Pakistan History and its dynamics Topic-1.pptx

Pakistan History

1. History of Pakistan (Since 1947 CE) Course In-charge: Dr. Humera Naz

2. What is History? History as ‘the study of man’s dealings with other men and the adjustment of working relations between human groups’. Ref. R. C. Majumdar , B. V. Bhavan , B. I. Simiti , The History and Culture of the Indian People , Vol. 1, (London: G. Allen & Unwin , 1969), p. 37. According to E. H. Carr, “History is the long struggle of man, by exercise of his reason, to understand his environment and to act upon it. But the modern period has broadened the struggle in a revolutionary way. Man now seeks to understand, and act on, not only his environment, but himself; and this has added, so to speak, a new dimension to reason and a new dimension to history.” Ref. E. H. Carr, What is History? (New York: Vintage Books, 1987), p. 136. Why do we study History? The study of history in particular affords a mental discipline that helps man meet contemporary challenges in a sober and intelligent manner. It brings into view the worth and evils of different cultures and societies and understanding of national ideals and traditions with devotion to them.

3. Studying Pakistan History: Main Objectives This is a survey course of Pakistan History from 1947 to the present. With a topsy-turvy history of military rule and civilian governments, some elected others nominated, we will follow the chronological evolution of Pakistn’s political path since it gained independence. The course will examine the six eras; that help define Pakistan’s history, and will highlight political, economic, constitutional and institutional developments. For the most part, the lecture course will deal with a timeline from 1947 to 2018 acquainting students with developments as and when they took place. Towards the latter half of the course, we will look specifically at themes which have helped define Pakistan’s history over the last seven decades. A historical review of the military, of Constitution-making, the economy, democracy, the rise of militancy and Islamic fundamentalism, the position and location of social groups, etc, will be discussed.

4. Cont… The objective of the course is to inform students about the history of Pakistan, something that has been overshadowed by political developments in more recent years, and also to provide insight and analysis regarding key institutions and themes which have evolved over time. The course will provide a dynamic analysis of political, economic and social developments, allowing students to understand contemporary Pakistan and its institutions, in light of past history. A key question which the course will try to address towards the end, is whether the vision presented by its founder, Muhammad Ali Jinnah, still holds for Pakistan, or whether a different future, one articulated by General Zia ul Haq post-1980, better defines Pakistan today. The completion of this course should prepare students for further and more advanced work on South Asia.

5. POLITICAL INSTITUTION Politics is the social institution through which power is acquired and exercised by some people and groups. An institutionalized system through which a society is governed. Political institutions are organizations which create, enforce, and apply laws. They often mediate conflict; make (governmental) policy on the economy and social systems.

6. Nation A large body of people united by common descent, history, culture, or language, inhabiting a particular country or territory. Nation-State A nation state is a state in which the great majority shares the same culture and is conscious of it. The nation state is an ideal in which cultural boundaries match up with political ones.  Nationalism Nationalism  is an ideology and movement characterized by the promotion of the interests of a particular nation, especially with the aim of gaining and maintaining the nation's sovereignty (self-governance) over its homeland. Identification with one's own nation and support for its interests, especially to the exclusion or detriment of the interests of other nations.

7. Pakistan Movement: Brief Chronology of Important Events The  Pakistan Movement  was a  Religio -political movement  in the 1940s that aimed for and succeeded in the creation of Dominion of Pakistan  from the Muslim-majority areas of the British Indian Empire. The Pakistan Movement sought to establish a new nation-state that protected the religious identity and political interests of Muslims in Indian subcontinent. The success of All India Muhammadan Educational Conference (1886) as a part of the Aligarh Movement , the All-India Muslim League was established with the support provided by Syed Ahmad Khan in 1906.  It was founded in Dhaka in a response to reintegration of Bengal after a mass Hindu protest took place in the subcontinent. Earlier in 1905, viceroy Lord Curzon  partitioned the Bengal which was favored by the Muslims, since it gave them a Muslim majority in the eastern half. In 1909, Lord Minto  promulgated the  India Council Act, after having a meeting with a Muslim delegation led by Aga Khan III.

8. Pakistan Movement: Brief Chronology of Important Events Until 1937 the Muslim League had remained an organization of elite Indian Muslims . From 1937 onwards, the Muslim League and Jinnah attracted large crowds throughout India in its processions and strikes. The Muslim League leadership then began mass mobilization and the League then became a popular party with the Muslim masses in the 1940s, especially after the Lahore Resolution . Under Jinnah's leadership, its membership grew to over two million and became more religious and even separatist in its outlook. At the 1940 Muslim League conference in Lahore, the resolution guaranteed protection for non-Muslim religions. The Lahore Resolution, moved by the sitting Chief Minister of Bengal A. K. Fazlul Huq , was adopted on 23 March 1940, and its principles formed the foundation for Pakistan's first constitution.

9. Pakistan Movement: Brief Chronology of Important Events The 1946 elections resulted in the Muslim League winning the majority of Muslim votes and reserved Muslim seats in the Central and provincial assemblies, performing exceptionally well in Muslim minority provinces such as UP and Bihar, relative to the Muslim majority provinces of Punjab and NWFP. In 1946, the Cabinet Mission Plan recommended a decentralized but united India , this was accepted by the Muslim League but rejected by the Congress, thus, leading the way for the Partition of India. June 6,1947   Partition Plan . 14 th August, 1947  Creation of Pakistan.

10. Lahore Resolution Controversies The name Pakistan was not used in the resolution and the official name of the resolution was Lahore Resolution. It was the Hindu newspapers including Partap , Bande Matram , Milap , Tribune, etc., who ironically coined the name Pakistan Resolution. However, the idea was appreciated by the Muslim masses and the Resolution is more known as Pakistan Resolution. Secondly, the Government and the people of Pakistan wrongly celebrate March 23 as a national day in Pakistan. The actual day when the resolution was passed was March 24. It was only presented on March 23. Lastly, the word “states” and not “state” was mentioned in the Resolution. It means that the authors of the Resolution were foreseeing two separate states in the north-western and eastern zones of India. But if one has a good look at the developments that followed, he or she would conclude that the word “states” was included as an idea for a set of autonomous states or provinces of Muslim majorities.

11. 3 rd June Plan When all of Mountbatten’s efforts to keep India united failed, he asked Lord Hasting Ismay to chalk out a plan for the transfer of power and the division of the country . The plan that was to decide the future of the Indian Sub-continent  The plan was made public on June 3, and is thus known as the June 3rd Plan. The following were the main clauses of this Plan: The British Government would divide India into two separate states . Dominion status would be given to the successor governments of the two states. A Boundary Commission would be appointed to demarcate the boundaries if any of the communal group decides in favor of dividing the province of Punjab and Bengal. The Sindh Legislative Assembly would be authorized to opt out whether it desires to join the current Constituent Assembly or the New Constituent Assembly .

12. 3 rd June Plan A Referendum would be conducted in the North West Frontier Province to know the public opinion on the question of joining the new state of Pakistan . The Electoral College for the Referendum would be the same as it was for in 1946. Balochistan would be granted freedom of choice . A referendum would be conducted in Sylhet to take the decision whether it wants to join East Bengal or stay as a part of Assam. According to the Plan, the British Government transferred the Power to the governments of the two New States of Pakistan and India.

13. Radcliffe Award / Boundary Commission awards 1947 Radcliffe Award  was the outcome of an official plan announced by Lord  Mountbatten  on 3 June 1947 regarding the partition of India into two separate sovereign states - India and Pakistan. He was called upon to chair the Boundary Commissions in India. Radcliffe's appointment as the Chairman of the Boundary Commissions announced. In the words of Quaid-i-Azam , the Radcliff Award was an unjust, incomprehensible and even perverse award . Announcement of the Boundary Commission Awards on August 17, 1947 , came as a big shock for the All India Muslim League due to biased decision from Radcliffe. The Radcliffe award was unfair to Pakistan because it awarded many Muslim majority areas in the Punjab and Bengal to India .

14. Main Features of the Boundary Award Main features of this plan were as under: Calcutta , the city where the jute grown in East Bengal was processed, was given to India, although the Muslim League had tried to press for a plebiscite there because it was surrounded by the Muslim areas and they were confident of a majority in their favor.  In the Punjab , the crucial districts of Firozpur and Gurdaspur were given to India. This was to prove the most contentious part of the entire award. The Gurdaspur District had a Muslim majority and it was only the sub-district of Pathankot , which had a Hindu majority. Even if that tehsil , or sub-district, had been awarded to India, they would not have had a land border between Kashmir and India. By the Award of the entire district of Gurdaspur to India, the whole Kashmir dispute not only became possible, it became inevitable. 

15. The Boundary Award The other district in contention, Firozpur , contained the canal headwork which controlled the water coming into Pakistan. Firozpur also had a Muslim majority and the Pakistan complained that there had been an alteration to the original map in which Radcliffe had awarded Firozpur to Pakistan. The change in this award was strongly suspected to have occurred as a result of pressure from Mountbatten.

16. The Boundary Award The other district in contention, Firozpur , contained the canal headworks which controlled the water coming into Pakistan. Firozpur also had a Muslim majority and the Pakistan complained that there had been an alteration to the original map in which Radcliffe had awarded Firozpur to Pakistan. The change in this award was strongly suspected to have occurred as a result of pressure from Mountbatten.

17. Radcliffe Award According to the Radcliffe Award

18. The Indian Independence Act 1947 On July 18, 1947 , the Parliament passed the Indian Independence Act, providing the foundation for establishing Pakistan and India as dominions of the British Commonwealth . The act also established the office of a Governor-General for each of the two new dominions. With partition imminent and sectarian passions further aroused, violence flared. But the road to independence now moved in only one direction. On August 11, 1947 , the Pakistan Constituent Assembly , which served as both the federal legislature and the creator of the constitution , held its first session. On August 13, 1947 , Lord Mountbatten arrived in Karachi bearing a message from King George he read to the assembly. On August 15, 1947 both Pakistan and India became independent. The dream of independence had been achieved. But the new nation of Pakistan would find its real challenges lay ahead.

19. Some Useful Video Links https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H6DajWUTbe8 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P8lq0my2oJY Struggle for Pakistan by Ayesha Jalal https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=syTyfvMhlU4 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l3_quwziioA

20. Emergence of Pakistan: Early Challenges With the passage of the Indian Independence Act by the British parliament on July 18, 1947 , Pakistan and India became sovereign states. The transfer took place on August 15, 1947. Born in spasms of massacre and flight, Pakistan was a nation physically divided, its East Wing (present-day Bangladesh) and West Wing separated by some 1,000 miles (1,600 km). Among the issues the new nation confronted: 1. Could it exist as two separate areas linked by little but religion? 2. Was Pakistan to be secular or an Islamic state? 3. How could it deal with the refugee crisis of Muslims spilling into its territory from India, and 4. How to cope with the brain drain as Hindus and Sikhs fled Pakistan for India?

21. Emergence of Pakistan: Early Challenges Communal Riots India had population of 390 million during partition, out of which 330 million people in India, 30 million were to fall in East Pakistan and 30 million in West Pakistan. Sectarian violence continued to wrack both new states, as communal riots erupted throughout Pakistan and India. Newly independent Muslims in Pakistan and Hindus in India, inflamed by religious and nationalist fervor , attacked members of minority communities. The violence prompted mass migrations of Muslims from India to Pakistan, while Hindus and Sikhs fled Pakistan for India. Massacres in Punjab alone resulted in almost one million deaths in a matter of months. The riots and sectarian strife destroyed property and infrastructure and created a vast sea of refugees who had to be clothed, housed, and fed by the poor nation.

22. Cont… By the time Pakistan conducted its first census in 1951, it determined some 14 million people had moved across the frontier: 8 million Muslims coming to Pakistan from India , and 6 million Hindus leaving Pakistan for India. Most of these people had to abandon all their possessions in their flight. No reliable survey of the number of people who lost their lives in the violence has ever been attempted, but it has been estimated that about 1 million people were killed. Additionally, as many as 50,000 Muslim and 33,000 non-Muslim women were abducted by some estimates (Menu and Bhasin 1998, 70).

23. Emergence of Pakistan: Early Challenges 2. Territorial Limits According to the Radcliffe Award

24. 2. Refugee Problem After establishment of Pakistan many riots started in the sub-continent. Punjab, Delhi, Bengal and Bihar were worst affected areas. More than Eight million Muslim were bound to migrate from India. The Millions of refugees reached Pakistan in very bad condition Provision of residence, food & other necessities for them was a great problem for newly born state. The sources of government were much limited but government helped them and established a department to solve the problems of the refugees. 3. Territorial Limits A boundary commission was set up under a British Chairman, Sir Cyril Redcliff. He misused his powers and handed-over Muslims majority areas like Gurdaspur, Ferozpur , Hyderabad Deccan and Junagadh to India hence providing them a gateway to Kashmir. Quaid -e- Azam called it an “ unjust, incomprehensible and even perverse award ”.  This led to a hottest issue of the sub-continent known as the Kashmir Issue.

25. 4. Constitutional Set-up When Pakistan established, the Government of India Act 1935 became the working constitution of Pakistan with certain adaption . But the need of a constitution framed by the elected representatives of the people was necessary for free people. So the first constituent assembly was formed and was given the task to frame the constitution for the country. But the constituent assembly failed to frame a constitution even in eight years. Lack of a permanent constitution created chances of corrupt interference in democratic progress of Pakistan .  On the other hand, the constituent assembly conferred  extra ordinary powers on Governor General which afterwards led to future constitutional Issues.

26. 5. Government Formation at the Centre A very major problem that Pakistan had to face was to choose a capital to form a Government and to establish a secretariat . Karachi was chosen as the capital of Pakistan. On 15 th August 1947 , Pakistan’s first cabinet was sworn in. Quaid -e- Azam took the office of the Governor General, Liaquat Ali Khan was appointed as Prime Minister and a Cabinet of experienced persons was selected.  All Liaquat’s colleagues in the interim government were taken in his government. Arrangements were to be made to bring the officials who had opted for Pakistan from Delhi to Karachi . ‘Adoption of Convention’ on 30 December clarified Quid’s position vis a vis the federal cabinet. The Cabinet decided that no question of policy and principle would be decided except at a meeting of the cabinet to be presided over by the Quid.

27. 6. Problems of the New State Administrative Problems Division of the all-India services of the Indian Civil Service and the Indian Police Service was also difficult. Only 101 out of a total of 1,157 Indian officers were Muslim . Among these Muslim officers, 95 officers opted for Pakistan ; they were joined by one Christian, eleven Muslim military officers transferring to civilian service, and fifty Britons , for a total of 157 . But only 20 of them had had more than fifteen years of service , and more than half had had fewer than ten years . These men formed the core of the Civil Service of Pakistan , which became one of the most elite and privileged bureaucracies in the world . Members of the Civil Service of Pakistan were the architects of the administrative, judicial, and diplomatic services . They proved indispensable in running the government machinery during Pakistan's first two decades

28. Emergence of Pakistan: Early Challenges Financial Problems The assets of British India were divided in the ratio of seventeen for India to five for Pakistan by decision of the Viceroy's Council in June 1947. Division was difficult to implement, however, and Pakistan complained of non-deliveries . A financial agreement was reached in December 1948 , but the actual settlement of financial and other disputes continued until 1960. Pakistan was promised to get Rs. 750 million but the Indian Government refused to give. Pakistan received only 200 million . Pakistan also did not receive the due share of the military assets .

29. Emergence of Pakistan: Early Challenges Armed Forces The partition involved the division of the  British Indian Army, the Royal Indian Navy, the Indian Civil Service, the railways , and the central treasury , between the two new dominions.  The formations, units, assets, and indigenous personnel of the Indian Army were divided, with two-thirds of the assets being retained by the Union of India , and one third going to the new Dominion of Pakistan . Equipment from most British units was retained by the Indian Army, as only a single infantry division, the 7th Indian Infantry Division , had been stationed in Pakistan before partition. Pakistan received six armored, eight  artillery  and eight  infantry  regiments , while India had forty armored, forty artillery and twenty-one infantry regiments. Due to a shortage of experienced officers , several hundred British officers remained in Pakistan on contract until the early 1950s . From 1947 to 1948 , soon after the Partition of India and of the Indian Army, the two new armies fought each other in the  First Kashmir War , beginning a bitter rivalry which has continued into the 21st century.

30. Refugees and their Rehabilitation The 1951 Census of Pakistan recorded that the largest number of Muslim refugees came from the East Punjab and nearby Rajputana states ( Alwar and Bharatpur ). They were a number of 5,783,100 and constituted 80.1% of Pakistan's total refugee population . Migration from other regions of India were as follows: Bihar, West Bengal and Orissa, 700,300 or 9.8%; UP and Delhi 464,200 or 2.4%; Gujarat and Bombay, 160,400 or 2.2%; Bhopal and Hyderabad 95,200 or 1.2%; and Madras and Mysore 18,000 or 0.2%. So far as their settlement in Pakistan is concerned, 97.4% of the refugees from East Punjab and its contiguous areas went to West Punjab; 95.9% from Bihar, West Bengal and Orissa to the erstwhile East Pakistan; 9 5.5% from UP and Delhi to West Pakistan, mainly in Karachi division of Sindh ; 97.2% from Bhopal and Hyderabad to West Pakistan, mainly Karachi; and 98.9% from Bombay and Gujarat to West Pakistan, largely to Karachi; and 98.9% from Madras and Mysore went to West Pakistan, mainly Karachi.

31. West Punjab received the largest number of refugees (73.1%), mainly from East Punjab and its contiguous areas. Sindh received the second largest number of refugees 16.1% of the total migrants while Karachi division of Sindh received 8.5% of the total migrant population. East Bengal received the third largest number of refugees, 699,100, who constituted 9.7% of the total Muslim refugee population in Pakistan. 66.69% of the refugees in East Bengal originated from West Bengal, 14.50% from Bihar and 11.84% from Assam. NWFP and Balochistan received the lowest number of migrants. NWFP received 51,100 migrants (0.7% of the migrant population) while Baluchistan received 28,000 (0.4% of the migrant population). The Government undertook a census of refugees in West Punjab in 1948, which displayed their place of origin in India.

32. 7. Disputes with India Accession of the Princely States Prior to partition, there existed in British India many semi-autonomous Princely states whose future had to be settled before Britain withdrew from India. The India Independence Act left the princes theoretically free to accede to either dominion . There were some 565 such states all over the Sub-continent. Some fell within Indian territory, others in Pakistan. Princely State A princely state, also called native state, feudatory state or Indian state, was a vassal state under a local or indigenous or regional ruler in a subsidiary alliance with the British Raj .

33. 1. Kashmir The maharaja of Jammu and Kashmir, Raja Hari Singh unpopular among his subjects, was reluctant to decide on accession to either dominion. He first signed agreements with both Pakistan and India that would provide for the continued flow of people and goods to Kashmir--as it is usually called from both dominions. Alarmed by reports of oppression of fellow Muslims in Kashmir, armed groups from the North-West Frontier Province entered the maharaja's territory. The ruler requested military assistance from India but had to sign documents acceding to India before that country would provide aid in October 1947. The government of Pakistan refused to recognize the accession and denounced it as a fraud even though the Indian government announced that it would require an expression of the people's will through a plebiscite after the invaders were driven back . Pakistan launched an active military and diplomatic campaign to undo the accession.

34. The UN Security Council eventually brought about a cease-fire between Pakistani and Indian troops , which took place on January 1, 1949, thus ending the first Indo- Pakistani War , and directed that a plebiscite be held. The cease- fire agreement formalized the military status quo, leaving about 30 percent of Kashmir under Pakistani control . 2. Junagadh : The ruler of Junagadh was a Muslim but 80 percent of his subjects were Hindus . On September 15, 1947, the Nawab Muhammad Mahabat Khanji  III acceded to Pakistan, despite the fact that his state did not fall within the geographical grouping of Pakistan. India protested, stormed in her troops, and forcibly reversed the Nawab’s decision and Junagadh became a part of India .

35. 3. Hyderabad Hyderabad, the second of the defiant states was the largest and richest in India. Its population was 85 percent Hindu but the ruler ( Nizam ) Mir Usman Ali Khan was a Muslim. He was reluctant to accede either to India or Pakistan but was dismissed by Mountbatten for adopting this course. The Nizam was forced by the Indian government and Lord Mountbatten to join India. The Hindu subjects were incited to revolt against the Nizam’s desire to be independent. The whole province suffered turmoil and violence. Hyderabad filed a compliant with the Security Council of the United Nations . Before the hearing could be started, Indian troops entered Hyderabad to “restore order”, and under the pretext of “police action” Hyderabad was forced to join India. The Hyderabad army surrendered on September 17, 1948 , and finally Hyderabad was annexed into the Indian Union.

36. Jodhpur : Yet another prince, the Maharaja of Jodhpur, Raj Rajeshwer Rathor expressed a wish to join Pakistan. But Mountbatten warned him that his subjects were mostly Hindus and his accession to Pakistan would create problems. As a result Jodhpur, too, acceded to India. Princely States in Pakistan The frontier princely states of Dir, Chitral , Amb , and Hunza acceded quickly to Pakistan while retaining substantial autonomy in internal administration and customary law. The Khan of Kalat in Balochistan declared independence on August 15, 1947 , but offered to negotiate a special relationship with Pakistan. Other Baloch   sardar  (tribal chiefs) also expressed their preference for a separate identity . Pakistan took military action against them and the Khan, and brought about their accession in 1948. The State of Bahawalpur , with a Muslim ruler and a Muslim population, acceded to Pakistan, as did State of Khairpur .

37. b. Water Disputes The most explosive of Indo-Pakistan disputes was the question of sharing the waters of the Indus basin . On April 1, 1948 , India cut off the supply of water from the two headworks under its control. Fortunately, Eugene Black, President of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development offered the offices of the Bank for the solution of the water problem in 1952. A solution acceptable to both governments was agreed upon signed on Sep 19, 1960 at the Indus Basin Development Fund Agreement at Karachi. This treaty is commonly known as the “ Indus Waters Treaty ”. The treaty allowed for a transitional period of 10 to 13 years , after which the three eastern rivers would fall exclusively to India’s share and the three western rivers to Pakistan . During the transitional period, Pakistan would construct a system of replacement works consisting of two dams, five barrages and seven link canals financed by the Indus Development Fund.

38. 9. Provincial Politics and Governments The diversity of Pakistan's provinces , therefore, was a potential threat to central authority . While the provincial arenas continued to be the main centers of political activity, those who set about creating the centralized government in Karachi were either politicians with no real support or civil servants trained in the old traditions of British Indian administration . Both the military and the civil bureaucracy were affected by the disruptions wrought by partition. Pakistan cycled through a number of politicians through their beginning political and economic crises. Ranging controversies over the issue of the national language , the role of Islam , provincial representation , and the distribution of power between the center and the provinces delayed constitution making and postponed general elections.

39. 10. Formulation of Internal & Foreign Policies First decade of independence (1947-1958) was considerably significant in giving direction to Pakistan’s foreign policy. The  national economy  and protecting interests of   national security were the main concerns. Pakistan's foreign policy has encompassed difficult relations with the neighboring Soviet Union (USSR), who maintained a close military and ideological interaction with the neighboring countries such as  Afghanistan and India . With the growing influence of USSR in the region, Pakistan cemented close security relations with China in Asia and Poland in Europe during most of the Cold War. While Pakistan's had " on-off relations" with the United States , Pakistan assisted President Nixon re-approach with China and other East Asian countries. In 1947, Muhammad Ali Jinnah, clearly described the principles and objectives of Pakistan's foreign policy in a broadcast message, which is featured prominently in a quotation on the homepage of Pakistan's Ministry of Foreign Affairs website: " The foundation of our foreign policy is friendship with all nations across the globe .”

40. 11. State Language Movement The issue of the state language created a schism between East and West Pakistan during these first years of nationhood. Eager to ensure their voices would be heard in the new nation, many in East Pakistan wanted Bengali, the language of Bengal, to be the state language of East Pakistan and to share the distinction of the state language with Urdu, the language that dominated West Pakistan. In the months after independence the issue grew more acute. In November 1947 university students in Dhaka, the capital of the province of East Pakistan, staged a protest, demanding Bengali be made the state language . When the new nation’s coins and stamps were issued, they were in Urdu and English alone. Muhammad Ali Jinnah arrived in March 1948, for a visit to East Pakistan. In a speech on March 21, 1948 he declared that Urdu alone would be the national language of Pakistan , further inflaming the public.

41. Capitalism Capitalism  is an economic system based on the private ownership of the means of production and their operation for profit. Characteristics central to capitalism include private property, capital accumulation, wage labor, voluntary exchange, a price system and competitive markets. Communism Communism a theory or system of social organization in which all property is owned by the community and each person contributes and receives according to their ability and needs. The Cold War Era (1947-1991) The Cold War Era  was a period of geopolitical tension between the Soviet Union with its satellite states (the Eastern Bloc), and the United States with its allies (the Western Bloc) after World War II.

42. Geo-Political and Geo-Strategic Significance of Pakistan Geo-Politics The impact created by a country on other neighboring countries due to its geographical position is called Geo-Politics . This Impact also effects the politics of the region as a whole. Geo-Strategic Geo-Strategic means the importance of a country or a region s by virtue of its geographical location. The foreign policy of a country is determined by its geography. (Napoleon)

43. Geopolitical and Geostratigical Significance of Pakistan 7.

44. Thank You