Chapter 7 ♦ Stress and Well Being at Work 11
is more appropriate to the circumstances at hand. They are able to discern when their limitations
have been reached in terms of time, energy, knowledge, or abilities; by turning to others in these
circumstances, they overcome their own limitations, thus enhancing their effectiveness and well-
being.
Self-Reliance/Counterdependence Norms:
Student/Managers: Mean = 16.81 (n = 310)
Military (Officers/Enlisted): Mean = 20.79 (n = 163)
Self-Reliance/Overdependence Norms:
Student/Managers: Mean = 15.43 (n = 310)
Military (Officers/Enlisted): Mean = 14.95 (n = 163)
Adapted from J. C. Quick, D. L. Nelson, and J. D. Quick, ”The Self-Reliance Inventory,” in J. W. Pfeiffer (ed.), The
1991 Annual: Developing Human Resources (San Diego: Pfeiffer & Co.,
1991), pp. 149-161.
ISSUES IN DIVERSITY: “TO THINE OWN SELF BE TRUE”
Dennis Flanigan is 42 years old, a successful mental health professional, and unabashedly gay.
Flanigan is often called upon to provide his expertise on issues concerning gays and lesbians and
mental health as well as transgender and body modification. Flanigan is also an atheist and, in his
words, a “militant homosexual.” So when closeted clients ask him whether they should come out
to their family and friends, there is no question that he’ll tell them they should, right? Wrong.
Nothing could be further from the truth. Although Flanigan is open about his own
homosexuality, he does not encourage the same degree of openness with his homosexual clients,
especially those who are conflicted between their identity and their sexual orientation.
One such client, an evangelical assistant pastor, was terrified that he would be exposed as
a gay man if his relationship with the pastor’s son was revealed. He sought therapy with Flanigan
to help him ease his anxiety surrounding the situation. The assistant pastor did not want help
coming out, nor did he want to go to another church despite the genuine risk of being discovered.
Rather, he simply “wanted to feel less anxious.” He was fine with the apparent hypocrisy of his
choices. An integral part of who he was wrapped up in his being a preacher.
As inconsistent as it might seem, Flanigan actually helps clients, such as the assistant
pastor, stay “in the closet.” Based on his nearly decade-long research studying the topic,
Flanigan reached the conclusion that the identity-sexual orientation conflict was increased for
individuals with strong religious beliefs which, for many of them, included the belief that
homosexuality would lead to their eternal damnation. In that case, revealing their homosexuality
would have far more damaging consequences than potential abandonment by friends or family.
Asking them to openly admit their sexual orientation would be nothing short of denying a vital
piece of their core identity, their religious orientation.
1. Explain how the internal conflict between an individual’s identity and sexual orientation
could become an organizational diversity issue.