Perfect modals

Form and use of perfect modals

1. PERFECT MODALS

2. WHAT ARE PERFECT MODALS?
v MODAL VERB + HAVE + Past Participle + Complement
vCOULD + HAVE + Past Participle + Complement
Ex: The bank COULD HAVE MADE a mistake!
vMAY / MIGHT + HAVE + Past Participle + Complement
Ex: They MAY/MIGHT HAVE LEFT the house by now

3. WHAT ARE PERFECT MODALS?
vMUST + HAVE + Past Participle + Complement
My parents MUST HAVE CALLED me a thousand times
vSHOULD + HAVE + Past Participle + Complement
We SHOULD HAVE STARTED with an easier exercise.
vCAN’T + HAVE + Past Participle + Complement
Your friends CAN’T HAVE ARRIVED so quickly!!

4. EXERCISES; Fill the blanks using a perfect modal.
1.We are lost because we don’t have a map. You _____________________ (ask) for
directions the last time we stopped for gas.
2.A: Turkish athletes won five medals at 1980 Olympic Games. B: They
_________________________ (win)!!! They didn’t participate in 1980 Olympics.
3.Why did you walk all the way to the station? You _____________________ (miss)
the bus.
4.Your flat looks great. You _____________________ (spend) a lot money on
decoration.