Overview of Microcontroller and ATMega32 microcontroller

This slide is from Microprocessor course, where I explained about Microcontroller specially ATMega32.

1. Overview of Microcontroller, ATMega32 microcontroller Presentation on

2. Notre Dame University Bangladesh Submitted By: Rup Chowdhury ID: 201120010 Batch: CSE-13 Submitted To: Dr. Shaheena Sultana Associate Professor , Department of CSE Notre Dame University Bangladesh 2

3. 3 Overview of Microcontroller

4. Microcontroller Microcontroller is a small computer on a single metal-oxide-semiconductor (MOS) integrated circuit (IC) chip. A microcontroller contains one or more CPUs along with memory and programmable input/output peripherals. 4

5. 5 Elements of Microcontroller 1. The Processor(CPU) 2. Memory i. Program Memory ii. Data Memory 3. I/O Peripherals

6. 6 Supporting Elements of Microcontroller 1. ADC 2. DAC 3. System Bus 4. Serial Port

7. 7 A microcontroller is embedded inside of a system to control a singular function in a device. It does this by interpreting data it receives from its I/O peripherals using its central processor. The temporary information that the microcontroller receives is stored in its data memory, where the processor accesses it and uses instructions stored in its program memory to decipher and apply the incoming data. How do Microcontroller works?

8. Uses of Microcontroller 1. Microcontrollers are used in automatically controlled products and devices, such as automobile engine control systems, implantable medical devices, remote controls, office machines, appliances, power tools, toys and other embedded systems. 8

9. 2. By reducing the size and cost compared to a design that uses a separate microprocessor, memory and input/output devices, microcontrollers make it economical to digitally control even more devices and processes. 3. Mixed circuit microcontrollers are common, integrating analog components needed to control non-digital electronic systems. 9

10. GPIO Microcontrollers usually contain from several to dozens of general purpose input/output pins (GPIO). GPIO pins are software configurable to either an input or an output state. When GPIO pins are configured to an input state, they are often used to read sensors or external signals. Configured to the output state, GPIO pins can drive external devices such as LEDs or motors, often indirectly, through external power electronics. 10

11. 11 ADC and DAC This is the purpose of the analog-to-digital converter (ADC). Since processors are built to interpret and process digital data, i.e. 1s and 0s, they are not able to do anything with the analog signals that may be sent to it by a device. So the analog to digital converter is used to convert the incoming data into a form that the processor can recognize. A less common feature on some microcontrollers is a digital-to-analog converter (DAC) that allows the processor to output analog signals or voltage levels.

12. 12 PIT In addition to the converters, many embedded microprocessors include a variety of timers as well. One of the most common types of timers is the programmable interval timer (PIT). A PIT may either count down from some value to zero, or up to the capacity of the count register, overflowing to zero.

13. 13 PWM A dedicated pulse-width modulation (PWM) block makes it possible for the CPU to control power converters, resistive loads, motors, etc., without using many CPU resources in tight timer loops.

14. 14 UART A universal asynchronous receiver/transmitter (UART) block makes it possible to receive and transmit data over a serial line with very little load on the CPU. Dedicated on-chip hardware also often includes capabilities to communicate with other devices (chips) in digital formats such as Inter-Integrated Circuit (I²C), Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI), Universal Serial Bus (USB), and Ethernet.

15. 15 Microcontrollers were originally programmed only in assembly language, but various high-level programming languages, such as C, Python and JavaScript, are now also in common use to target microcontrollers and embedded systems Programming Environments

16. 16 Simulator Simulators are available for some microcontrollers. These allow a developer to analyze what the behavior of the microcontroller and their program should be if they were using the actual part. A simulator will show the internal processor state and also that of the outputs, as well as allowing input signals to be generated.

17. 17 Memory Technology Data: From the earliest microcontrollers to today, six-transistor SRAM is almost always used as the read/write working memory, with a few more transistors per bit used in the register file. Firmware: The earliest microcontrollers used mask ROM to store firmware. Later microcontrollers had quartz windows that allowed ultraviolet light in to erase the EPROM.

18. 18 Types of Microcontrollers Common MCUs include the Intel MCS-51, often referred to as an 8051 microcontroller, which was first developed in 1985; the AVR microcontroller developed by Atmel in 1996; the programmable interface controller (PIC) from Microchip Technology; and various licensed Advanced RISC Machines (ARM) microcontrollers.

19. 19 Microcontroller Applications Microcontrollers are used in multiple industries and applications, including in the home and enterprise, building automation, manufacturing, robotics, automotive, lighting, smart energy, industrial automation, communications and internet of things ( IoT ) deployments.

20. 20 Microprocessor vs Microcontroller A microprocessor is a controlling unit of a micro-computer wrapped inside a small chip. A microcontroller is a chip optimized to control electronic devices. Microprocessor performs Arithmetic Logical Unit (ALU) operations and communicates with the other devices connected with it. Microcontroller is specially designed circuits for embedded applications and is widely used in automatically controlled electronic devices.

21. 21 ATMega32 Microcontroller

22. 22 The AVR M icro Controller is based on the advanced Reduced Instruction Set Computer (RISC) architecture. ATMega32 M icro Controller is a low power CMOS technology based controller. Due to RISC architecture AVR microcontroller can execute 1 million of instructions per second if cycle frequency is 1 MHz provided by crystal oscillator. ATMega32

23. 23 Pin Diagram for ATMega32

24. 24 Pin Description VCC : Digital supply voltage GND : Ground Port A : Port A serves as the analog inputs to the A/D Converter. Port A also serves as an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port., if the A/D converter is not used. Port pins can provide internal pull-up resistors. Port B : Port B is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull up resistors. The Port B output buffers have symmetrical drive characteristics with both high sink and source capability.

25. 25 Port C : Port C is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-up resistors. The port C output buffers have symmetrical drive characteristics with both high sink and source capability. As inputs, Port C pins that are externally pulled low will source current if the pull-up resistors are activated. Port D : Port D is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-up resistors. The Port D output buffers have symmetrical drive characteristics with both high sink and source capability. As inputs, Port D pins that are externally pulled low will source current if the pull-up resistors are activated.

26. 26 Reset : Reset Input. A low level on this pin for longer than minimum pulse length will generate a reset, even if the clock is not running. XTAL1 : Input to the inverting Oscillator amplifier and input to the internal clock operating circuit. XTAL2 : Output from the inverting Oscillator amplifier. AVCC : AVCC is the supply voltage pin for Port A and the A/D Converter. It should be externally connected to Vcc, even if the ADC is not used. If the ADC is used, it should be connected to Vcc through a low-pass filter.

27. 27 Architecture of ATMega32

28. 28 Key features of ATMega32 2 Kilo bytes of internal Static RAM 32 X 8 general working purpose registers 32 Kilo bytes of in system self programmable flash program memory. 1024 bytes EEPROM Programmable serial USART 8 Channel, 10 bit ADC One 16-bit timer/counter with separate prescale, compare mode and capture mode. Available in 40 pin DIP, 44-pad QFN/MLF and 44-lead QTFP Two 8-bit timers/counters with separate prescalers and compare modes 32 programmable I/O lines In system programming by on-chip boot program Master/slave SPI serial interface 4 PWM channels Programmable watch dog timer with separate on-chip oscillator

29. 29 Special features of ATMega32 External and internal interrupt sources Six sleep modes: Idle, ADC noise reduction, power-save, power-down, standby and extended standby. Power on reset and programmable brown-out detection. Internal calibrated RC oscillator

30. 30 Applications of ATMega32 There are many applications of Armega32 some are described here: It used in different temperature control systems. It used in the different analog signal calculation and management techniques. It used in different entrenched schemes like chocolate apparatus, peddling mechanism. It used for controlling the motor. It used for Numerical signal handling. It used for Marginal Interfacing scheme.

31. 31 References: https://internetofthingsagenda.techtarget.com/definition/ microcontroller https ://www.intervalzero.com/how-microcontrollers-work/ https://www.totalphase.com/blog/2019/12/microcontroller-vs-microprocessor-what-are-the-differences / https://www.tutorialspoint.com/microprocessor/microcontrollers_overview. htm https://www.allaboutcircuits.com/technical-articles/what-is-a-microcontroller-introduction-component-characteristics-component / https://internetofthingsagenda.techtarget.com/definition/microcontroller#:~:text=Microcontroller%20features&text=Microcontrollers%20can%20use%20volatile%20memory,%2Donly%20memory%20(EEPROM ) . https ://www.guru99.com/difference-between-microprocessor-and-microcontroller.html#:~:text=KEY%20DIFFERENCES,used%20in%20an%20embedded%20system . https://components101.com/microcontrollers/atmega32-8-bit-avr-microcontroller https://microcontrollerslab.com/atmega32-microcontroller-pinout-programming-tutorials-features/ https://www.javatpoint.com/atmega32-avr-microcontroller https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microcontroller#:~:text=A%20microcontroller%20(MCU%20for%20microcontroller,and%20programmable%20input%2Foutput%20peripherals.

32. 32 Thank You “Thank you, Everyone for being with us.”