ORGANS AND SYSTEMS- ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY.pptx

For education purposes

1. ORGANS AND SYSTEMS APN NTAMBA 2/25/2024 NTAMBA 1

2. INTRODUCTION The human body is made up of body systems and organs which work together to produce and sustain life. 2/25/2024 NTAMBA 2

3. Organs Organs are more complex units than tissues. An organ is an organisation of several different kinds of tissues, so arranged that together they can perform a special function. For example, the stomach is an organisation of muscle, connective, epithelial, and nervous tissues . Muscle and connective tissues form its wall, epithelial and connective tissues form its lining, and nervous tissue extends throughout both its wall and its lining. 2/25/2024 NTAMBA 3

4. Examples of organs Examples of organs include: the heart, the lungs, the kidneys and Liver to mention a few. These organs are the same ones you covered in your biology lesson in Secondary School. As such, we hope you will find it easy to understand them and apply them to your nursing care. 2/25/2024 NTAMBA 4

5. Organs are grouped together to form systems, each of which performs a particular function. 2/25/2024 NTAMBA 5

6. Systems A body system is formed when two or more organs work together to perform a particular function or set of functions. A system is an organisation of varying numbers and kinds of organs which together perform complex functions for the body. 2/25/2024 NTAMBA 6

7. major systems There are 10 major systems in the human body. These are: The Skeletal system The Muscular system The Nervous system The Endocrine system The Cardiovascular system The Lymphatic system The Respiratory system The Digestive system The Urinary system The Reproductive system The Integumentary system 2/25/2024 NTAMBA 7

8. Body Cavities The organs that make up the systems of the body are contained in four cavities . These are: The Cranial cavity The Thoracic cavity The Abdominal cavity The Pelvic cavity 2/25/2024 NTAMBA 8

9. The Cavities of the body Body cavities are fluid filled spaces inside the body that protect and house major internal organs. 2/25/2024 NTAMBA 9

10. The Cranial Cavity The cranial cavity contains the brain and its boundaries are formed by the bones of the skull . These are: Anteriorly : 1 frontal bone . Laterally : 2 temporal bones . Posteriorly : 1occipital bone . Superiorly : 2 parietal bones . Inferiorly : 1 sphenoid and 1ethmoid bone and parts of the frontal, temporal and occipital bones. 2/25/2024 NTAMBA 10

11. The Thoracic Cavity The thoracic cavity is situated in the upper part of the trunk. Its boundaries are formed by the following bony framework and supporting muscles: Anteriorly : the sternum and costal cartilages of the ribs. Laterally : 12 pairs of ribs and the intercostal muscles . Posteriorly : the thoracic vertebrae and the intervertebral discs between the bodies of the vertebrae. Superiorly : the structures forming the root of the neck . Inferiorly : the diaphragm , a dome-shaped muscle. 2/25/2024 NTAMBA 11

12. Organs and Structures of the Thoracic Cavity The main organs and structures contained in the thoracic cavity are : The trachea, 2 bronchi, and 2 lungs. The heart, aorta, superior and inferior vena cava, and numerous other blood vessels. The oesophagus . 2/25/2024 NTAMBA 12

13. The Abdominal Cavity The abdominal cavity is the largest cavity in the body and is oval in shape. It is situated in the main part of the trunk and its boundaries are: Superiorly : the diaphragm, which separates it from the thoracic cavity. Anteriorly : the muscles forming the anterior abdominal wall. Posteriorly : the lumbar vertebrae muscles forming the posterior abdominal wall . Laterally : the lower ribs and parts of the muscles of the abdominal wall. Inferiorly : the pelvic cavity with which it is continuous. 2/25/2024 NTAMBA 13

14. Regions of the abdominal cavity. As a rule, the abdominal cavity is divided into nine regions. This facilitates the description of the positions of the organs and structures in the cavity. 2/25/2024 NTAMBA 14

15. Organs and Structures of the Abdominal Cavity Most of the space in the abdominal cavity is occupied by the organs and glands involved in the digestion and absorption of food. These are: The stomach, small intestine and most of the large intestine. The liver, gall bladder, bile ducts and pancreas. 2/25/2024 NTAMBA 15

16. The Pelvic Cavity The pelvic cavity is roughly funnel shaped and extends from the lower end of the abdominal cavity. The boundaries are: Superiorly : it is continuous with the abdominal cavity. Anteriorly : the pubic bones. Posteriorly : the sacrum and coccyx. Laterally : the innominate bones. Inferiorly : the muscles of the pelvic floor. 2/25/2024 NTAMBA 16

17. Organs and Structures of the Pelvic Cavity The pelvic cavity contains the following organs and structures: The sigmoid colon, rectum and anus Some loops of the small intestine. The urinary bladder, lower parts of the ureters and the Urethra. In the female, the organs of the reproductive system: the uterus, uterine tubes, ovaries and vagina. 2/25/2024 NTAMBA 17

18. Organs and Structures of the Pelvic Cavity cont ’ In the male, some of the organs of the reproductive system: the prostate gland, seminal vesicles, spermatic cords, deferent ducts (vas deferens), ejaculatory ducts and the urethra (common to the reproductive and urinary systems) (Scanlon & Sanders, 2006). 2/25/2024 NTAMBA 18

19. SUMMARY We just learnt and understood the different structural levels of organisation found in the human body . These structural levels is are from cells up to systems as well as the cavities which are fluid spaces that house some body systems and organs of the body. 2/25/2024 NTAMBA 19

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