Personality

This presentation is prepared according to the syllabus of Basic BSc nursing students given by INC. for the better learning and knowledge please refer the books.

1. PERSONALITY  Mr. Sushil Humane MSN, RN

2. Introduction Personality is known by the conduct, behaviour, activities, movements and everything else concerning the individual  ​ ‘Personality' word is derived from Greek word ‘Persona', the mask used by the actors in Greek drama. ​ Character: Judgement of individual based upon the certain qualities  ​ Temperament: Hereditary emotional aspect of personality  ​

3. Definition ​ Gordon Allport: Personality is the dynamic organisation within the individual of those psychophysical system that determine his unique adjustment  to his environment. ​ Munn: Personality may be defined as the most of the characteristic integration of an individual's structure, mode of behaviour, interests, attitude, capacities, abilities and aptitude. ​

4. Concept and definition  Personality consist of the distinctive pattern of behavior including thoughts and emotions that characterize each individuals adaptation to the situation of his or her life. -Walter Michel 1976 Personality is a sum of activities that can be discovered by actual observations over a long enough period of time to give reliable information –Watson 

5. Types of personality  Humoral types  ​ Physical types  ​ Psychological types   ​

6. Types of personality  Humoral type  ​ Hippocrates (400 BC), the father of medicine, classified peoples into 4 types depending upon their temperament  ​ Sanguine-cheerful, vigorous, confident, optimistic (blood) ​ Phlegmatic- calm. Slow moving, unexcitable, unemotional (mucus) ​ Choleric-irritable, hot tempered (yellow bile) ​ Melancholic-depressed, morose (black bile) ​

7. Hippocrates classification

8. Types of personality   ​ Physical types/physiological type ​ E. Kretschmer (1925) divide people into 3 types based on body structure  ​ Asthenic-introvert, tall, thin, sensitive ​ Athletic-active, aggressive, well developed muscular body. ​ Pyknic- extrovert, round and fat ​ 2. William Sheldon (1954) divide people into 3 types based on body build and behaviour. Endomorphic- plumb, soft, fat and round  ​ Mesomorphic- heavy set and muscular, physically active and noisy  ​ Ectomorphic- tall, thin and flat-chested, self-conscious, shy, found od solitude and reserved ​

9. Kretschmer's classification

10. Sheldon's classification

11. Types of personality Dr. karl jung’s classification of personality

12. Theories of personality  Psychoanalytic theory  Psychosocial theory  Sullivan's theory of personality development  Cognitive development theory  Theory of moral development 

13. Psychoanalytical theory  Dr. Sigmand freud has givent the psychoanalytical theory. Id, ego and superego are the structural parts of personality  Conscious, subconscious and unconscious are the  topoghraphical components of personality 

14. Psychosocial theory Erik Erikson was an ego psychologist who developed one of the most popular and influential theories of development.  While his theory was impacted by psychoanalyst Sigmund Freud's work,  Erikson's theory centered on psychosocial development rather than psychosexual development.  

15. Sullivan's theory of personality development  The theory of personality developed by Harry Stack Sullivan based on the belief that people’s interactions with other people, especially significant others, determine their sense of security, sense of self, and the dynamisms that motivate their behavior.  Personality is the product of a long series of stages in which the individual gradually develops “good feeling” toward others and a sense of a good me toward himself or herself.  The individual also learns how to ward off anxiety and correct distorted perceptions of other people, learns to verify his or her ideas through consensual validation, and above all seeks to achieve effective interpersonal relationships on a mature level.

16. Cognitive development theory  Jean Piaget's theory of cognitive development suggests that children move through four different stages of mental development. His theory focuses not only on understanding how children acquire knowledge, but also on understanding the nature of intelligence. Piaget believed that children take an active role in the learning process, acting much like little scientists as they perform experiments, make observations, and learn about the world. As kids interact with the world around them, they continually add new knowledge, build upon existing knowledge, and adapt previously held ideas to accommodate new information.

17. Theory of moral development  Thoery was developed by psychologist Lawrence Kohlberg.  His work modified and expanded upon  Jean Piaget's  previous work to form a theory that explained how children develop moral reasoning. Piaget described a two-stage process of moral development. Kohlberg extended Piaget's theory, proposing that moral development is a continual process that occurs throughout the lifespan.  His theory outlines six stages of moral development within three different levels.

18. Development of personality Mr. Sushil Sudarshan humane MSN RN

19. Introduction Development refers to the progressive series of changes in physical and psychological aspect in orderly predictable pattern. Domains of development Physical development Cognitive development Psychological development

20. Development of personality Infancy (0-1 year) Nursing responsibilities Touching the infant is the way of communication provide personal attention as possible Observation is the key Interpret the needs through crying and body language Assisting, teaching and advising the mother Physical development Cognitive development Psychological development Respond to noise, feeding and other stimuli Sit, stand , walk Readiness for the environmental stimuli Trust vs mistrust

21. Development of personality Early childhood- toddler: 18 to 36 months Autonomy vs shame and doubt Toilet training Gross motor skill develops Learning about environment Sense of autonomy Child learn to speak many words

22. Development of personality Middle childhood(Preschool):3 to 6 years Initiative vs guilt Identification of same sex parents Initiative in play activities Oedipus and Electra complex development

23. Development of personality Latency or later childhood (school child): 6 to 12 years Industry vs inferiority Sexual interest is repressed Gang formation and fierce gang loyalty

24. Development of personality Puberty and adolescent: 12 to 18 years Identity vs role confusion Sexual changes/ puberty Try to take control over the social environment and free from family bound Develop sense of identity regarding occupational, familial and social roles.

25. Development of personality Young adulthood: 20 to 40 years Intimacy vs isolation Choosing a mate is a major task Establishing home and accepting the responsibilities Role changes

26. Development of personality Mature adulthood or middle age: 40 to 60 years Generativity vs stagnation Transitional stage from young to old age

27. Development of personality Old age or senescent: 65 years to death Integrity vs despair Dignity and sense of order and meaning to life Person looks back in life and try to find the peace Health is main concern Grief can be felt

28. Factor affecting development of personality Mr. Sushil Sudarshan humane MSN. RN

29. Factors affecting personality development

30. Factors affecting personality development Environmental factors Heredity Influence of home order of birth- The first born child may be dominating Only child-may become a problem child School and pear group Community and social role TV, cinema, radio and newspaper

31. Factors affecting personality development Biological factors  A) endocrinal glands and personality  Thyroid gland  Adrenal gland  Sex gland  B) blood glucose level  C) externally imposed biological conditions  Drugs and alcoholism  Diseases  Diet 

32. Factors affecting personality development Mental or psychological factors

33. Psychometric assesment of personality  Interview method  Observation method  Prsonality inventories( rating scale and questionnair) Projective technique  Situational tests

34. Interview method 

35. Observation method 

36. Personality inventories  Printed form containing statements, questions or adjectives which apply to human behavior. Reaction of the individual to various items scored and evaluated  Less time consuming and easy to administer  Minnesota mltiphasic personality inventory (MMPI) Used in various fields 

37. Projective technique  Individual responce to unstructure stimuli reveal a subjects underlying motives, attitude, fears and aspirations. Individual is presented to pictures, inkblot or incomplete sentence  Commn techniques: Rorschache inkblot test, Thematic apperception test, World association or free association test, Sentence completion test.

38. Situational test  Real life situations where individual perform certain activities. On the basis of behaviour the individual is judged