ORIENTAL OR EASTERN ETHICS BY ROM and BINNIAJR.pptx

ORIENTAL OR EASTERN ETHICS

1. ORIENTAL OR EASTERN ETHICS Prepared by : Rom Carlvren P. Bongoyan. Binniajr Cesar Josef C. Julaton . BSECE - 3

2. INTRODUCTION 01 EASTERN ETHICS TEACHINGS/PRINCIPLES 02 ETHICAL TEACHINGS IN HINDUISM 03 ETHICAL TEACHINGS IN BUDDHISM 04 Topic Outline

3. ETHICAL TEACHINGS IN CONFUCIANISM 05 ETHICAL TEACHINGS IN TAOISM 06 ETHICAL TEACHINGS IN ZEN-BUDDHISM 07 ETHICAL TEACHINGS IN ISLAM 08 Topic Outline

4. ORIENTAL OR EASTERN ETHICS Theories, teachings, principles, and how it was conceived and developed.

5. INTRODUCTION One of the simplest ways to explore the many, many theories of human ethics or moral principles is according to the parts of the world they came from. In general, European cultures ascribe to the Western theories of ethics. On the other hand, cultures of Asia tend more towards what we call Eastern philosophy. Eastern philosophies may arrive at the same ethical conclusions as Western ones but they tend to take different paths getting there. Still, there are a number of Eastern philosophies as well, so let's narrow them down a bit further. Our most influential Eastern theories of ethics tend to be focused around two cultures, both very different and both very, very ancient.

6. INTRODUCTION In the world today, "we are in the throes of a giant ethical leap that is essentially embracing all of humankind" (Donahue, 1996). Scientific and technological advances, economic realities, pluralistic worldviews, and global communication make it difficult for persons in profession (such as healthcare workers) to ignore the important ethical issues in the world community, their everyday lives, and their work. This is often the observed status of those persons in power or privilege, and in position directly affected by their application of personal moral standards. As controversial and sensitive ethical issues continue to challenge nurses and other healthcare professionals, many professionals have begun to develop an appreciation for traditional philosophies of ethics and the diverse viewpoints of others (Rich, 2005). One of such sources of traditional philosophies, is Oriental or Eastern ethics.

7. INTRODUCTION Oriental or Eastern ethics is often directed towards understanding universal interconnections, to be liberated from the self, or to understand that people really do not consist of a self at all ( Zeuschner , 2001). According to Introduction to Ethics by Karen Rich, Eastern ethical systems usually are focused on individuals’ innate but unrecognized perfection and the ability to transcend earthly suffering and dissatisfaction through one’s own abilities. Therefore, Eastern ethics is not imposed from outside of a person, but instead is imposed from within oneself. Eastern ethics tends to be a discipline of training the mind, and unethical behavior leads to karmic results (Rich, 2005). This research work focuses on the ethical teachings in Hinduism, Buddhism, Confucianism, Taoism, Zen-Buddhism, and Islam.

8. ETHICAL TEACHINGS IN HINDUISM

9. ETHICAL TEACHINGS IN HINDUISM Hinduism gives importance to ethics and morality (Abbas & Jalaluddin , 2016). The main emphasis in Hindu ethics is cosmic unity. The quality of one’s past actions, karma, influences one’s present existence and future incarnations or rebirths. Therefore, people in society up to this day, that believe in Hinduism, believe that they need to improve the goodness of their actions, which will subsequently improve their karma. But Hinduism, isn’t free from controversies. For centuries, the notions of reincarnation and karma (actions) have been used to support the cruelties of the Indian caste system, which relegates the majority of people to poverty and subservience ( Perrett , 2003 ).

10. ETHICAL TEACHINGS IN HINDUISM According to an article published in 2019 by History, unlike other religions, Hinduism has no one founder but is instead a fusion of various beliefs. Most scholars believe Hinduism started somewhere between 2300 B.C. and 1500 B.C. in the Indus Valley, near modern-day Pakistan. But many Hindus argue that their faith is timeless and has always existed. The foundation of ethics lies on people trying to improve the goodness of their actions, which will subsequently improve their karma. This in turn greatly affects their dealings with society and everyday life.

11. ETHICAL TEACHINGS IN BUDDHISM

12. ETHICAL TEACHINGS IN BUDDHISM According to an article published by History in 2020, Buddhism is a faith that was founded by Siddhartha Gautama (“the Buddha”) more than 2,500 years ago in India. In order to overcome the miseries of life and to achieve happiness in life, the mind of the individual should be disciplined and for the purpose Gautama Buddha evolved a genuine code of ethics and morality and suggested to follow certain rules of conduct, which are to be pursuit voluntarily by the seeker after harmony and happiness. These rules are formulated as vows and are stated not positively but negatively as abstinence.

13. ETHICAL TEACHINGS IN BUDDHISM The ethical concerns of Buddhism give more emphasis on renunciation and a selfless attitude towards constructive and spiritual moral development. All its concerns are related with the problem of human suffering. Only human being’s sincere effort can remove human suffering and can attain to a life totally free from all miserable conditions. Human being is enough to become master of all. Buddhism is a system found wholly characterized by the ethical principle seeking the meaning of life in life itself. It is mainly based on the ethical way of living and prescribes rigorous codes to promote the living of a virtuous life ( Romesh , 2018).

14. ETHICAL TEACHINGS IN CONFUCIANISM

15. ETHICAL TEACHINGS IN CONFUCIANISM According to the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Confucius was born in the domain of Zou , in modern Shandong Province, south of the larger kingdom of Lu. A date of 551 BCE is given for his birth. Confucianism is an ancient Chinese belief system, which focuses on the importance of personal ethics and morality. According to The National Geographic, the main idea of Confucianism is the importance of having a good moral character, which can then affect the world around that person through the idea of “cosmic harmony.”

16. ETHICAL TEACHINGS IN CONFUCIANISM Confucian ethics is described through the concepts of li and yi ( Zeuschner , 2001). Li provides guidance in regard to social order and how humans should relate to one another, including rules of etiquette, such as proper greetings and social rituals. Yi emphasizes the importance of one’s motivations toward achieving rightness rather than emphasizing consequences. Sincerity, teamwork, and balance are critically important to ethical behavior. The primary virtue of Confucian ethics is jen , which is translated in English as benevolence or human goodness (Rich, 2005).

17. ETHICAL TEACHINGS IN TAOISM

18. ETHICAL TEACHINGS IN TAOISM The beginning of Taoism is attributed to Lao-Tzu (c.571 B.C.E.), who wrote the Taoist guide to life, the Tao Te Ching . The word Tao is translated in English as way or path, meaning the natural order or harmony of all things (Rich, 2005). Taoism as a religion began in the year 142 C.E. with the revelation of the Tao to Zhang Daoling or Chang Tao-ling by the personified god of the Tao, Taishang laojun (Lao Tzu), the Highest Venerable Lord.

19. ETHICAL TEACHINGS IN TAOISM According to One World Nations Online, Taoist thought focuses on genuineness, longevity, health, immortality, vitality, wu wei (non-action, a natural action, a perfect equilibrium with tao ), detachment, refinement (emptiness), spontaneity, transformation and omni -potentiality. This religious and philosophical tradition of Taoism had its roots in the nature worship and divination of the earliest Chinese people.

20. ETHICAL TEACHINGS IN TAOISM Based on the cyclic nature of life observed by ancient Chinese farmers, Taoist philosophy underscores the flux and balance of nature through yin (dark) and yang (light) elements. Living well or living ethically is living authentically, simply, and unselfishly in harmony and oneness with nature.

21. ETHICAL TEACHINGS IN EN BUDDHISM Z

22. ETHICAL TEACHINGS IN ZEN-BUDDHISM According to the Association Zen Internationale , Zen grew from the experience of Shakyamuni Buddha, who realised awakening in the posture of dhyana ( zazen , Zen meditation) in India in the 5th century BCE. This experience has since been transmitted uninterrupted, from master to disciple, creating the zen lineage.

23. ETHICAL TEACHINGS IN ZEN-BUDDHISM From an article published by BBC in 2002, Zen Buddhists pay less attention to scripture as a means of learning than they do to various methods of practicing Zen. The most common way of teaching is for enlightenment to be communicated direct from master to pupil.

24. ETHICAL TEACHINGS IN ZEN-BUDDHISM Zen practices are aimed at taking the rational and intellectual mind out of the mental loop, so that the student can become more aware and realize their own Buddha-nature. Sometimes even (mild) physical violence is used to stop the student intellectualizing or getting stuck in some other way. Students of Zen aim to achieve enlightenment by the way they live, and by mental actions that approach the truth without philosophical thought or intellectual endeavor.

25. ETHICAL TEACHINGS IN ISLAM

26. ETHICAL TEACHINGS IN ISLAM Muhammad (the founder) was born into the most powerful tribe in Mecca, the Quraish , around 570 A.D . According to Islam, whatever leads to welfare of the individual or society is morally good and whatever is injurious is morally bad.

27. ETHICAL TEACHINGS IN ISLAM Teachings on morality and moral conduct constitute a major part Islamic literature. The Quran and the Hadith – the central religious texts of Islam – serve as the primary source for these teachings (Clark, 2011). Both the Quran and the hadith often instruct Muslims to adopt a morally upright character. Showing kindness to people and charity to the poor and the helpless are the most emphasized moral virtues in the Quran ( Leaman , 2006).

28. ETHICAL TEACHINGS IN ISLAM In particular, helping people in their time of need, forgiving others' offenses, respecting parents and elders, fulfilling promises, being kind to people and to animals, being patient in adversity, maintaining justice, being honest, and controlling one's anger appear as major virtues in the Islamic concept of morality.

29. ECCOMMENDATION & ANALYSIS R The group’s analyses conducted in doing this research work had brought up numerous assessments and insights as to how Oriental or Eastern Ethics can be related to our present society. Backed with published resources, presented here is the summary of findings and analyses for each Eastern Ethics and their significance to modern society.

30. Eastern Ethics and their significance to modern society P ossibility of no dualistic knowledge via “pure experience” as overcoming the dualism inherent in empiricism relevant to up until these days. Ever since, Zen- Buddhism has been in the roots of many notable modern philosophers. ZEN-BUDDHISM Islam has had a profound global impact since it was founded in the seventh century. Teachings in Islam can be apparent in numerous aspects of knowledge, both religious and non-religious. ISLAM Simply stated, applying Taoist teachings implies living well or living ethically, meaning living authentically, simply, and unselfishly in harmony and oneness with nature. TAOISM P eople who study and apply Confucian teachings believe in the good of the society, and the importance of human relationships are valued. CONFUCIANISM Buddha defined happiness as the result of subjective wealth: having wealth, using wealth, not being in debt, and engaging in a harmless profession. BUDDHISM P eople who apply Hinduism ethical teachings tend to believe that they need to improve the goodness of their actions, in society and in person. HINDUISM

31. REFERENCES PRESENTATION Mark, E. (2016, February 22). Taoism. World History Encyclopedia. Retrieved on October 30, 2022, from https ://www.worldhistory.org/Taoism/. Link Here Yi, W. (2014, October 10). Confucianism and its influence today. China Culture. Retrieved on October 30, 2022, from http://en.chinaculture.org/focus/2014-10/10/content_567522.htm?fbclid=IwAR198m0dzasGt0Sgoow4T23QDmlPGS7_pw8KJwmb-vtNqnuJOLLSlv-ijMY Link Here The BBC Website (2009, November 12). The Origins of Taoism. Retrieved on October 30, 2022, from https:// www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/taoism/history/history.shtml. Link Here

32. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (2020, March 31). Confucius. Retrieved on October 30, 2022, from https ://plato.stanford.edu/entries/confucius/. Chiu, L. (2019, July 15). Daoism in China. Learn Religions Website. Retrieved on October 30, 2022, from https://www.learnreligions.com/daoism-in-china-688148. The History Website (2019, September 30). Hinduism. Retrieved on October 30, 2022, from https://www.history.com/topics/religion/hinduism. Topic’s References Maldonado, J. (2018, June 27). The Impact of Islam on World Society. Sciencing Website. Retrieved on October 30, 2022, from https://sciencing.com/the-impact-of-islam-on-world-society-12087149.html.

33. Thank You! That ends our presentation, thank you for listening.