Organic Seed production, Seed certification by Dr Nation Chamling.pdf

Organic Seed Production process and certification process

1. Prepared by Dr Nation
Agriculture Dept, Govt of Sikkim
ORGANIC SEED
PRODUCTION /
SEED CERTIFICATION

3. SEED
PRODUCTION
IN
BUCKWHEAT
Any plant part used for raising the
crop is seed.
Seed is also defined as matured
ovule consisting of embryo together
with store of food surrounded by
protective coat.
Seed include true seed, seedling,
cutting, rhizome, grafts, roots etc.
used for propagation.

4. SEED
PRODUCTION
IN
BUCKWHEAT
Seed structure
A typical seed includes three basic parts
1. Embryo is an immature plant encapsulated with
in the seed, which grows into a new plant
2. Endosperm (in Monocot) & Cotyledons (in Dicot)
is a short-term food supply used by the embryo to
help its growth
3. Seed coat is the protective outer layer of a seed

5. SEED
PRODUCTION
IN
BUCKWHEAT
Types of Seed

7. SEED
PRODUCTION
IN
BUCKWHEAT
Typical Flower Structure

8. SEED
PRODUCTION
IN
BUCKWHEAT

9. SEED
PRODUCTION
IN
BUCKWHEAT
Self pollination is the transfer of pollen grains from
the anther to the stigma of the same flower.
Some examples are peanuts, orchids, peas and
sunflowers, wheat, barley, oats, rice, tomatoes,
potatoes, apricots and peaches.
Shed pollen directly onto stigma within the same
flower.
Examples are normally smaller flowers.
Result is more uniform progeny but plant less
resistant to disease.
Requires small number of pollen grain.
Occurs in perfect flowers
Self Pollinated
Plants

10. SEED
PRODUCTION
IN
BUCKWHEAT

11. SEED
PRODUCTION
IN
BUCKWHEAT
Cross pollination is the transfer of pollen grains from
the anther of a flower to the stigma of another
flower of a different plant of the same species.
It allows for diversity in the species, as the genetic
information of different plants are combined.
However, it relies on the existence of pollinators that
will travel from plant to plant.
Brightly colored petals, nectar and scent, long
stamens and pistils attract the insects.
Pollination by Insects: Cucurbits, Brassicas, Chilly,
Brinjal etc.
Pollination by Wind: Corn, Grasses etc.
Large number of pollen grains are required.
Cross
Pollinated
Plants

12. SEED
PRODUCTION
IN
BUCKWHEAT

13. SEED
PRODUCTION
IN
BUCKWHEAT
Open
pollinated
(OP) seeds
✓This is how nature produces seeds.
✓These ‘true’ seeds come from related parent plants of
the same species.
✓Pollinated by nature (birds, insects, wind).
✓Seeds can be saved by farmers.
Heirloom/
Heritage seeds
✓Most are open pollinated, chosen for their exceptional
qualities.
✓Seeds remain true through protection from unwanted
cross-pollination.
✓Seeds can be saved by farmers.
Hybrid seeds
✓New plant varieties from cross-pollination of related
parent plants.
✓Randomly occur in nature.
✓Seed producers breed them intentionally.
✓Seeds cannot be saved by farmers.
Genetically
modified seeds
(GMO)
✓Seeds from genetically altered plants.
✓Produced in laboratories.
✓Contain genes from different species.
✓Seeds cannot be saved by farmers.
Best seeds for successful cultivation
✓Locally grown, open pollinated heirloom and hybrid seeds produced using
organic growing methods.

15. PRE-REQUISITES FOR ORGANIC
SEED PRODUCTION
Basic technical issues and legislations
•Botany
•In seed production- pedigree of seed is
ensured; scientifically processed, treated,
packed and labelled with proper identity lot;
properly tested for planting quality,
germination, purity admixture of weed seed or
other crop seeds, seed health and its moisture
content
•Seeds Act (proper regulation, formation of
apex advisory body,sale of seeds and
notification of varieties)
•Seed certification (quality control for seed
multiplication and production, Minimum Seed
Certification Standards)
•Agronomic Management

16. By Nation Rai
KVK, South Sikkim
SEED
PRODUCTION
IN
BUCKWHEAT
23
rd
August, 2018

17. SEED
PRODUCTION
IN
BUCKWHEAT

18. SEED
PRODUCTION
IN
BUCKWHEAT

19. SEED
PRODUCTION
IN
BUCKWHEAT
Certifying agency

20. SEED
PRODUCTION
IN
BUCKWHEAT
Seed Certification
Seed certification is a legally sanctioned system for quality control of
seed multiplication and production
Seed of only those varieties which are notified under Section 5 of the
Seeds Act, 1966 shall be eligible for certification.
Non – notified varieties are produced under “Truthful” label of the
producer.
Should be in the production chain and its pedigree should be
traceable.

21. SEED
PRODUCTION
IN
BUCKWHEAT

22. SEED VILLAGE CONCEPT
•Participatory approach
•Direct involvement of farmers to meet
their demand of quality seeds
•Produced in the farmers’ field
•Under conditions which shall not harm the
genetic purity or seed quality
•Farmers are trained
•Inspection is done at important stages of
crop growth
•For Instance, Hybrid maize seed production

23. SEED
PRODUCTION
IN
BUCKWHEAT
Organic certification of Seeds
23
PGS Organic Council facilitates organic farming certification using a
Participatory Guarantee System (PGS)
SIKKIM STATE ORGANIC
CERTIFICATION AGENCY This is a collaborative approach which involves farmers and other
stakeholders in verifying the authenticity of organic produce.
Organization Address : State: SIKKIM
District :EAST DISTRICT
Office City: GANGTOK
Office Address:ICAR Complex ,Tadong ,
Pincode:737102
Office Phone Number:
Phone No 1 : 03592-232494
Mobile Number :9434338494
Email Id :[email protected]
Contact Person Name : SUDHIR GIRI
Contact Person Phone Number:03592-232495
Contact Person Mobile Number:9434338494
Contact Person Email Id [email protected]

24. SEED
PRODUCTION
IN
BUCKWHEAT
SEED PRODUCTION IN THE FIELD
1)Selection of Appropriate Field
2)Sowing a class of improved seeds
3)Maintenance of recommended Isolation
4)Appropriate Male: Female Ratios
5)Following recommended Agronomy
6)Roguing
7)Field Inspection

25. SEED
PRODUCTION
IN
BUCKWHEAT
Field inspection
1. To verify seed origin & identity of the variety.
2. To collect information on cropping history of the seed field, that is
to verify whether the seed field meets the prescribed land
requirements.
3. To check crop & cultivation conditions.
4. To check isolation distance.
5. To check freedom from impurities, namely other crop plants &
weed plants.

26. SEED
PRODUCTION
IN
BUCKWHEAT
Types of Isolation

1. Distance isolation
Same crop of same variety or any other variety cannot be allowed to grow simultaneously
with in a radius of a specified distance if their flowering time coincides with the seed plot.
2. Time isolation
Same crop of same variety or any other variety can be grown without any worry of genetic
contamination to the seed plot if their flowering time does not coincide with each other.
3. Height isolation
Same crop of same variety of different varieties may be grown simultaneously if the height
of seed plot & the other plot is do different that eliminates any chance of genetic
contamination by any means of cross pollination between the two plots.
4. Physical barrier as isolation
Natural or artificial barriers also act as isolation for the seed plot/plant from genetic
contamination.
Tall tree lines, hedges, poly house, net house, net cage etc are used to create physical barrier
for isolation from any plot/plant with same crop of same variety or any other variety.

27. SEED
PRODUCTION
IN
BUCKWHEAT

28. SEED
PRODUCTION
IN
BUCKWHEAT
MINIMUM SEEDS CERTIFICATION STANDARDS OF
CERTIFIED SEEDS OF SOME CROPS
CROP SEED ISOLATION
( m)
PURITY
(%)
GERMINATION
(%)
MOISTURE
(%)
RICE PURE LINES 3 98 80 13
HYBRID 100 98 80 13
WHEAT PURELINES 3 98 85 12
PEA PURELINES 5 98 75 9
RAPESEED
&MUSTARD
PURELINES/OP
Vs
50 97 85 8
COTTON HYBRID 30 98 65 10
POTATO POTATO SEED 50 98 80 8
MAIZE INBREDS 400-600 98 80 12
HYBRID 200-300 98 90 12

29. SEED
PRODUCTION
IN
BUCKWHEAT
Seed processing & Quality check
Seed Health
Seed
storage
Seed Cleaning

30. SEED
PRODUCTION
IN
BUCKWHEAT
Seed Cleaning
Spiral Separators are used in the seed
industry for separating good seeds from
splits or weed seed & to sort round shapes
from flat or oblong shapes.
•Spiral separators operate on gravity only – product is
loaded in the hopper, or direct feed tube on a single
spiral.
•The material flows over an adjustable cone and divides
the material evenly onto the inner flights.
•With increasing speed, the round material will separate
and roll off the inner flights onto a larger outer flight and
then exits a side discharge chute at the bottom.
•The non-round material on the inner flights will exit a
center discharge chute at the bottom.

31. SEED
PRODUCTION
IN
BUCKWHEAT
Storage Atmosphere
# Germination begins at 45 – 60 %
# Respiration enhances at 18 – 20 %
# Fungal growth starts at 12 – 14 %
# Insect activity reduces at 8 – 9 %
# Sealed storage is safe at 4 – 8 %

32. SEED
PRODUCTION
IN
BUCKWHEAT
Seed health concerns the overall
condition of seeds. It includes
pathogenic infection of seed, insect
infestation, morphological and
physiological disorder, inert matter etc.
Seed health standard is the maximum
acceptable limit of the presence of a
given pathogen in a given seed lot.
This is alsoreferred to as "Pathogen
tolerance level "or "Seed standard" for
pathogen.
Field health standard is the maximum
acceptable limit of agiven seed borne
disease present in a given seed crop
field.
This is also referred as "Disease
Tolerance level" or "Seed Standard" for
disease of seed crop.
Seed
Health

33. SEED
PRODUCTION
IN
BUCKWHEAT
Seed moisture test
Conventional
Method
Traditional
Method

34. SEED
PRODUCTION
IN
BUCKWHEAT
Seed Germination Test

35. By Nation Rai
KVK, South Sikkim
SEED
PRODUCTION
IN
BUCKWHEAT
23
rd
August, 2018

36. OBJECTIVES OF SEED PRODUCTION
•Maintain genetic purity and other
characteristics of seed
•Increase agricultural production by
supplying of quality seed
•Timely supply of seeds, i.e. well
before the sowing season
•Supply of high quality seeds at
reasonable prices

37. PRESENT STATUS OF SEED PRODUCTION
IN SIKKIM
•Deficit of nearly 72,000 MT of foodgrains, 12500
MT of pulses and 3,500 MT of oilseeds
•Formal and Informal seed production system
•Informal type (Farm saved seed)- mainly landraces or
mixed races, heterogeneous, seeds suboptimal due to
biotic and abiotic stress and storage problems,
depends on the harvest, may be insufficient if crop
fails
•Formal type- supplied by State Agriculture
Department or ICAR; mainly certified and TLS
procured from outside institutions/agencies; also
produced in state itself through registered growers
under the supevision of certificaion agency.
•Seed production through breeder/foundation seed is
in nascent stage.

38. By Nation Rai
KVK, South Sikkim
SEED
PRODUCTION
IN
BUCKWHEAT
23
rd
August, 2018
Source: Agri Department, Govt. of Sikkim

39. By Nation Rai
KVK, South Sikkim
SEED
PRODUCTION
IN
BUCKWHEAT
23
rd
August, 2018
Source: Agriculture Department, Govt. of Sikkim
s

40. By Nation Rai
KVK, South Sikkim
SEED
PRODUCTION
IN
BUCKWHEAT
23
rd
August, 2018
Source: Agriculture Department, Govt. of Sikkim
s

41. By Nation Rai
KVK, South Sikkim
SEED
PRODUCTION
IN
BUCKWHEAT
23
rd
August, 2018

42. By Nation Rai
KVK, South Sikkim
SEED
PRODUCTION
IN
BUCKWHEAT
23
rd
August, 2018
Source: Agriculture Department, Govt. of Sikkim

43. By Dr.Nation
INM
4
th
Sept, 2018
Finger millet (Elusine coracana) Family: Poaceae
Commonly known as Ragi or Mandua,
Grain is rich in CA, P, Fe, Vitamin A an d B; popular food amoongst diabetic patients
Sl No. PARAMETERS REMARKS
1 Sowing Time & seed rateBhadauray- May/June; Mangsirey- June – Early July
Seed rate 10-12 kg/ha; when grown as transplanted crop 5 kg/ha for
raising the nursery
2 Seed inoculation Azospirillum brasilense (N-fixing bacterium) and Aspergillus awamori (P-
solubilizing fungus) @ 25g/kg seed
3 Spacing & TransplantingLine sowing , 22.5-30 cm X 8-10 cm; transplanting after 20-25 DAS
4 INM 5 tonnes of FYM per hectare and/or compost or vermicompost @
2.5t/ha 15-30 days prior to sowing of the crop
5 Water management Mainly grown as rainfed crop; Critical stages- tillering and flowering;
Furrows and ridges for drainage to be prepared
6 Weed Management Two intercultivation and weeding should be done at 25 DAS; two to
three hand hoeing would be sufficient; Critical stage for crop weed
competition- 20-35 DAS
8 Pests and diseases Stem borer, grass hopper, aphids, bihary hairy caterpillar
Blast, Seedling blight or foot rot
9 Harvesting and PHM Crop matures in 120-135 days depending upon the altitude and variety;
non-synchronous maturity; staggered harvesting at weekly interval;
PHT- For 5-7 days harvested ear heads kept in gunny bags and again
covered in top with one or two layers of gunny bags (Curing); mc to be
kept below 12 %
Package of Practices

44. By Dr.Nation
INM
4
th
Sept, 2018

47. By Dr.Nation
INM
4
th
Sept, 2018
Soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.) Family: Leguminoseae
Only pulse crop that contains 20 per cent oils in its grain; provides 60 per cent of the world
supply of vegetable protein and 30 per cent of the oil
Sl No.PARAMETERS REMARKS
1 Sowing Time & seed rateJune to first fortnight of July (Kharif season); 70-80 kg/ha, line
sowing
2 Seed inoculation 200 gm of Rhizobium strain for 10 kg seed; inoculation with PSM
such as Azospirillum awamorii, Pseudomonas striata, Bacillus
polymyxa, Penicillium spp.,
3 Spacing 45-60 cm X 10 cm; placed at 3-5 cm depth in the soil
4 INM 5-10 tonnes of FYM per hectare during final land preparation.
5 Water management Kharif season crop mainly grown as rainfed crop;
Critical stages- flowering and pod formation stages
6 Weed Management Two intercultivations, first at 20-30 DAS and second at 45 DAS,
manual weeding is generally followed, mulching can also be
followed
8 Pests and diseases Bean leaf bettle, leaf roller, green stink bug, Helicoverpa armigera
Damping off, Phytophthora root rot, Rhizoctonia root rot, rust,
Bacterial blight, mosaic, powdery and downy mildew
9 Harvesting an threshingAt maturity leaves turn yellow and fall and the pods become
yellowish; crop matures in 90-140 days depending upon the
variety; black soybean varieties are prone to shattering
Package of Practices

48. By Dr.Nation
INM
4
th
Sept, 2018

51. By Nation Rai
KVK, South Sikkim
SEED
PRODUCTION
IN
BUCKWHEAT
23
rd
August, 2018
Buckwheat (Fagopyron spp.) Family: Polygonaceae
Serial No.PARAMETERS REMARKS
1 Sowing Time October-November/throughout the year
2 Seed Rate 35-40kg/ha as grain crop; 50 kg/ha as cover
crop
3 Spacing 30-45 cm X 10-15 cm
4 Thinning 15-20 DAS
5 Germination Within 4-5 days
6 Seed Treatment Azophos
7 Hilling 30-35 DAS
Water management Rainfed crop; critical stages- pre-flowering
and pod formation stage
8 Weed Management 20-25 DAS (one hoeing and weeding)
9 Yield 12-14 q/ha ; vivipary characteristics; irregular
time of maturity; indeterminate growth habit
P
A
C
K
A
G
E
O
F
P
R
A
C
T
I
C
E
S

52. By Nation Rai
KVK, South Sikkim
SEED
PRODUCTION
IN
BUCKWHEAT
23
rd
August, 2018

53. By Dr.Nation
INM
4
th
Sept, 2018

54. By Nation Rai
KVK, South Sikkim
SEED
PRODUCTION
IN
BUCKWHEAT
23
rd
August, 2018

55. By Nation Rai
KVK, South Sikkim
SEED
PRODUCTION
IN
BUCKWHEAT
23
rd
August, 2018

58. By Dr.Nation
INM
4
th
Sept, 2018
Maize(Zea mays L.) Family: Gramineae
Queen of cereals because it has the highest genetic potential among the cereals
Sl No. PARAMETERS REMARKS
1 Sowing Time Early sowing i.e. 2
nd
fortnight of Feb to escape hailstorm damage
Pre-kharif sowing- Mid Feb to second week of March; Main season maize-
Mid feb to April; Post Khrarif- July anfd first week of august; Rabi- last
week of Sept to Oct
2 Seed Rate Sown in lines 15-20 kg/ha ; placed at 2-3 cm depth in the soil; thinning
3 Spacing 50 cm X 30 cm or 60 cm X 25 cm
4 INM Application of dolomite @2t/ha+ mixed compost @2.5 t/ha + neem cake
@ 0.5 t/ha+ vermicompost @ 2.5 t/ha
5 Weed Management 45 DAS critical period of crop weed competition,hence, upto that period
crop should be free weeds; weed biomass/tress leaves mulch between
the rows
6 Water management critical stages- seedling stage, knee high stage, tasselling and silking stage
and grain filling stage; cannot tolerate stagnant water; Reuires more than
50 per cent of its water requirement in about 30-35 days after tasseling
7 Interculture & Earthing upIntercultural operations when seedlings are 10 days old; earthing
continues up to 15-20 days to flowering
8 Pests and diseases Stem borer, cut worm, army worm, semi looper, cob borer,bird damage
Turcicum leaf blight, Maydis leaf blight, bacterial stalk rot,False head
smut, downy mildews, pythium stalk rot
9 Harvesting an threshingHarvested when the stalk and leaves are somewhat green but the husk
cover has dried and turns brown; or cob sheath dries and turns yellowish
in colour, grains becomes hard and do not contain more than 20 per cent
moisture
Package of Practices

59. By Dr.Nation
INM
4
th
Sept, 2018

60. SEED
PRODUCTION
IN
BUCKWHEAT

61. SEED
PRODUCTION
IN
BUCKWHEAT

62. By Dr.Nation
INM
4
th
Sept, 2018
Rice(Oryza sativa L.) Family: Gramineae
36 landraces exist in the region; Spikelet sterility is the major problem in Sikkim where
temperature falls below 12 degrees
Sl No.PARAMETERS REMARKS
1 Sowing Time Mid May-June
2 Seed Rate Upland broadcasting and drilling methods 60-100 kg/ha and 35-
40 kg/ha,respectively; placed at 4-5 cm depth in the soil;
3 Transplanting Last week of July, seedling age of 20-25 days with 20 cmX 15 cm
and 2-3 seedlings/hill; seedlings transplanted at 2-4 cm
4 INM 7.5 tonnes of FYM per hectare and/or vermicompost @3-6
tonnes/ha either in combination or alone
5 Weed Management Two hand weeding at 20 and 40 DAT; flooding for controlling
annual and many perennial weeds
6 Water management Water requirement high at the initial seedling establichment
stage; critical stages- tillering to flowering; About 5 cms depth of
water to be maintained upto dough stage
8 Pests and diseasesStem borer, leaf folder, gundhi bug, rice thrips, rodents
Blast, Brown spot, Sheath rot, Stem rot, False smut, BLB
9 Harvesting an
threshing
Attains maturity at around 30 days for early and 40 days for
medium to late maturing varieties after 50 per cent flowering
(heading stage) in low and mid altitude areas.
Package of Practices

64. By Dr.Nation
INM
4
th
Sept, 2018

66. SEED PRODUCTION CONSTRAINTS
IN SIKKIM
•Unavailability of required quantity of Breeder
seed
•Congenial storage conditions for proliferation
of insect-pests and microorganisms
•Farmers unaware of technical know-how of
seed production
•Varieties recommended have been developed
under conventional system
•Only two seed processing plants for supplying
seeds for the whole state
•Remote areas in Sikkim are potential areas for
seed production
•Topography of the state is highly variable- one
variety does not perform well in all the
locations of the state

67. SEED
PRODUCTION
IN
BUCKWHEAT
Way Forward
•Multiplication of breeder/foundation seed in
the farmer’s field or in Government farms
•Involve in imparting technical knowledge to
the farmers, capacity building, breeding and
multiplication of breeder/foundation seeds
•Potential areas of the crops to be identified
extensively for seed production
•Storage facilities to be improved at the
farmers level; seed production, seed
processing and storage has to be upgraded
•Post harvest management of seeds produced
equally important; MSP, subsidies to be given
•Farmers producing seeds may be linked to
marketing agencies