Perfume Preparation_Product development .ppt

Perfumes are aromatic substances made from natural or synthetic
sources used to give the human body, animal, food objects and
living spaces a pleasant scent

Flowers are the most important source of natural perfumes due
to their essential oils

Perfume preparation from flowers involves extracting and
concentrating these oils

To capture the maximum value of flower transform the
ephemeral beauty of a flower's scent into a lasting, valuable
product i e perfume

1. Preparation of perfumes/essential
oils from flowers

2. Outline of the Lecture
Memorizing previous lecture;
Perfume?
Common flowers used for perfume;
Method of Extraction;
Steps of preparation;
Advantages;
Limitations;
Product development from flowers;
Recap;
Questions/Comments

3. Perfume
Perfumes are aromatic substances made from natural or synthetic
sources used to give the human body, animal, food objects and
living spaces a pleasant scent.
Flowers are the most important source of natural perfumes due
to their essential oils.
Perfume preparation from flowers involves extracting and
concentrating these oils.
To capture the maximum value of flower , transform the
ephemeral beauty of a flower's scent into a lasting, valuable
product i.e. perfume.
Essential Oil
These are secondary metabolites produced by the plant in specialized cells
or structures (e.g., glandular trichomes). Chemically, they are complex
mixtures of volatile organic compounds like terpenes (linalool, geraniol),
benzenoids (eugenol), and others.

4. Common Flowers Used
Rose – for rose oil (attar of roses).
Jasmine – for jasmine oil
Lavender – for lavender oil
Tuberose, Champa, and Marigold – also widely used.

5. Methods of Extraction
1. Distillation (Steam Distillation)
Flowers are placed in water and heated.
Steam carries the volatile oils.
Condensed, and oil is separated from water.
Example: Rose oil.
2. Solvent Extraction
Flowers are treated with organic solvents (like hexane or alcohol).
Solvent dissolves the fragrant compounds.
After evaporation, a concentrated product called concrete is obtained.
Further purification gives absolute (pure perfume essence).

6. Methods of Extraction
3. Enfleurage (Traditional Method)
Fresh petals are spread on glass sheets coated with fat.
Fat absorbs the fragrance.
Fat is later treated with alcohol to extract the perfume.
Example: Jasmine.
4. Expression
Used mainly for citrus fruits (not delicate flowers).
Oils are mechanically pressed out from the outer peel.

7. COMPOSITION OF PERFUME
Perfumes are mainly composed of –
1.Essential oils:
Derived from natural aromatic plant extracts and/or
synthetic aromatic chemicals. E.g. limonene, linalool, geraniol, citral
etc.
2. Fixatives:
Natural or synthetic substances used to reduce the
evaporation rate. E.g. benzyl benzoate, benzyl alcohol etc.
3. Solvents:
The liquid in which the perfume oil is dissolved in is usually 98%
ethanol and 2% water.
Alcohol allows fragrance to spread along with it and does not permit
microbial growth in the perfume.

8. Steps to Make Flower Perfume
Collection of fresh flowers (early morning for best aroma).
Selection of extraction method (steam distillation,
solvent extraction, or enfleurage).
Separation of essential oil from water/solvent/fat.
Blending with alcohol or carrier oils.
Maturation – kept for some time to develop fragrance.
Bottling – final perfume is filtered and packed.

9. Absolute & Essential Oils:
These are the "heart" or soul of the floral note in a perfume. They
are used as raw materials by the perfumer (the "Nose").
Fragrance Pyramid:
Top Notes: The initial, light, and volatile scents that evaporate quickly
(e.g., Citrus, Herbs). *Lasts 5-15 minutes.*
Heart/Middle Notes: The core character of the perfume, emerging
after the top notes fade. This is where our floral absolutes shine (e.g.,
Jasmine, Rose). Lasts for the main life of the perfume.
Base Notes: Deep, rich, and long-lasting scents that provide depth and
permanence (e.g., Woods, Musk, Vanilla). Can last for days.
Building Blocks of a Perfume

10. Cultivar Selection: 
Genetic makeup is paramount.
Climate & Soil: 
Soil composition, altitude, temperature, and
sunlight dramatically influence the scent profile.
Irrigation & Nutrition: 
Stress can sometimes increase oil
concentration but may alter the aroma profile.
Pest & Disease Management: 
Must be managed with minimal
pesticide residue, as residues can be co-extracted and
contaminate the oil.
Factors Affecting Oil Quality

11. Advantages of Perfume from Flowers
Natural and eco-friendly.
Unique and rich fragrance.
Used in cosmetics, aromatherapy, and medicines.
Limitations
Costly and time-consuming.
Seasonal availability of flowers.
Requires large quantities of flowers for small amounts of oil. It takes ~8
million jasmine flowers to produce 1 kg of absolute. ~4,000 kg of rose
petals are needed for 1 kg of rose oil.
Immense Labor: Hand-harvesting at specific times.
Perfume preparation from flowers is an ancient art and modern
science, combining traditional methods like enfleurage with
advanced techniques like solvent extraction. Natural perfumes
remain highly valued for their fragrance and therapeutic
properties.

12. Product Development from Flowers

15. Product development/value addition from flowers
Flowers are not just ornamental but also important raw
materials for industries.
They are rich in essential oils, pigments, flavors, antioxidants,
vitamins, and medicinal compounds.
Product development from flowers is a way to:
Add value to floriculture.
Create eco-friendly natural products.
Promote sustainable entrepreneurship in rural and urban
areas.

16. Major Products from Flowers
1. Perfumes and Essential Oils
Extraction methods: steam distillation, solvent extraction, enfleurage, expression.
•Rose rose oil, rose water
→
•Jasmine jasmine absolute
→
•Lavender lavender essential oil (calming)
→
•Tuberose, Champa, Lotus high-value attars
→
Uses: perfumes, soaps, candles, incense sticks, aromatherapy oils.
2. Natural Dyes and Colors
Flowers contain natural pigments:
•Anthocyanins (red, blue, purple shades)
•Carotenoids (yellow, orange)
•Flavonoids (varied shades)
Hibiscus red dye
→
Marigold yellow dye, poultry feed pigment
→
Safflower red and yellow dyes
→
Applications: textile dyeing, food coloring, cosmetics, eco-friendly paints.

17. Major Products from Flowers
3. Medicinal and Herbal Products
Flowers contain bioactive compounds with therapeutic uses.
Calendula wound healing creams, anti-inflammatory oils.
→
Clove flower buds antiseptic, dental uses.
→
Lotus and Hibiscus cooling drinks, liver-protective properties.
→
Forms: teas, syrups, powders, oils, capsules.
4. Edible and Culinary Products
Many flowers are edible and used for flavor, decoration, or nutrition.
Rose rose syrup, gulkand (sweet preserve), rose water.
→
Hibiscus teas, jams, sherbets.
→
Violet & Lavender candied flowers, flavoring in bakery.
→
Banana flowers curry, salad.
→
Saffron spice and coloring agent.
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Applications: teas, syrups, jams, flavorings, condiments, salads.
CONT’D

18. Major Products from Flowers
CONT’D
5. Cosmetics and Skincare
Flowers are used for fragrance, soothing, and anti-aging effects.
Lavender soaps, body oils.
→
Jasmine hair oils, perfumes.
→
Aloe vera with flower extracts moisturizing lotions.
→
Products: soaps, creams, lotions, shampoos, face masks, essential oil blends.
6. Decorative and Cultural Products
Flowers play a major role in aesthetics and traditions.
Garlands and bouquets.
Dried flowers decoration, greeting cards, handicrafts.
→
Floral powders and incense sticks used in rituals.
7. Industrial Uses
Some flowers are processed into commercial raw materials:
Marigold xanthophyll pigment for poultry and aquaculture feed.
→
Tagetes (African marigold) insect repellent extracts.
→
Sunflower petals natural antioxidants.
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19. Summary

20. Questions/Comments/Suggestions

21. Plantation Crops