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parts of speech to enhance vocabulary of the students.

1. BY: MRS. PRECILLA C. STEPHEN PARTS OF SPEECH

2. NOUN Noun is a word use to name a person, animal., place, thing and abstract idea. Nouns are usually the first word which small children learn

3. NOUNS: SINGULAR AND PLURAL NOUNS Singular nouns: Refer to one thing a baby, a puppy, a flower Plural nouns: Refer to two or more things. Babes, puppies, flowers.

4. 1. PROPER NOUN It is the name of a particular person, place or thing. Example: The Jasmine smell sweet. Asoka was a great king. (Jasmine, Asoka)

5. 2. COMMON NOUN It is a name which is common to any and every person, place or thing of the same kind. Ex: Boys are playing. The chairs are costly. Our girls have been singing.

6. 3. COLLECTIVE NOUN It is a number of persons or things taken together. Ex: Our nation is great. Indian army is famous for bravery. Our cricket team consists of famous players.

7. 4. Material noun It denotes the substance or the matter of which the things are made. Ex: A Log of wood was floating in the water. Some sweets are made from milk.

8. 5. ABSTRACT NOUN It is the name of a quality, state or action with no consideration to the object to which it belongs as Ex: Quality: Honesty, bravery, darkness, kindness, goodness, wisdom State: Slavery, youth, death, childhood, sleep, sickness Action: Judgement, hatred, laughter, movement, flight.

9. Point Out The Nouns In The Following Sentences And Say Whether They Are Common, Proper, Collective, Material Or Abstract. 1.    Always speak the truth. 2.    We all love honesty. 3.    I have two children. 4.    The lion is the king of the beasts. 5.    Solomon was the wisest of all kings. 6.    Cleanliness is next to godliness. 7.    Birds of a feather flock together. 8.    Who teaches you grammar? 9.    The Nile is the longest of all rivers. 10.    A committee of six was appointed to assess the situation.

10. 11. Jawaharlal Nehru was the first Prime Minister of India. 12. The boy was rewarded for his honesty. 13. He gave me an apple. 14. I recognized his voice at once. 15. You should never tell a lie. 16. Wisdom is better than riches. 17. He is on the jury. 18. Silver and gold are precious metals. 19. Still waters run deep.

11. 20. The cackling of geese saved Rome. 21. Tubal Cain was a man of might. 22. Old habits die hard. 23. The early bird catches the worm. 24. It was Edison who invented the phonograph. 25.You can’t pump the ocean dry.

12. OTHER NOUN CONCRETE NOUN A concrete noun is the exact opposite of abstract noun. It refers to the things we see and have physical existence. Example: Chair, table, bat, ball, water, money, sugar.

13. 2. COUNTABLE NOUN The nouns that can be counted are called countable nouns. Example: chair, table, bat, ball

14. 3. Uncountable/ non-countable noun The nouns that cannot be counted are called non – countable or uncountable noun. Example: water, sugar, oil, salt

15. GENDER There are 4 gender in noun Masculine Gender Feminine Gender Common Gender Neuter Gender

16. 1. MaSCULINE gender A noun that denotes a male is said to be Masculine Gender. Example: boy, Lion, Hero

17. 2. Feminine Gender A noun that denotes a female is said to be Feminine Gender. Example: girl, lioness, heroine

18. 3. Common GENDER A noun that denotes either a male or female is said to be common noun. Example: parent, child, friend, servant, pupil.

19. 4. NEUTER GENDER A noun that denotes a thing that is neither male or female is said to be of the Neuter Noun. Example: book, pen, room, tree.

20. Ways Of Forming The Feminine Of Noun By using an entirely different word. Bachelor – Maid, Spinster Boy – Girl Brother – Sister Buck – Doe Bull – Cow Bullock – Heifer Cock – Hen Dog – Bitch Father- Mother Gentleman – Lady King – Queen Papa – Mamma Uncle – Aunt Wizard – Witch Man- Woman

21. By placing a word before or after Grandfather – Grandmother Great-uncle – Great-aunt Manservant – Maidservant Landlord – Landlady Peacock – peahen Salesman – saleswoman Washer man – washerwoman

22. PRONOUN DEFINITION: A pronoun is a word used to say something about some person, place or thing is called a pronoun. Ex: Kamala was absent, because she was ill.

23. FORMS OF PRONOUN SUBJECT FORMS: I, we, he, she, they, you, it OBJECT FORMS: me, us, him, her, them, you, it POSSESSIVE FORMS: my, mine; our, ours; his, his; her, hers; their, theirs; yours, yours: its.

24. KINDS OF PRONOUN Personal Pronoun Interrogative Pronoun Relative Pronoun Demonstrative Pronoun Reflexive Pronoun Distributive Pronoun Indefinite Pronoun

25. Personal Pronoun – He, she, they, you, it Interrogative Pronoun – What, why, who, whose, whom Relative Pronoun – Who, where, that, when Demonstrative Pronoun – This, that, these, those Reflexive Pronoun – Myself, himself, herself, itself, themselves. (action done by the subject) Distributive Pronoun – Each, every, either Indefinite pronoun – Each, every, all, one

26. Personal pronouns represent specific people or things. We use them depending on: number: singular ( I ) or plural ( we ). person: 1st person ( I ), 2nd person ( you ) or 3rd person ( he ). gender: male ( he ), female ( she ) or neuter ( it ). case: s ubject ( we ) or object ( us ).

27. Number Person Gender Personal Pronoun Subject Object Singular 1 st Male/Female I Me 2 nd Male/Female You You 3 rd Male He Him Female She Her Neuter It It Plural 1 st Male/Female We Us 2 nd Male/Female You You 3 rd Male/Female /Neuter They Them

28. I like coffee. John helped me . Do you like coffee? John loves you. He runs fast. Did Ram beat him? She is clever. Does Mary know her?

29. We went home. Anthony drove us. It doesn't work. Can the engineer repair it? Do you need a table for three? Did John and Mary beat you at doubles? They played doubles. John and Mary beat them

30. ADJECTIVE Adjectives are the words that qualify or describe noun or pronoun. Ex: Good, bad, red, tall. Adjectives are modifiers. They modify nouns or pronouns. This means they change the image of a noun or pronoun.

31. An adjective answers: What kind? Which one? How many? Example: Happy Dog Tired boy Seven girls

32. To Find An Adjective You Need To Locate The Nouns First Three happy children played at the park. The donkey stepped on my large hat. The child was brave.

33. KINDS OF ADJECTIVES Descriptive Adjectives Proper Adjectives Limiting Adjectives Articles Possessives Demonstratives Indefinites Interrogative Possessive Adjectives

34. DESCRIPTIVE ADJECTIVES The descriptive adjectives are used to express the size, color, or shape of a person, a thing, an animal, or a place. They are used to provide more information to a noun by describing or modifying it.

35. She brushed her long brown hair. The slender man appeared out of nowhere. You should always eat green leafy vegetables. The fat boy teased the small kids in the park. The spider has hairy legs. The old man asked the pretty girl for food. The extremely bright light almost blinded me. That thin girl is my best friend. The attractive guy fell off his black horse. I think he’s pretty short for his age.

36. PROPER ADJECTIVES Proper Adjectives Are Derived From Or Come From, Proper Nouns. This Means That They Must Always Be Capitalized. Examples: Proper Noun America France China Pennsylvania Proper Adjectives: American French Chinese Pennsylvanian

37. LIMITING ADJECTIVES Limiting adjectives point out nouns. There are five kinds of them: Articles Possessives Demonstratives Indefinites Interrogatives

38. ARTICLES There are three article: A, AN, The “The” is called a definite article because it points out nouns specifically. “A” and “An” are called indefinite articles because they do not point nouns out as specifically.

39. ARTICLES “The” can be used before both singular and plural nouns. Ex. The cat, The houses “A” and “An” can only be used before singular nouns. Ex. A book, An elephant

40. Articles “The” can be used before both vowels and consonants. Ex. The ant, The Car “A” must be used before consonant sounds. Ex: A duck, A fossil, A uniform “An” must be used before a vowel sounds. Ex: An Umbrella, An excuse

41. POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES Possessive adjectives show ownership of a noun. These words are the same as the possessive pronouns. There are fourteen possessive adjectives: My, mine Our, ours Your, yours His, her, hers, its Their, theirs

42. DEMONSTRATIVE ADJECTIVES Demonstrative adjectives point out a noun. They are the same words as the demonstrative pronouns. There are four demonstratives: This That These Those

43. INDEFINITE ADJECTIVES Indefinite adjectives point out nouns. They often tell “how may” or “how much” of something. There are seventeen of them: All, any, another, both, each, either, few, little, many, more, most, much, neither, one, other, several, some

44. INTERROGATIVE ADJECTIVES Interrogative adjectives are used to ask questions. Three of them were also interrogative pronouns: Which What Whose

45. ADJECTIVE OF QUALITY They show kind or quality of a thing. It has three degrees of comparison Positive Degree Comparative Degree Superlative Degree

46. POSITIVE DEGREE It tells quality of a person or thing. Ex: Rama is a good boy.

47. COMPARATIVE DEGREE It compares one object or person, to another Ex: Mohan is taller than shyam

48. SUPERALATIVE DEGREE It compares one person or thing to many. Ex: Rajesh is the tallest boy.

49. DEGREES OF ADJECTIVES Positive Comparative Superlative Good/Well Better Than The Best Bad Worse Than The Worst Big Bigger Than The Biggest Great Greater Than The Greatest Sweet Sweeter Than The Sweetest Hot Hotter Than The Hottest Happy Happier Than The Happiest

50. EXCERCISE THIN MUCH JOLLY FAT DRY BEAUTIFUL CAREFUL WISE CLEVER

51. Rules in use of adjectives The following adjectives are comparative i form but are used as positive degree.: Interior, exterior, major, minor, upper, lower, inner, outer, elders. Ex: The upper storey is painted. The inne r room has been decorated. 2. “preferable” also takes “to” after it. Ex: Milk is preferable to tea. 3. “ er ” is not used in comparative wen two qualities are compared. “more” is used instead. Ex: She is more wise than brave . A superlative degree adjective takes “the” before it not “a” or “an”. Ex: Wrong: He is a best boy in class. Correct: He is the best boy in class.

52. 4. Two adjectives joined by “and” must belong to teh same degree. Ex: Wrong: He is the best and honest boy. Correct: He is the best and the honest boy. 5. “Some” is used in Affirmative sentences or Imperative sentences “Any” is used in Question or Negative. Ex:: I want some books. Please give me some butter. Will you like any pens? 6. “Not any” or “no any” are wrong to use: Ex: Wrong: He has not nay book. Correct: He has no book. 7. “Every” is used for more than two “each” for two. Ex: there were eleven players. Every player was playing well. Each of the two brothers sang a song.

53. 8. Double degree adjectives: Ex: Shakespeare's latter plays are better than his former plays. The last house in the street is mine. Rama reached school later than Shyam. This is the latest fashion. Positive Comparative Superlative Late Latter than The last ( shows position) Later than The latest (shows time) Positive Comparative Superlative Old Older than The oldest (compares things or persons) Elder Eldest (compares blood relations only)

54. “Elder” does not take "than” after it and “eldest” does not take before it. Ex: He is an old man. Mohan is older than Sochan. Gita is the oldest girl in class. Rajesh is my elder brother. Gita is my eldest daughter.

55. The words junior, senior, superior, prior, anterior, interior, posterior, etc are followed by, “to” instead of “than” in the sentence. Ex: she is not senior than me These apples are inferior than those. This cloth is superior to muslin. I reached there prior than her arrival on the stage.

56. EXCERCISE: PUT “A” OR “AN” IN HE FOLOWING PHRASES ..................happy man. ...............interesting play. .................university teacher. ................English name. ...............H.E. School. .............Urdu teacher. .....................honourable man. ................Australian team.

57. EXCERCISES: PUT “A”,”AN”, OR “THE”, WHEREVER NECESSARY: .................dog is ...............animal. He became................great man. She is ..................good girl. I shall be back in ............hour. The brick hit him in ...........face. He is not..................Shakespeare. Please open .....................window. I have caught....................cold. ............rich are not always ................... Happiest. Mr. Madan is ................M.Sc., from ................University of Madras.

58. 11. Give me ...............onion. 12. He bought ................ History book. 13. There was ............. Legged man. 14. ..............truth about that matter is unknown. 15. Most of .............. Students are good. 16. Rani is one of ................ Best students. 17. He is ..............honourable man. 18. He is ............. MLA. 19. I am going to ................. Station. 20. I sent it on .................... 4 th of March.

59. EXCERCISE Fill In The Blanks With Suitable Adjectives This is ...................food. Ram has got ...................eyes. She turned................. The film was not very.................. It was a ..............and dark night. This is the .....................road of Chennai. She is a ........................actor. It was a cold, wet and .................weather. Sometimes I feel.....................

60. EXCERCISE : CORRECT THE FOLLOWING John is senior than Mary. This X-Ray machine is inferior than that. My claim to selection is prior than yours. She needs any books. She has not any instrument. Every of the two nurses looked after the patient well. The doctor reached the hospital latter than the nurse. This is the last drug of cancer. My oldest brother is a doctor. Stella is taller from the two sisters.

61. EXCERCISE: CORRECT THE FOLLOWING The patient was an one legged man. A hospital is far away. She is an nurse. He was a M.B.B.S doctor. A nurse in white dress is my sister. Medical profession is an noble profession. Mary is a Florence Nightingale of India. Sun gives us Vitamin D. U.P. has many medical colleges. The Yamuna has contaminated water.

62. FILL IN THE BLANKS Water of .....................Ganga is drinkable. ...........................Himalaya has abundance of medicinal plants. ...........................Atlantic Ocean is to the west of Europe. .........................lion is a beast of prey. ..................man with a stethoscope in hand is a qualified doctor.

63. VERB A verb tells something about a person or thing. It is the most important word in a sentence.. It may have one or two or three words. No sentence is considered to be complete without a verb. Ex: He went to Delhi. She is playing cricket. She will have been singing for 10 minutes. God is everywhere. Chennai was hit by a tsunami.

64. KINDS Verbs are of two kinds: Transitive Verb: In it the action passes over to an object. Ex: The boys play football. His father helped him. 2. Intransitive Verb: In it the action does not pass over to an object. The boy sleeps. There is defect in this bat. When there are two objects of a verb, the human being is “indirect object” and “non-living” is direct object generally. Ex: My brother gave me a book.

65. EXCERCISE: Name The Verbs Whether They Are Transitive Or Intransitive He cut his finger. The work stopped this morning. The sun sets in the west. Birds twitter in the forest. Nurses work in a hospital. The candle burns brightly. Mahesh wrote a letter to me. I shall buy a book. The child sleeps in the bed. I met him.

66. HELPING VERBS Is, are, am, has, have, did, does, shall, will, may, should, would, can, could are the helping verbs. Will - it is used with second and third person. Shall – it is used with the first person. Ex: We shall meet tomorrow. I shall go to school tomorrow.

67. FILL IN THE BLANKS What we need most ....................books. Each child ............ An ice cream. Two plus two ................ four. A child .................. Sweets. Cows .................... Us milk. I will .................. A letter. There ............ A bus at 10 am. The train ..................... On the trucks. Does the boy .................. English? One of my friend .................. A car.

68. 11. The children love to ................... The match. 12. The doctors ............... The patients. 13. The Ganga ................ A holy river. 14. The nurses ...................... To the patients. 15. One of Mr. Das’s sons ....................... A doctor.

69. ADVERB An adverb is a word used to add something to the meaning of a verb, an adjective or another adverb. Usually words ending with “ly” are taken as adverbs. Ex: she wrote the examination quickly. The moon is very beautiful. Roy pronounced the word quite correctly.

70. KINDS OF ADVERBS ADVERB OF MANNER (Showing how) : Quickly, bravely, hard, fast, brave etc. Ex: it is raining heavily. The carts going slowly. 2. Adverb of Place(showing place/where): It is placed after verb or object. As: here, there, near, down, up, out, in. Ex: Go out. Come in.

71. 3. Adverb of time (Showing time): Still, yet, yesterday, tomorrow, then, now, late, early, daily etc. It is also placed after verb an object. Ex: I met him yesterday. 4. Adverb of Frequency (Shouting how often): Once, twice, never, always, sometimes, often etc. It is placed after subject and before verb. If verb made of two words, it comes after the first word and below second. As She never goes there. He has just gone out. He is always late. He is never at home on Sunday. 5. Adverb of Reason (showing reason/cause): Hence, therefore. As,\ 1. Hence, she went there.

72. 6. Adverb of Degree (showing how much): Much, very, quite, too, enough, hardly, fully etc. As, She is quite gentle. 7. Adverb of affirmation (showing yes): Surely, certainly etc. As, She will surely go there. 8. Adverb of negation (showing No): not, As: He is not well. 9. Interrogative adverb (for asking questions): When, where, how, why. These adverb ask questions. They start the sentence. As: When will you go to market? Where do you go daily?

73. 10. Relative Adverb (showing relationship): When, where, why, how. When they come in the middle of sentence, they are relative adverbs. As, This is the town where my father was born. Tell me the date when he came here. Points about use of Adverbs: Most ‘ ly – ending’ words are adverbs. As, Quickly, beautifully, surely etc. But the following ‘ ly -ending’ words are not adverbs. Friendly, homely, lovely, likely, costly, lonely, heavenly. 2. The following words are used as adjective and adverb both: Littloe , better, ill, next, only, best, enough, back, much, hard, early, late, loud, fast, high, low, deep, far. 3. Degrees of Adverbs: like adjectives, adverbs also have three degrees. As, Fast, hard, late, little, much, far, beautifully.

74. USE OF SOME ADVERBS Too, Very: ‘Too’ is used in negative sense ‘very’ means ‘much’ Use: I am too late for the circus. He is too weak to walk. 2 . much, very: ‘much’ is used before V3 and ‘very’ is used before an adjective or V1ing. I am much interested in cricket. He was much disturbed. Her painting is very pleasing. 3. Before, Ago, Since.: ‘before’ means formerly. Ex: She came here an hour before. ‘Ago’ shows a period of time from the present dating backwards. ‘Since’ shows time from a point of time in past to present. I have heard this before. She expired two years ago. We have not met since last Deepawali.

75. 4. An adverb usually comes before the adjective it qualifies. As, He is very foolish. 5. But adverb ‘enough’ comes after the adjective it qualifies. As, He was good enough to help me. She spoke loud enough.

76. EXERCISE FILL IN THE GAPS WITH THE ADVERBS GIVEN BELOW: First, In, Then, Just, Yet, Rather, Hardly, Hard, Fairly, Very, Never. …………………I brush my shoes……….i wear them. Haven’t they finished their work…………….. He went …………………and returned with some books. I will do…………………well in maths. He has a ………………..good book. He has ……………….. Arrived. She will work ………………… She …………tells a lie. He can ………… qualify. I liked his painting ……………….much.

77. EXERCISE 2 Use Comparative Or Superlative Degree Of Adverb In The Following: She appears ……………today. (well) The ……………… you start working, the better it is. (soon) He walks ……………….. Than Sohan . (fats) Who came ………………John or Mary? (late) No …………………. Did we reach the station than the bus started. (soon)

78. CONJUNCTIONS It is a word that joints two words Ex: I like Jack and John (joint two words). We waited for him until he came (joint two sentences).

79. KINDS Conjunctions are mainly of two kinds: Co-ordinating Conjunctions Subordinating Conjunctions 1. Co-ordinating Conjunctions: These conjunctions join clause of equal ranks. Main co-ordinating conjunctions are: And, but, still, yet, otherwise, while, so, therefore, here, or, as well as, not only ………………..but also, both…………..and, either …………………..or, so, therefore, then, etc.

80. Use of main conjunctions ‘And’ gives simple information. The doctor and the nurse helped the patient. Ranu went to market and Rajesh went to school. 2. ‘So’ and ‘Therefore’ show reason. Ex: He played well so/therefore he won the match. 3. ‘Either…………or’ shows choice of one out of two things. Either Mohan or Sohan will help you. 4. ‘neither……………..nor’ shows both negative ideas. Neither the doctor nor the nurse was present in the room.

81. 5. ‘But/Yet/Still’ are used when there are two opposite ideas. One good and the second bad. As, He worked hard but failed. She played well but/yet/still could not win the match. 6. ‘Otherwise’ shows advice + warning. As, Work hard otherwise you will fail. You should play well otherwise you will lose the match. 7. ‘Not only …………………But also’ both the works/ideas are of one kind – both good or both bad. As, He is not only rich but also honest. John is not only a thief but also a murderer.

82. EXERCISE FILL IN THE GAPS WITH THE ADVERBS GIVEN BELOW: He worked hard ……………..failed. I gave him a book ………………….he went it to you by post. Work hard …………….. You will fail. She played well ………………she won the match. He will either pass ……………….fail. Neither sing…………dance. He is not only intelligent …………………hard working. Either Mohan ……………… Sohan will win. Neither the doctor ………………….. The nurse was present there. John ………..Mary left the college.

83. 2. SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTION It joins a clause to another on which it depend for its full meaning. As, She went to market because she wanted to buy a book. This sentence contains two statements, ‘because she wanted to buy a book’ is dependent on the other. List of Subordinate Conjunctions: After, because, if, that, though…….yet, since, as, unless, that, lest, so….as, when, while, until, before, than, as ……

84. POINTS: ‘If’ may come at the start or middle of sentence. It makes conditional Sentence. Though …………..yet or Although show opposite ideas (good + bad) , ‘although’ may come in the middle. As, Though I helped him yet he deceived me. 3. As/Because shows cause: (Result + because/as + cause). As, She fell down because/as she ran fast. 4. ‘That’ shows simple information. As, This is sure that the school will open. 5. ‘When’ shows time. Two things are done at the same time. ‘When’ may come in the middle or start of a sentence. As, He was playing when she was reading. Or When he was playing, she was reading.

85. 6. ‘Before’ or ‘After’ show time. As, I had reached school before the train started. The train started after I had reached school. 7. ‘Lest’: V1 + lest + you + should + V1 (Advice + warning). As, Work hard lest you should fail. 8. ‘So…………..as’ shows comparison. As, Rustam was not so strong as his son Sohrab. 9. ‘Unless’ (If + not) starts a sentence, first clause never takes negative second clause takes either ‘not’ or is negative the second claue takes either ‘not’ or is negative in sense. As, Unless you help me, I shall not pass /I shall fail. 10. ‘Until (till not)’ shows time. It is used in middle. First clause often has: wait, stay, remain. As, Wait/Stay/Remain here until Mohan comes.

86. EXERCISE FILL IN THE BLANKS She was going in ………..i was coming out. (when, after, before) Though she played well ………..she lost the match. (yet, still, although) You must wait here …………………the bus comes.(until, when, while) The cat is not so large …………….the tiger. (as, when, that) Run fast……………..you will lose the race. (otherwise, unless, until) It had started raining …………I reached home. (before, after, as) She got success………….she did not work hard.(although, though, when) Rita is taller……………..Sita. (than, as, so) I did not leave the class ………..the teacher was present. (as, when, while) I know………………he will fail. (that, will, as)

87. PREPOSITION The word placed before a noun or pronoun which shows its relation with another noun or pronoun, is called preposition. Ex: The book is lying on the table. He is under the bridge. I was standing at the platform.

88. THREE KINDS OF PREPOSITION

89. SIMPLE PREPOSITION These prepositions are small, made of one syllable. It shows relationship between two things or persons. As, Joh is in the room. ‘In’ shows relation between ‘John’ and ‘the room’. Common use of common prepositions: Time: In At The morning Dawn The afternoon Noon The evening Night The day 5 o’ clock Jaunary /2005 an hour That time

90. He came here in the morning. She went there at noon. In: Shows someone/thing inside ‘stable or in environment’ (But the place is the same, no change) He is in the room. She is dancing in the room. Into: Meaning inside + change of place. As, She jumped into the river. From: Main use of ‘from’ is to show separation. As, A mango fell from the tree. The nurse was going from home to school. To: ‘To’ shows movement. ‘To’ is used for going anywhere. It is not used before ‘home’ but it may be used before ‘house’. He went to Delhi. She will go to doctor’s clinic. But, she went home.

91. At: It is used before ‘place’ also. As, He was standing at the platform. She was knocking at the door. With, by: ‘With’ is used with instrument and ‘by’ for agent (person). As, A letter was written with a pen by the boy. I beat him with a stick. SPECIAL USE OF PREPOSITION The following prepositions are used in the following senses after the following words: Laugh at: + (Some person/action/dress): He laughed at me/my action/ my dress. Afraid of : + person/animal: - I am afraid of him/tiger/ghost.

92. Famous for: Agra is famous for the Taj. Suffering from: + fever/T.B. He is suffering from fever. ill with + illness: He is ill with T.B./Cancer. Died of + disease: He died of Cancer/AIDS. with (similar things) Compared + to (different kinds of things) This nurse may be compared with Florence Nightingale. Her face may be compared to the moon.

93. Of Exception : + It may take any of the two prepositions To This is an exception to/of the rule. Tired + of (Bored of): I am tired of you /Maths. Reduction + in + price/rate: There is reduction in the price/rate of milk. Inquired (to ask) + about (with person about whom inquiry is made) of (with the person whom we address for enquiry) He enquired of the peon about the principal. Known for (famous): Kanpur is known for industry.

94. Anxious/worried about: I am anxious/worried about his health. Afraid + of + person/animal/etc: I am afraid of tiger. Angry + with + person: Injurious/harmful + to: Smoking is injurious to health. Quarrel + with + person: He quarrelled with me. Liking for + person/animals: I have liking for cricket/you. Explanation + for + mistake: He gave an explanation for his absence. Worthy of: Akbar was the worthy don of a brave father.

95. Obliged/grateful to + person: I am obliged to you. Tolerant of + insult : I am not tolerant of insult. with + person Agree + on + point to + proposal Disagree is used in t he same way. Insist on : The boy insisted on it. Under: He was standing under the tree. Aim at: He aims at getting first division. Desirous of: I an desirous of going to England.

96. Rely on (depend on) + person/animal/thing: I rely on you for this work. Believe in + work/God/duty: I believe in God/work. At the bank: He was standing at the bank of the river/lake. Tolerant of + insult/misbehaviour: I am not tolerant of insult. Of (Physical Change) + thing: Made + From ( Chemical Change) This table is made of wood. Curd is made form milk. with + person Differ + on + point from + thing

97. Between (for two things): Divide this money between Rama and Shyam. Among (for more than two persons): Distribute these pens among the boys. Beside (by the side of): He was standing beside me. Besides ( for two similar things both good or both bad): Besides being rich, he is honest. Besides being a thief, he is a liar.

98. Behind ( at the back of): He was standing behind me. Before (in front of): (Showing space): There was lying a field/sea before us. (Showing time): The nurse reached the hospital before the doctor. Within (before given time): I will return within an hour. Without: John was fined as he was travelling without ticket.

99. PHRASE PREPOSITION According to: According to the doctors, nephrotoxic, medicines may damage kidney. Due to/on account of/ because of (Showing reason): Due to rain, he didn’t go to school. In spite of : (Despite: Talks of opposite ideas): In spite of hard work, he failed. Instead of (At the place of): Today public prefers Allopathy instead of other pathies ). In ileu of (in exchange for): I took his watch in ileu of money. For the sake of (for showing some sacrifice): Jack went to Delhi for the sake of John.

100. In the event of (if ‘something’ happens): In the event of A.R.F, the patient will need immediate dialysis. In the event of further decreases of platelets due to Dengue, the patient will need extra supply of platelets. Along with (With): The nurse also went to visit the patient along with the doctor. On behalf of (one person at the place of other): The neurophysician went to check the patient of head injury on behalf of the neurosurgeon in the latter’s absence. In front of (Before): ‘Mary Nursing Home” is in front of government hospital. In course of (After sometime): If a T.B. patient takes medicine regularly, he will get cured in course of time. Point: The following verbs don’t take prepositions after them: Attack, invade, enter, order, request, reach. Ex: The nurse reached at the hospital. The nurse reached hospital. The doctor entered into operation theatre. - The doctor entered the operation theatre.

101. EXERCISE: CORRECT THE FOLLOWING The nurse entered into the hospital. Doctor’s advice is preferable than self-medication. A nephrologist may be compared to a neurosurgeon as the diseases of both kidney and brain may be fatal. The nurse gave an explanation on coming late. Human brain is made from white and grey matter and neurons. According of the cardiologist, fatty diet may aggravate angina. In spite with H.I.V infection, the patient pulled for as long as 10 years due to nutritious diet and medical care. The AIDS patient often has minor symptoms along of major symptoms such as herpes zoster or simplex along with diarrhoea or fever for more than a month. The patient died with hepatitis – B chronic infection. I have liking in dermatology.

102. EXERCISE 2: FILL IN THE BLANKS Ancient Greeks were afraid…………….Olympian gods. Helen of Troy eloped………….Paris, the prince of Troy, the cause of ten years war…………..Greeks and Trojans, the theme of ‘Iliad’. Virgil, the greatest Roman poet, was worthy…………fame that he got. He was the writer……….’ Aeniad ’ an epic in Latin. The greatest Italian poet Dante, the author of ‘Divine Comedy’, is known……….this great epic. ‘The Paradise Lost’, the greatest English epic, was written……….the second greatest English poet John Milton. Goethe, the greatest German poet and the author of ‘Faust’ believed ………..goodness of human heart.

103. 7. ‘Metamorphosis’ was written ……….Ovid, the second greatest Roman poet. 8. Roman emperor Augustus Caesar became angry……..Ovid for writing the book ‘Art of love’ that misled his daughter. 9. Edward Gibbon, the great writer of ‘The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire’ was sickly……….childhood. 10. Greek Sophoclese and Euripidease are known ……………their comedies and tragedies respectively. They belonged ……..Greece. 11. Count of Monte Christo aimed………taking revenge. 12. Hamlet made ………..his mind to be revenged on his villainous uncle. 13. Macbeth relied………….the three witches……..his future. 14. Othello was jealous………………...his subordinate as he suspected him……….illicit relations with Desdemona, his wife. 15. King Lear divided his kingdom …………..his two daughters and neglected Cordelia, the youngest one.

104. INTERJECTION An interjection is a word which expresses some sudden feeling or emotions. As: Ah!, Alas!, Oh!, Aha!, Bravo!, Hush!, Hello!. Ex: Alas! Patient has died. Hurrah! She is selected as a nurse. Interjection shows following emotions: Hurrah!, Ha!, Ha! (Joy) Ah!, Alas!, Oh! (Grief) What!, Aha! (Surprise) Bravo!, Well done!( Approval) Lo!, Hush! (Attention) Hello!, Ho! (Address) Adieu!, Farewell! (Parting) Note: it is necessary to put a mark of exclamation (!) after interjection.

105. DOUBLE PARTS OF SPEECH

106. PARTICIPLE KINDS: Participles are of three kinds: PRESENT PARTICIPLE: It is formed by adding “ ing ” to V1; as, reading, playing, eating etc. It shows an unfinished action. Ex: A rolling stone gathers no moss. A lying boy must be punished. He played a losing game. 2. PAST PARTICIPLE: It shows an action that is already completed. Ex: Dead men never come back. He was carrying a loaded gun.

107. PERFECT PARTICIPLE: It shows an action that was finished at sometime past, as, It is formed by adding “Having + V3” (active form) or “Having been +V3” Examples: Having taken breakfast, he went to school. Having been beaten by the teacher, the boy went away.

108. NAME THE PARTICIPLE IN THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES: Running water is pure. I saw a dog carrying a piece of bread. He is playing. Having finished his class work, he went away. I saw a dead dog. We met a tired traveller.

109. COMBINING SENTENCES BY USING PARTICIPLES: He jumped up. He ran away. – Jumping up, he ran away. A rat saw a cat. It ran away. – Seeing a cat, a rat ran away. He took his break fast. He went to school. – Having taken breakfast, he went to school. I saw a dog. It was dead. – I saw a dead dog. We saw a patient. He was dead. – We saw a dead patient.

110. EXERCISE 2 Combining the following sentences by using participles: I had a table. It was broken. The nurse put off her shoes. She entered the operation room. He failed twice. He did not lose hope. The doctor checked the patient. He went out of room. The nurse helped the patient. She went out.

111. Exercise 3: correct the following I saw a dog having come out of a room. I saw a doctor having checked a patient. Dressing the wound of the patient, the nurse got up. Took the temperature of the patient, the nurse went out of the room. Having seen a tiger, she ran away. Failing twice, he left college. Having seen the doctor, the nurse got up.