Peas (Botanical and Reproductive Biology)

It comprises on general information about botanical description of pea along with its reproductive biology and selfing and crossing techniques.
Here are contents of presentation:
* Introduction to crop
* Botanical Description
* Interesting facts about Pea
* Nutritional importance along with nutrients and their function
* Floral Biology
* Selfing and Crossing techniques
* Hybrid Development in Pea
* Work done in Pakistan

1. PEAS RANA ARSALAN JAVAID PMAS ARID AGRICULTURE UNIVERSITY RAWALPINDI BOTANICAL AND REPRODUCTIVE BIOLOGY

2. Introduction Pea  refers to the plant  Pisum sativum ,  as well as its small, edible, round seed or the pod (fruit) in which the seed grows Sweet , delicious green peas, also popular as garden peas, are one of the ancient cultivated vegetables grown for their succulent nutritious green seeds. Peas probably have originated in the sub-Himalayan plains of north-west India . Today, this versatile legume is one of the major commercial crops grown all over the temperate, and semi-tropical regions .

3. Botanical Discription Botanically, pea plant is an herbaceous vine. It belongs to the family   Fabaceae ,  in the genus:  Pisum . Scientific name:  Pisum sativum .   Pea is a quick growing, annual herbaceous vine which requires trellis to support its growth. It flourishes under well-drained, sandy soil supplemented with adequate moisture and cool weather conditions. Short stalked, green pods appear by late winter or early spring. Each pod measures about 2-3 inches long, swollen or compressed, straight or slightly curved, filled with single row of 2-10, light-green, smooth edible seeds.

4. Botanical Discription In general, the pods harvested while just short of reaching maturity, at the point when their seeds are green, soft, sweet and edible as raw. Allowing the pods to mature further would make seeds less sweet, bitter and turn light-green to yellow. Pea tendrils are also edible. Pea tendrils have flavor akin to peas . They are delicate, tender top-shoots of young pea plant . The tendrils and leafy-shoots are one of favored item in salads and cooking in many East and South-east Asian regions. Snow peas or  sugar snap peas  are different species of peas wherein whole immature green pod, including its outer peel can be eaten like a vegetable.

5. Interesting PEA facts Fragile plant that can grow as low-ground plant or as a vine. Pea should be consumed quickly after removal from the pods. Fresh and raw pea became popular in the modern Europe. Gregor Mendel is called father of modern genetics. He discovered basic laws of inheritance, cross-breeding of peas having different color, size and shape. Scent of sweet pea is used in the perfume industry, soaps and lotions. Pea starch can be used for the manufacture of bioplastics .

6. Nutritional Importance of Pea Both the round seed and the pod with the seed are consumed as part of the diet . Peas are a good source of carbohydrates and protein, as well as  soluble and insoluble fiber. Green peas are one of the most nutritious leguminous vegetables rich in health benefiting phyto -nutrients, minerals, vitamins and anti-oxidants. Fresh, tender peas are relatively low in calories on comparison to beans, and cowpeas. 100 g of green peas carry just 81 calories, and no cholesterol.

7. Nutrients and their functions Phytonutrients: Coumestrol -------Stomach cancer protection Saponins ----------Anti Inflammatory Benefits Omega-3 fats-----Low fat food Folic acid------------------Growth and maintenance of new tissues Ascorbic acid-------------Powerful natural anti-oxidant ß- sitosterol ----------------Help lower cholesterol levels vitamin-A- ---------------- Maintain healthy membranes, skin and eyesight Vitamin K-----------------Cures Alzheimer's disease

8. Nutrition Table of Peas

9. General Health benefits of Peas   Weight Management: Stomach cancer prevention: Anti-aging, strong immune system, and high energy: Prevention of wrinkles, alzheimer’s , arthritis, bronchitis , osteoporosis and candida Blood sugar regulation: Heart disease prevention: Healthy for the environment:   Prevent constipation:  Healthy bones Reduces bad cholesterol:

10. Floral biology Pea is an annual herbaceous legume adapted to cool climates

11. Floral biology(contd.) Tendrils

12. Floral biology(c0ntd.) Flowers are born in the axil of leaves, always in pair.

13. Floral biology(c0ntd.)

14. Floral biology(c0ntd.) Corolla: Consists of five petals in (2+2+1) condition Androecium : 10 stamens in 9+1 arrangement Gynoecium: Ovary is superior Calyx: 5 sepals in Gamosepalous condition

15. Selfing and crossing techniques Selfing techniques in Peas: Pea is self-pollinated crop . Pea blossom anatomy ensures 100% selfing without human intervention. Label the bag.

16. Selfing and crossing techniques Crossing techniques: Emasculation Pollination

17. Hybrid production Emasculation Bagging Seed setting Collection of seeds Raising of F1 generation plants F1 plants self pollinated Seed setting of F1 plants Collection of seeds from F1 plants Raising F2 generation plants Raising F3plants F4 plants F5plants F7 plants Seed multiplication Following are steps which are adapted for hybrid production

18. Work done on peas in Pakistan Amelioration of Salinity Stress Tolerance in Pea ( Pisum sativum L.) by Exogenous Application of Salicylic Acid Qualitative and Quantitative Response of Pea ( Pisum sativum L.) Cultivars to Judicious Applications of Irrigation with Phosphorus and Potassium Effect of Split Application of Nitrogen Levels on the Quality and Quality Parameters of Pea ( Pisum sativum L .) Pisum sativum -rhizobium interactions under different environmental stresses

19. Work done on peas in Pakistan Effect of salt stress on growth and biochemical parameters of Pea Antioxidant Potential of Some Pea ( Pisum sativum L.) Cultivars Commonly Consumed in Pakistan E ffect of pre-sowing magnetic field treatment to garden pea ( P isum sativum l.) seed on germination and seedling growth Growth and yield response of pea ( Pisum sativum ) crop to phosphorus and potassium application Effects of different herbicides on controlling weeds and their effects on yield, and yield components of edible pea ( Pisum sativum ) .

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