Parallelism in English grammer important pptx

ENGLISH grammer

1. PARALLELISM Irfan Ali Soomro ICONM, TIH

2. Objectives: Upon completion, students need to be able to : D efine parallelism Explain purpose of parallelism Identify errors in parallelism C orrect examples of faulty parallelism 2

3. Parallelism Parallelism is a grammatical term for arranging words with grammatically accurate structure. In other words, parallelism refers to making sentences have the same, or parallel structure . Parallelism is essential to proper writing (and speaking, for that matter). This method adds balance and  rhythm  to sentences, giving ideas a smoother flow and thus persuasiveness, because of the  repetition  it employs. 3

4. Continue: 4 Here are some examples of parallel elements These elements, on the other hand, are not parallel

5. It is an important element in English writing, especially when you are listing, comparing and contrasting items or ideas. Parallel construction prevents awkwardness, promotes clarity and improves writing style and readability. Purpose of PARALLELISM 5

6. Parallel Structure Parallel structure is a stylistic device, and a grammatical construction having two or more clauses, phrases or words, with similar grammatical form and length. It is similar to  Parallelism . These structures are repetitions that offer an enjoyable time for the readers to absorb and understand ideas, facts, and concepts. 6

7. Nouns Adjectives Adverbs Participles Gerunds Prepositional phrases Infinitives Nouns Adjectives Adverbs Participles Gerunds Prepositional phrases Infinitives And/or/but/ etc What to balance in PARALLELISM 7

8. Examples Easy come, easy go. Like father, like son. What goes around, comes around. My seatmate is smart, kind, and generous . The fruit salad has pears, peaches, and cherries. The movie was thrilling, exciting, and suspenseful . He was a miser, a bachelor, and an egotist. 8

9. Rules of P arallelism Parallelism is used to balance nouns with nouns , adjectives with adjectives, prepositions with prepositions, and adverbs with adverbs: prepositional phrases with prepositional phrases, participles with participles, infinitives with infinitives and gerund with gerund etc. Ahmed loves to play  golf, tennis  and  badminton .    [3 nouns] Every morning, we make our bed, eat breakfast and feed the dog.   [3 verbs ] Reading books, playing the piano and  going to the theatre are my favourite activities.    [3 gerund phrases ] The group travelled  by plane, by bus and  by car . [ 3 prepositional phrases] Melissa hoped  to graduate from college, to find a job and  to buy a car.    [ 3 infinitive phrases] 9

10. Continue: Parallelism is used with elements joined by coordinating conjunctions . My mother likes  cooking  and   to read . (Incorrect) My mother likes  cooking  and   reading.   (Correct) Parallelism is used with elements in lists or in a series . This task can be done  individually ,  in pairs , or  can be done in groups of four . (IC) This task can be done  individually ,  in pairs , or  in groups of four . (C) Parallelism is used with elements being  compared . She is mad about  watching TV  more than  to read a book   . (IC) She is mad about  watching TV  more than  reading a book .  (C) 10

11. Continue Parallelism is used with elements joined by a linking verb or a form of be. To learn  is  understanding the world . (Incorrect) To learn  is  to understand the world . (Correct) Parallelism is used with elements joined by  linking words . The teacher  not only  wants his students  to keep quiet   but also   to do the task   . (IC) The teacher wants his students  not only   to keep quiet   but also   to do the task   . (C) 11

12. Faulty Parallelism Or Error in Parallelism Faulty parallelism in a sentence is when you are writing a list of things and mix up verb forms (to run, jumping, played ). Example : Faulty : Sana likes to run , jumping around in the backyard and played with her friend Jorge yesterday. Correct:   Sana likes running and jumping around in her backyard; in fact, yesterday she played there with her friend Jorge . 12

13. Continue Another problem is mixing up a list of nouns and verbs (a ball, to jump, running outside). Example : Faulty:  Haider likes a ball , to jump and running outside. Correct:  Haider likes balls and likes jumping and running outside . Mixed up adjectives or adverb forms can also be a problem: Faulty:  Grandpa walked carefully , in a slow way, and halted a lot. Correct:  Grandpa walked carefully , slowly and haltingly . 13

14. Continue: Faulty:   Jia made  cake, pie  and s he baked dumplings .   [2 nouns + 1 clause] Correct:   Jia made  cake, pie  and  dumplings .   [3 nouns] Faulty:  Maria  has been skiing, jogging  and  has been lifting  weights.   [verb phrase, participle, verb phrase] Correct:  Maria  has been skiing, jogging  and  lifting  weights.   [3 participles, sharing  has been ] Faulty:  The facts were given  with accuracy, clarity  and  with concision .   [phrase, noun, phrase] Correct:  The facts were given with  accuracy, clarity  and  concision .   [3 nouns, sharing  with ] Correct:  The facts were given  with accuracy, with clarity  and  with concision .   [3 prepositional phrases] 14

15. Summary What is Parallelism? When writing a list, every item starts with the same type of verb or noun, adjective or adverb format. Examples : 1. " ing " verbs: We went running, biking, swimming, and fishing. 2. " ed " verbs: We walked, jumped and skipped on the way. 3. nouns : We drove to the lake, mountains, desert and beach all in one day. 4. adjective : She had purple, silver-tipped, spiky hair. 5. adverb : Lovingly, graciously and generously, she helped us out. 15

16. THANK YOU Good Luck 16

17. 1.Rewrite and correct the following sentences. Huma had to iron, do the washing, and shopping before her parents arrived. Driving a car requires coordination, patience, and to have good eyesight. Ali prefers jeans to wearing a suit. When I walk the dog, I like to listen to music and talking to friends on the phone . Mr. Shah enjoys reading and to play his guitar at weekends . Please share with a classmate and compare your answers. 17

18. 2. Which example avoids faulty parallelism? A. The experience taught us to be courageous, patience, and humility. The experience taught us courage, patience, and to be humble. The experience taught us courage, patience, and humility. The experience taught us courage, to be patient, and humility . B. Recommended exercise includes to run, to swim, and cycling. Recommended exercise includes running, swimming, and cycling. Recommended exercise includes running, swimming, and to cycle. Recommended exercise includes running, to swim, and cycling. C. The strikers had tried shouts, to threaten, and pleas. The strikers had tried shouts, threats, and to plea. The strikers had tried to shout, threats, and pleas. The strikers had tried shouts, threats, and pleas . 18