ORGANIC FARMING: IT’S IMPACT ON SOIL HEALTH AND FOOD GRAIN SECURITY

ORGANIC FARMING is a system of farm design and management to create an eco system, which can achieve sustainable productivity without the use of artificial external inputs such as chemical fertilizers and pesticides. Organic farming is agriculture that makes healthy soils, healthy plants, healthy food and healthy environment along with crop productivity.Many people think that traditional agriculture, sustainable agriculture etc. are synonyms to organic farming.

Some people are of the view that the use of organic manures and natural methods of plant protection instead of using synthetic fertilizers or pesticides is organic farming. The organic farming in the real sense is a comprehensive management approach to improve the health of underlying productivity of soil.

1. ORGANIC FARMING: IT’S IMPACT ON SOIL HEALTH AND FOOD GRAIN SECURITY Presented by Mr.Akash krishnaji ovhal Reg. No . : 2018A/110M Seminar In charge Dr. Syed Ismail Head Department of Soil Science & Agril . Chemistry Vasantrao Naik Marathwada Krishi Vidyapeeth , College of Agriculture Parbhani. Research Guide Dr . A. L. Dhamak Associate professor Department of Soil Science & Agril . Chemistry

2. CONTENTS Introduction Concept of organic farming Scope & Importance of organic farming Characteristics & Aims of organic farming Principles & Advantages of organic farming Government schemes of organic farming Conclusions Future line of work

3. Introduction Definitions ORGANIC FARMING is a system of farm design and management to create an eco system, which can achieve sustainable productivity without the use of artificial external inputs such as chemical fertilizers and pesticides. Organic farming is agriculture that makes healthy soils, healthy plants, healthy food and healthy environment along with crop productivity. Cont..

4. Many people think that traditional agriculture, sustainable agriculture etc. are synonyms to organic farming. Some people are of the view that the use of organic manures and natural methods of plant protection instead of using synthetic fertilizers or pesticides is organic farming. T he organic farming in the real sense is a comprehensive management approach to improve the health of underlying productivity of soil. ( Neerja Kapoor and Prahland kumar , 2018,)

5. What is organic farming “Organic agriculture, a holistic system that focuses on improvement of soil health, use of local inputs and relatively high intensity use of local labor , is a admirable fit for dry lands in many ways and the dry land offer many benefits that would make it relatively easy to implement.” - Dr . A.P.J. Abdul Kalam

6. Components of Organic Farming (Source: http://agritech.tnau.ac.in/org farm/ orgfarm introduction.html )

7. CONCEPT The concept of organic agriculture has been received differently by different people. to most of them, it implies the use of organic manures and natural methods of plant protection instead of using synthetic fertilizers and pesticides. The term organic farming describes system that works to mimic and optimize the natural process for the production of agricultural crops ( kepper , 1998). Organic growers utilize a wide range of cultural practices and natural inputs to manage crops in a manner, they consider safe for environment and consumer. the use of synthetic pesticides and fertilizers is minimized or where necessary avoided. Cont …

8. Organic farming encompasses adoption of some common practices and agronomic aspect like crop rotation, composting, use of livestock manure , organic farming can improve the soil by lowering bulk density, and they can reduce soil erosion and improve soil fertility. organic matter encourages the formation of crumb soil structure, thus improving soil drainage, infiltration, and aeration.

9. Scope of organic farming Only 35 percent of India's total cultivable area is covered with fertilizers where irrigation facilities are available and in the remaining 65 percent of arable land, which is mainly the rainfed negligible amount of fertilizers are being used. Farmers in these areas often use organic manure as a source of nutrients that are readily available either on their own farm or in their locality. Cont …

10. The north eastern region of india provides considerable opportunities for organic farming due to least utilization of chemical inputs. It is estimated that a million hectares of such lands available in which can be exploited for organic production.

11. Importance of organic farming Organic agriculture can become low cost , sustainable option of farming in the country, particularly by the small farmers in rain fed areas and helps to improve their food and income security. I t helps to produce and supply adequate safe and nutritious food to the producers and consumers of the nation. Cont …

12. Environmental benefits, health aspects and farmers empowerment are other important factors influencing farmers to shift to organic agriculture. some of the important benefits of organic farming are organic fertilizers are completely safe and does not produces harmful chemical compound.

13. Characteristics of organic farming Maximal but sustainable use of local resources. Minimal use of purchased input, only as complementary to local resources. Ensuring the basic biological functions of soil water nutrients humus continuum. Maintain a diversity of plant and animal species as a basis for ecological balance and economic stability. Creating an attractive overall landscape which gives satisfaction to the local people. Increasing crop and animal diversity in the form of polyculture, agroforestry systems, integrated crop/livestock systems, etc. to minimize risk.

14. Aims of organic farming Sustainability of natural resources Minimizing the cost of cultivation Healthy food Augmentation of policy

15.   Principles of organic farming C yclical principle Cyclical principle number one discuss is a close recycling or the crop cycle. so, we have to grow the one crop after another from the different groups the same crops should not be repeated season after season. Cont …

16. Precautionary principle The second principle is precautionary principles; that means the better safe than sorry; that means, prevention is better than cure. so, we should not use anything any materials that is not allowed in organic farming. S o, it precaution better to have a very safe better to avoid the use of any chemical insecticides and pesticides that is the precautionary principles Cont …

17. N earness principle T hird one if the nearness principles; that means, is a transparency trust building . so, that is also very important in organic farming.

18. Advantages of the organic farming Prevent residues in the food material and also toxic material present in the food material. And also prevent different types of the pollutions The foods become healthier natural and tasty This type of farming should be eco-friendly should not affect the environment We should decrease the soil degradation No effect to the biological diversity in the system Cont …

19. Instead of using the artificial fertilizers , weedicides and insecticides in the organic farming natural fertilizers like bio compost and other are been used. Due to usuage of the natural fertilizers no pollution will occur and no residues Organic matter supplies all the essential macro and micro plant nutrients. Organic matter improves physico -chemical and biological properties of soil. Organic farming improves agro eco-system and helps stopping environmentally degradation.

20. T he following products are permitted for use in manuring/soil conditioning in organic fields Farm yard manure, slurry, green manures, crop residues, straw and other mulches from own farm Saw dust, wood shaving from untreated wood Plant preparation and extracts, eg . neem cake V ermicompost

21.   Organic agriculture helps Improve soil fertility by maintaining and building a fertile living soil through frequent organic matter inputs in the form of green manures, compost and farmyard manure, sustained soil cover, crop rotations and intercropping. Prevent wind and water erosion of soils through a better, more stable soil structure and texture, through persistent and diversified soil cover and agro-forestry. Improve water infiltration and retention capacity through high levels of organic matter and permanent soil cover, such as cover crops or mulch, which substantially reduce the amount of water needed for irrigation.

22. Government schemes for the organic farming National project on organic farming (NPOF) N ational horticultural mission (NHM) National project on management of soil health and fertility (NPMSH and F)

23. T able 1. Effect of organic farming practices on soil physical properties Treatments Bulk density (Mg m -3 ) WHC (%) Temp. ( C) Porosity ( %) T 1 - Full recommended dose as per package of practices recommendation (20 kg N ha-1, 30 kg P2O5ha-1 and 10 kg K2O ha-1 with 20 t fym ha-1) 1.41 35.84 31.26 44.00 T 2 – Full recommended dose as farm yard manure 1.35 36.54 30.13 44.70 T 3 – Full recommended dose as FYM + P solubilizing microorganisms 1.34 35.83 30.33 44.87 T 4 – Full recommended dose as vermi compost 1.32 41.70 29.40 48.00 T 5 – Full recommended dose as poultry manure 1.34 37.30 30.53 45.30 T 6 – Full recommended dose as poultry manure + PSM 1.33 37.43 30.43 44.97 T 7 - Inorganic alone (20 kg N ha-1, 30 kg P2O5 ha-1 and 10 kg K2O ha-1) 1.48 30.13 32.73 41.13 SE 0.01 0.59 0.15 0.32 CD (0.05) 0.03 1.79 0.47 0.98 Source - Bhaskaran et ai .,(2009 ). The Proceedings of the International Plant Nutrition Colloquium XVI https://scholarship.org/uc/item/7k.

24. Table 2. Influence of different types of organic manures amendments on soil physical properties at first week after treatment application. Treatments Organic Matter Porosity (%) Bulk Density (g/cm3) Moisture content (%) Microporosity (%) Macro porosity (%) Poultry manure 3.12ab 57.67b 1.07a 59.00b 5.00a 61.33a Cow dung manure 4.23bc 62.00b 1.07a 36.67a 18.67b 40.67a Pig manure 5.83c 62.00b 1.30a 45.00a 30.33c 56.33a Control 1.00a 42.00a 1.40b 36.67a 4.00a 50.33a Source -_ Adebola et al. ,(2017 ). Applied Tropical Agriculture Volume 22, No. 1, 128-133.  

25. Table 3. Influence of different types of organic manures amendments on soil physical properties at third week after treatment application. Treatments Organic Matter Porosity (%) Bulk Density (g/cm3) Moisture content (%) Microporosity (%) Macro porosity (%) Poultry manure 6.40b 61.00a 1.13a 50.33b 2.33a 56.00a Cow dung manure 6.65b 59.33a 1.00a 61.33bc 10.00a 52.00a Pig manure 7.14b 52.00a 1.00a 72.33c 8.00a 54.00a Control 1.83a 47.00a 1.53b 35.33a 14.67a 52.00a Source - Adebola et al. ,(2017). Applied Tropical Agriculture Volume 22, No. 1, 128-133.  

26. Table 4. Effect of organic sources on BD and HC in Vertisols under cotton Treatment Physical properties BD (Mg m -3 ) HC (cm hr -1) T 1 - FYM @ 5 t ha -1 1.25 1.07 T 2 - Vermicompost @ 2.5 t ha -1 1.27 1.02 T 3 - FYM @10 t ha -1 1.24 1.24 T 4 - Vermicompost @ 5 t ha -1 1.25 1.09 T 5 - Insitu green manuring with sunhemp 1.26 1.11 T 6 - Castor cake @ 500 kg ha -1 1.26 1.01 T 7 - FYM (source of 15 kg P 2 O 5 ) + green manuring with sunhemp 1.25 1.17 T 8 -Neem cake @ 500 kg ha -1 1.28 1.01 T 9- FYM(5t ha -1 )+Neem cake@500 kg ha 1 1.26 1.03 T 10 -Absolute Control 1.34 0.75 SE (m) ± 0.014 0.070 CD at 5% 0.044 0.209 Source - Kumar et al., (2017 ). International Journal of Chemical Studies 5(5): 832-835.

27. Table 5: PH of soil at different period of incubation. Treatments Periods of Incubation 15 days 30 days 45 days 60 days Control 5.43a ± 0.06 5.57a ± 0.04 4.98b ± 0.17 4.50c ±0.08 CD (10 t ∙ ha −1 ) 5.57a ± 0.16 5.66a ± 0.04 5.07b ± 0.06 4.67c ±0.06 CM (10 t ∙ ha −1 ) 5.76a ± 0.11 5.77a ± 0.08 5.28b ± 0.07 4.73c ±0.02 CD + CM (1:1) 5.75a ± 0.14 5.74a ± 0.11 5.36b ± 0.02 4.74c ±0.10 CD-Cow dung,CM-Chiken manure Source - Sajal Roy and Md. Abul Kashem (2014) Open Journal of Soil Science , 4, 81-86  

28. Table 6 : Electrical conductivity of soil at different period of incubation . Treatments   Periods of Incubation 15 days 30 days 45 days 60 days Control 32.7c ± 2.75 32.8c ± 1.46 38.4b ± 0.95 44.7a ±2.56 CD (10 t ∙ ha −1 ) 35.4b ± 0.76 38.7b ± 2.60 44.9a ± 2.73 47.5a ±2.84 CM (10 t ∙ ha −1 ) 35.6d ± 2.57 40.7c ± 0.87 48.2b ± 2.54 56.6a ±2.08 CD + CM (1:1) 32.7d ± 2.58 37.4c ± 2.23 45.3b ± 2.43 59.5a ±0.50 CD-Cow dung,CM-Chiken manure. Source - Sajal Roy and Md. Abul Kashem (2014) Open Journal of Soil Science , 4, 81-86.

29. Table 7. Influence of organic fertilizers, chemical fertilizers and organic fertilizer supplemented with NPK on pH of soil under rice cultivation.   Treatments pH values after crop harvesting 2008 Percent I/D over initial values 2009 Percent I/D over initial values Control 7.67 0.13 7.68 0.26 RDF (NPK) 100:50:50 kg/h 7.64 -0.26 7.62 -0.52 CM 4t/h 7.60 -1.04 7.52 -1.44 CMR 4t/h 7.58 -1.57 7.48 -2.35 PM 4t/h 7.56   -1.31 7.38 -3.66 PMR 4t/h 7.54   -1.57 7.36 -3.92 CPMR 4t/h 7.53 -1.70 7.32 -4.44 CPMR 2t/h +½ RDF 7.54   -1.57 7.34 -4.18 CD (0.05) 0.05 0.02 CM- Cow manure, CMR - Cow manure rice straw, PM - Poultry manure, PMR - Poultry manure rice staw, CPMR - Cow poultry manure rice staw . (Source: Watson et al., Archived at http://orgprints.org/8060

30.     Treatments (Per hectare) Electrical Conductivity (dS m -1 ) after crop harvesting 2008 Percent I/D over initial values 2009 Percent I/D over initial values Control 1.03 -13.93 1.05 -15.57 RDF (NPK) 100:50:50 kg/h 1.52 24.59 1.66 36.07 CM 4t/h 1.38 13.11 1.46 19.67 CMR 4t/h 1.36 11.48 1.44 18.03 PM 4t/h 1.48 21.31 1.52 24.59 PMR 4t/h 1.44 18.03 1.49 22.13 CPMR 4t/h 1.50 22.95 1.58 29.51 CPMR 2t/h +½ RDF 1.54 26.23 1.68 37.70 CD (0.05) 0.22 - 0.19 - Table-8: Influence of organic fertilizers, chemical fertilizers and organic fertilizer supplemented with NPK on electrical conductivity (EC) of soil under rice cultivation. CM- Cow manure, CMR - Cow manure rice straw, PM - Poultry manure, PMR - Poultry manure rice staw, CPMR - Cow poultry manure rice staw . (Source: Watson et al., Archived at http://orgprints.org/8060

31.   Treatments Organic Matter (%) after crop harvesting 2008 Percent I/D over initial values 2009 Percent I/D over initial values Control 2.06 -2.83 2.07 -2.36 RDF (NPK)100:50:50 kg/h 2.08 -1.89 2.08 -1.89 CM 4t/h 2.23 5.19 2.24 5.66 CMR 4t/h 2.32 9.43 2.34 10.38 PM 4t/h 2.34 10.38 2.38 12.26 PMR 4t/h 2.42 14.15 2.44 15.09 CPMR 4t/h 2.44 15.09 2.46 16.04 CPMR 2t/h +½ RDF 2.38 12.26 2.42 14.15 CD (0.05) 0.04 0.02 Table-9 Influence of organic fertilizers, chemical fertilizers and organic fertilizer supplemented with NPK on organic matter (OM) content in the soil under rice cultivation. CM- Cow manure, CMR - Cow manure rice straw, PM - Poultry manure, PMR - Poultry manure rice staw, CPMR - Cow poultry manure rice staw . (Source: Watson et al., Archived at http://orgprints.org/8060

32. Table-10 Influence of organic fertilizers, chemical fertilizers and organic fertilizer supplemented with NPK on organic carbon (OC) in the soil under rice cultivation   Treatments Organic Carbon (%) after crop harvesting 2008 Percent I/D over initial values 2009 Percent I/D over initial values Control 1.22 -1.61 1.12 -9.68 RDF (NPK) 100:50:50 kg/h 1.20 -3.23 1.08 -12.90 CM 4t/h 1.32 6.45 1.40 12.90 CMR 4t/h 1.34 8.06 1.42 14.52 PM 4t/h 1.36 9.68 1.44 16.13 PMR 4t/h 1.38 11.29 1.46 17.74 CPMR 4t/h 1.42 14.52 1.54 24.19 CPMR 2t/h +½ RDF 1.40 12.90 1.52 22.58 CD (0.05) 0.02 0.03 CM- Cow manure, CMR - Cow manure rice straw, PM - Poultry manure, PMR - Poultry manure rice staw, CPMR - Cow poultry manure rice staw . (Source: Watson et al., Archived at http://orgprints.org/8060

33.   Manure t/ha Plant height (cm) No of branches Tap root length (cm) FECA FUTA FECA FUTA FECA FUTA 61.2 a 56.2 a 10.5 a 6.2 a 22.9 a 21.9 a 10 73.9 b 55.4 a 14.0 b 8.3 b 25.7 b 28.9 b 25 78.1 b 60.9 ab 13.9 b 9.1 c 30.9 c 30.7 b 40 85.6 c 59.3 ab 16.2 c 9.4 c 34.9 d 33.2 c 50 88.6 c 62.7 b 17.2 c 12.4 d 35.8 d 34.9 c   Table 11. Effect of poultry manure on growth of tomato at FECA and FUTA sites Akure . FECA- Federal College of Agriculture ,FUTA - Federal University of Technology Akure . ( Source: Ewulo et al.,( 2008). African Journal of Agricultural Research Vol. 3 (9), pp. 612-616)

34.   Treatment Yield (q ha -1 ) Net returns (Rs.ha -1 ) B:C Cropping system(CS)       CS 1 = T-Co-P 21.7 178821 1.98 CS 2 = C - C-P 17.8 95371 1.16 CD (P = 0.05) 1.1 4844 0.16 Nutrient Source (NS) - - - NS 1 = RP enriched FYM+VC(1:1) 26.3 174614 2.01 NS 2 = FYM fb BD 26.6 176050 2.10 NS 3 = NS 1 fb Panchagavya 26.7 165374 1.67 NS 4 = NS 2 fb Panchagavya 28.4 188886 2.35 NS 5 = Control 8.5 32879 0.50 CD (P = 0.05) 1.5 7584 0.14 Table.12. Effect of treatments on yield and profit in different cropping sequences T=tomato; C=cauliflower; Co=coriander; P=pea; fb=followed by ( Source : Parmar et al.,( 2018) I SSN : 2319-7706 Volume 7 Number 10)

35.   Table.13. Effect of treatments on soil pH, OC (%), major nutrients (kg ha -1 ) and micronutrients (mg -1 kg) Treatment pH (1:2.5) OC N P2O5 K 2 O Fe Mn Zn Cu Cropping system(CS) CS 1 = T-Co-P 5.7 0.79 191.6 58.9 187.2 52.0 30.8 2.4 2.0 CS 2 = C - C-P 5.7 0.84 177.0 56.3 172.2 51.1 31.5 2.4 2.0 CD (P = 0.05) NS 0.01 0.34 0.48 0.46 NS NS NS NS Nutrient Sources (NS) - - - - - - - - - NS 1 = RP enriched FYM+VC(1:1) 5.7 0.95 199.7 70.1 202.8 62.4 34.5 2.9 2.5 NS 2 = FYM fb BD 5.8 0.91 191.8 65.4 193.2 56.7 35.0 2.7 2.4 NS 3 = NS 1 fb Panchagavya 5.7 0.92 208.8 63.4 191.1 55.4 34.7 2.5 2.4 NS 4 = NS 2 fb Panchagavya 5.7 0.97 219.9 69.9 200.8 60.3 38.1 2.9 2.6 NS 5 = Control 5.6 0.56 133.8 32.5 135.4 33.9 19.7 1.0 0.9 CD (P = 0.05) NS 0.04 8.95 3.49 5.95 1.35 2.00 0.12 0.09 T=tomato; C=cauliflower; Co=coriander; P=pea; fb=followed by ( Source : Parmar et al.,( 2018 ) I SSN : 2319-7706 Volume 7 Number 10 )

36.   Year of organic Yield (%) Value of reduction/increase in yield (in Rs.) Gain (in Rs .) 1 - 40 -38400.00 5400.00 2 -30 -28800.00 15000.00 3 -20 -19200.00 24600.00 4 -10 -9600.00 34200.00 5 Nil - 43800.00 6 +5 +4800.00 49600.00 7 +10 +9600.00 53400.00 8 +15 +14400.00 58200.00 9 +25 +24000.00 67800.00 10 +25 +24000.00 67800.00 Table-14. Yield reduction and return in organic farming over 10 years period (Source: Yadav et al., -Organic farming and food security ( book(2009) )

37.   Table 15. Effect of organic farming on soil properties Treatment pH (1:2.5) Moisture (%) Organic carbon (%) Total N (%) Available P (mg/Kg) Exchangeable K (me/100g soil) T - No fertilizer 6.37a 24.44c 1.08d 0.088e 12.49c 0.135b T 1 -Cowdung 6.17a 26.76a 1.61ab 1.174bc 15.74a 0.183a T 2 -Poultry manure, 6.09a 26.56a 1.75a 1.135c 15.80a 0.182a T 3 - Inorganic fertilizer 6.50a 24.60c 1.06d 0.985d 12.57c 0.147b T 4 - Cowdung + Inorganic fertilizer 6.26a 25.69b 1.27c 1.228ab 14.31b 0.150b T 5 - Poultry manure + Inorganic fertilizer 6.16a 25.57b 1.52b 1.281a 14.39b 0.151b CV (%) 4.27 2.35 7.40 2.33 3.66 5.11 ( Source : Adhikary et al .,(2013) Soil Science discipline, Khulna University Khulna 9208, Bangladesh KUS:12/21-100612

38.   Year Organic Area (A) Annual growth rate Wild collection (B) Annual growth rate Total Organic Area (A+B) Annual growth rate 2005 185937 --- 2385963 --- 2571900 --- 2006 432259 132.48 2385963 0.00 2818222 9.58 2007 1030311 138.36 1769689 -25.83 2800000 -0.65 2008 1018000 -1.19 2781530 57.18 3799530 35.70 2009 1180000 15.91 3360000 20.80 4540000 19.49 2010 780000 -33.90 3650000 8.63 4430000 -2.42 2011 1084266 39.01 4477526 22.67 5561892 25.55 2012 500000 -53.89 4700000 4.97 5200000 -6.50 2013 510000 2.00 5180000 10.21 5690000 9.42 CGR 0.59 --- 12.87 --- 11.52 --- CV   --- 0.55 --- 0.53   Table 16. Growth of Organic Area in India Source - Deshmukh M. S and Nitin Babar (2015). Euopean Academic Research Vol. III.

39.   Sr. no Crops Organic Products (price Rskg ) Non Organic Products (price Rs /kg ) Difference (price Rs /kg ) 1 Wheat 80-120 25-80 55-40 2 Rice 75-100 30-80 45-20 3 Grapes 80-130 30-70 50-60 4 Pomegranate 90-180 50-110 40-70 5 Banana 50-80 20-40 30-40 Table 17. Prices of Selected Commodities in Western Maharashtra Source - Deshmukh M. S and Nitin Babar (2015). Euopean Academic Research Vol. III.

40.   Sr. No Country Retail sales in million Euros % of share 1 United states of America 24347 36.95 2 Germany 7750 11.76 3 France 4380 6.65 4 China 2430 3.69 5 Canada 2375 3.60 6 United kingdom 2065 3.13 7 Italy 2020 3.07 8 Switzerland 1668 2.53 9 Austria (2011) 1065 1.62 10 Sweden 1018 1.54 11 India 130 0.20 12 Total 65897.84 100.00 Table: 18. Leading Countries Share of Organic Food Market in 2013 Source - Deshmukh M. S and Nitin Babar (2015). Euopean Academic Research Vol. III.

41.   Crop Nitrogen fixed ( Kg/ha) Greengram 50-56 Pigeon pea 4-200 Cowpea 9-125 Soybean 49-450 Chickpea 23-97 Lentil 35-147 Field pea 46-99 Table 19 . Nitrogen fixation capability of different legumes Source - Aulakh C .S and Ravisankar N. (2017) a perspective Agric Res J 54 (2)

42.   Arunachal Pradesh Maize/sorghum, Pulses, oilseeds, tea/coffee, herbal/medicinal plants Andhra Pradesh Cotton, maize, pulses, oilseeds, fruits and vegetables Assam Tea/coffee, fruits and vegetables Chhattisgarh Rice, wheat, vegetables Delhi Wheat, vegetables Goa Fruits, vegetables Gujarat Cotton, pulses, oilseeds, vegetables Haryana Basmati rice, wheat, maize, vegetables Himachal Pradesh Wheat, fruits, vegetables Jammu and Kashmir Spices, fruits and vegetables Karnataka Cotton, rainfed wheat, maize, sorghum, pulses, oilseeds, vegetables Kerala Spices, vegetables, herbals Manipur Spices, vegetables, herbals Maharashtra Cotton, rice, wheat, pulses, oilseeds, spices, vegetables Table 20.State-wise major crops grown under organic farming in India (both certified & Inconversion) Cont …

43. Madhya Pradesh Soybean, wheat, vegetables Meghalaya Spices, vegetables Punjab Basmati rice, wheat, vegetables Sikkim Maize, sorghum, vegetables, spices, herbs Rajasthan Cotton, wheat, seed spices, vegetables Tamil Nadu Tea, herbs, spices Uttar Pradesh Rice, wheat, maize, vegetables Uttarakhand Basmati rice, vegetables, maize, sorghum, herbs, spices West Bengal Tea and vegetables Cont … Source:Agricultural and Processed Export Development Authority (APEDA)(2013-14)

44. Crops Time schedule Rice 10, 15, 30 and 50th DAT Sunflower 30, 45 and 60 DAS Black gram Rainfed : 1st flowering and 15 DAF Irrigated: 15, 25 and 40 DAS Green gram 15, 25, 30, 40 and 50 DDAS Castor 30 and 45 DAS Groundnut 25 and 30th DAS Bhendi 30, 45, 60 and 75 DAS Moringa Before flowering and during pod formation Tomato Nursery and 40 DAT: seed treatment with 1 % for 12 hrs Onion 0, 45 and 60 DAT Rose At the time of pruning and budding Jasmine Bud initiation and setting   Table 21. Time of application of Panchagavya for different crops is given as follows Note: DAT- Days after transplanting, DAS- days after sowing, DAF- days after flowering . Source : Agricultural and Processed Export Development Authority (APEDA)(2013-14)

45. Conclusion Organic farming is agriculture that makes healty soils,healty plant,healty food and healty environment along with crop productivity Application of vermicompost as per the recommended dose of fertilizer decreased bulk density, soil temperature and increased water holding capacity and porosity of crop Application of FYM @10 t/ha to cotton in vertisol recorded lowest bulk density and highest hydraulic conductivity Organic farming achieved stable yield after six year of conversion from inorganic to organic Effect of different organic treatments on yield and economics of various cropping. Use of organic manure has beneficial effet on different growth parameters Viz ; plant hight,no.of branches, and top root length in tomato. Organic produce Viz ; wheat, rice, grapes,pomegranate,banana fetched good price in market as compared with non organic produce. Cont …

46. Use of poultry manure,cow dung decreased PH of soil, increased moisture percentage,organic carbon, available P and exchangeable K where as total N was increased with the combined use of poultry manure and inorganic fertilizers. Area under organic farming showed increasing trend. Application of panchagavya as per recommended time of application is beneficial of various crop.

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