise to their types as follows: Ideas Conditions Actions Branches of Knowledge Dr. Manohar P Joshi, Walchand College of Arts and Science, Solapur 10

11. Members of Open Class Adjectives: Adjectives are the words which qualify the meanings of nouns by indicating their quality, quantity, number, etc . Following are the types of adjectives: 1. Adjectives of Quality 2. Adjectives of Quantity 3. Adjectives of Number 4.Demonstrative Adjectives 5. Possessive Adjectives 6. Interrogative Adjectives Dr. Manohar P Joshi, Walchand College of Arts and Science, Solapur 11

12. Members of Open Class Verbs are the words that indicate what a subject is, does, has or what is done to it . V erbs are classified into Main and Helping Verbs. Main Verbs may be Liking, Intransitive or Transitive Verbs. Helping Verbs may be Primary Helping verbs, Modals or Semi-modals. Dr. Manohar P Joshi, Walchand College of Arts and Science, Solapur 12

13. Members of Open Class Adverbs are the words that modify the meanings of verbs, adjectives or other adverbs . Following are the types of adverbs: 1. Adverbs of Manner 2. Adverbs of Place 3. Adverbs of Time 4. Adverbs of Reason 5. Adverbs of Quantity 6. Interrogative Adverbs Dr. Manohar P Joshi, Walchand College of Arts and Science, Solapur 13

14. Closed Class Closed class of words exhibits the following parameters: These words are finite in number. They are content words. They are mutually exclusive. Dr. Manohar P Joshi, Walchand College of Arts and Science, Solapur 14

15. Parameters of Closed Class: 1 The words in this class are finite. It means that a list of all the words under this class can be made, as new words are not allowed. eg In English there are only three types of articles- a/an, the and Zero article Dr. Manohar P Joshi, Walchand College of Arts and Science, Solapur 15

16. Parameters of Closed Class: 2 The words in this class are form words. It is because of the fact that these words play a secondary role in different grammatical units and they are dependent. eg a boy, the large house, has written, at one place Dr. Manohar P Joshi, Walchand College of Arts and Science, Solapur 16

17. Parameters of Closed Class: 3 The words of the closed class are mutually exclusive. This means that these words can’t be replaced with one another. Selection of a particular word automatically cancels the use of the other. As the use of – a, the & zero article in the following: eg a student, the Sun, gold Dr. Manohar P Joshi, Walchand College of Arts and Science, Solapur 17

18. Closed Class The members in the closed class are as follows: 1. Determiners 2. Pronouns 3. Prepositions 4. Conjunctions 5. Interjections 6. Operator Verbs 7. Particles 8. Enumerators Dr. Manohar P Joshi, Walchand College of Arts and Science, Solapur 18

19. Closed Class Determiners- The words or groups of words that decide the range of reference of nouns. Pronouns- The words which come instead of nouns. Prepositions- Prepositions are words or groups of words which come before noun, noun phrase or pronoun and relate it to other sentence elements. Dr. Manohar P Joshi, Walchand College of Arts and Science, Solapur 19

20. Closed Class 4. Conjunctions- The words or groups of words which connect different grammatical units like words, phrases, clauses and sentences; and bring about coordination or subordination. 5.Interjections: Interjections are the words which express strong and sudden emotions and feelings. They are identified by exclamatory mark (!). Dr. Manohar P Joshi, Walchand College of Arts and Science, Solapur 20

21. Closed Class 6. Operator Verbs: These are the words which introduce the verbs phrases and play a key role in deciding tense and aspect. 7. Particles: Particles are the words which come after the verbs and add different idiomatic meanings to the combinations. 8. Enumerators: These are words or groups of words which qualify nouns. Dr. Manohar P Joshi, Walchand College of Arts and Science, Solapur 21

22. References Green, David. Contemporary English Grammar, Structures and Composition, Macmillan India Ltd. 2008. Leech, Geoffrey, Jan Svartvik. A Communicative Grammar of English . 2001. 3. Quirk, Randolph, Sydney Greenbaum. A University Grammar of English . 1993. Dr. Manohar P Joshi, Walchand College of Arts and Science, Solapur 22

23. Thank You. Dr. Manohar P Joshi, Walchand College of Arts and Science, Solapur 23