Pest of Maize & Wheat.ppt identification and management of pest

ENT-354

1. Sr.
No.
Common Name Scientific Name Family Order
1 Shoot fly AtherigonaorientalisMuscidae Diptera
2 Stem Borer ChiloPartellus Crambidae Lepidoptera
3 Pink stem borer Sesamiainferens Noctuidae Lepidoptera
4 Corn worm/ Earworm Helicoverpaarmigera Noctuidae Lepidoptera
5 Maize fall armyworm Spodoptera frugiperdaNoctuidae Lepidoptera
5 Aphid Rhopalosiphummaidis/
Macrosiphummiscanthi
Aphididae Hemiptera
6 Climbing cutworm/
armyworm
Mythimnaseparata Acrididae Lepidoptera
7 Termites Odontotermesobesusand
Microtermesobesi
Termitdea Isoptera
Maize:Zeamaize:Family:Poaceae
Wheat: :Family:Poaceae

2. Identificationofthepest
Egg-white,cylindrical,distal
somewhatflattened
Maggotisdirtywhiteandapodous.
Maturelarvaeareyellowandabout6
mmlong.The
Adult-Whitishgreyfly
Biology&LifeHistory:
IP:2-3days.LP:8-10days(4larval
instars).SP:atthebaseofthestemorin
soil.PP:8-10days.LC:17-21days.
ETL:10%deadheartsor1egg/plant
Shoot fly: Atherigonasoccata: Muscidae:Diptera

4. NatureofDamage
Themaggotboresinsidethe
stemandcutsthegrowingpoint.
Centralshootsdriedand
produce“deadheart”symptom.
Theinfestedplantproduces
sidetillers.

5. Management
Useresistantvarieties
Takeupearlysowing(SouthWestorNorthEastmonsoon)
Useseedspelletedwithinsecticides
Seedtreatmentwithimidacloprid70WS@10g/kgofseeds
Incaseofdirectseeding,useincreasedseedrateupto12.5kg/per
hectare
Ploughsoonafterharvest,removeanddestroythestubbles.
SetuptheTNAUlowcostfishmealtraps@12/hatillthecropis30
daysold.
Applyanyoneofthefollowinginsecticides:
Methyldemeton25EC500ml/ha
Carbofuran3G33.3kg/ha
Dimethoate30%EC1155ml/ha
Methyldemeton25%EC1000ml/ha
Phorate10G@10kg/ha

6. Stem Borer: Chilopartellus: Crambidae: Lepidoptera
Distribution: India,
Pakistan, SriLanka,
Indonesia,Iraq,Japan,
Uganda,Taiwan,Sudan,
Nepal,Bangladeshand
Thailand.
Host:Maize,sorghum,
sugarcane,bajra,rice,
fingermillet,etc.
ETL:10%deadheart
ID:Theadultmothismediuminsizeandstrawcoloured.Eggsare
scalelikeflatandoval.Thelarvaisyellowishbrownwithabrown
headandtheprothoracicshieldmeasuresabout25mmlong.

7. Fecundity:300eggs/
female.
SO:inbatchesonthe
undersurfaceofleafnear
themidrib.
IP:2-5days.
LP:28-50days(7instars)
SP:insidethestem
PP:7-10days
LC:30to40days
Biology&LifeHistory:

8. Natureofdamage
Witheringanddryingofcentralshoot-
“deadheart”
Redmininginthemidrib
Boreholesvisibleonthestemnearthe
nodes.
Tenderfoldedleaveshaveparallel“shot
hole”
Affectedpartsofstemmayshow
internallytunnelingofcaterpillars

9. Management
GrowresistantcultivarslikeHim129,Ganga4,5,7and9,Gangasafed2,Deccan
101and103,
Deadheartsshouldbepulledoutandusedasfodder(or)burriedinmanurepits.
Stubblesshouldbeploughedupduringwinterandburnttodestroythe
hibernatinglarvae.
Sowthelablaborcowpeaasanintercrop(Sorghum:Lablab4:1)
Setuplighttrap
Bio-controlagentsviz.,Trichogrammaminutum,BraconchinensisandApanteles
flavipes
Mixanyoneofthefollowinginsecticideswithsand(totalquantityof50kg)
Phorate-10G@8kg
Carbofuran3G@17kg;
Carbaryl+lindane4G@20kg

10. Eco.IMP:Polyphagouspestdistributed
throughoutIndiaandPakistan.Host:
Sugarcane,Ragi,Wheat,maize,Sorghum,etc.
Id:Pinkishbrowncaterpillar25mmlong.
Motharestrawcoloured..
Natureofdamage
Newlyemergedlarvaefeedonepidermal
layersofleafsheath.Laterontheyboreinto
thestemasaresultgrowingshootdriesup
producingdeadhearts.
Whenattackedplantsdielarvaemoveonto
adjoiningplants.
Pink Stem Borer: Sesamiainferens: Noctuidae: Lepidoptera

11. Breedsinmarch-Aprilto
November.
So:Nocturnalmothlayeggs
onleaforonground.
IP:6to8daysLP:3to4
weeks(3larvalinstars)
SP:Insidethestemor
betweenthestemandleaves.
PP:aweek.
LC:6to7weeks.Ng:4to5
inayear.
Biology & Life history:

12. Management
Deadheartsshouldbepulledout
Stubblesshouldbeploughedupduring
winterandburnttodestroythe
hibernatinglarvae.
Sowthelablaborcowpeaasan
intercrop(Sorghum:Lablab4:1)
Setuplighttrap
Bio-controlagentsviz.,Trichogramma
minutum,BraconchinensisandApanteles
flavipes
Mixanyoneofthefollowing
insecticideswithsand(totalquantityof
50kg)
Phorate-10G@8kg,Carbofuran
3G@17kg;Carbaryl+lindane4G
@20kg

13. Distributionandstatus:Worldwide,Polyphagouspest.
Hostrange:Itismajoroncotton,lablab,chillies,tomato,
pulses,maize,gram,okraandminoronsorghum,soybean,
pea,safflower,groundnut,tobacco,,maizeetc.
Id:Adultisbrowncolouredmothwitha‘V’shapedspeck
onforewingsanddullblackborderonthehindwing.
Larvaisgreenwithdarkbrokengreylinesanddarkpale
bands.Itshowscolourvariationofgreenishtobrown.
Biology&LifeHistory:
SO:onthehostplantssingly.IP:7days.
LP:14days.SP:insoilPP:10days.LC:28days.
Corn worm/ Earworm: Helicoverpa
armigera: Noctuidae:Lepidoptera

14. larveafeedsvoraciouslyonthetender
partsoftheplantonthedevolping
earhead.
Thelarvafirstfeedsonthelemmaofthe
flowersscrapingthechlorphyllandlater
onthemilkygrains.
Thecaterpillarcausesdamageby
constructingwebsonmaizecobsand
feedingontheflowersandgrains.
Larvafeedsonsilkanddeveloping
grains
Natureofdamage

15. Management
GrowHelicoverparesistantvarietieslike,
Installbirdperches@50/hatopickthelarvae
Setuplighttraptomonitor,attractandkillthemoths
Setuppheromonetraps@12nos./ha
InundativereleaseofeggparasiteTrichogrammaspp.andegglarvalparasites,
Chelonusblackburnii
Spraynuclearpolyhedrosisvirus(NPV)@500LE/hain0.1%teepol.
Applyquinalphos1.5D@25kg/ha
Sprayanyofthefollowinginsecticidesin700-1000Lofwaterperha.
Azadirachtin0.03%2.5-5.0L
Lambdacyhalothrin5EC400-500ml
Bacillusthuringiensis5WP1.0-1.25kg
Lufenuron5.4EC600ml
Benfuracarb40EC2.5L
Methomyl40SP750-1125g
Emamectinbenzoate5SG220g
NPVofH.armigera2AS250-500ml
Ethion50EC1.0-1.5L
Spinosad45SC125-160ml
Indoxacarb14.5SC333-400mlor15.8SC335ml

16. Distributionandstatus:Allsorghum-
growingareasoftheworld.
Hostrange:Sorghum,maize,ragi
ID:Theaphidisdarkbluish-greenand
somewhatovate.Itis2mmlong,with
blacklegs,cornicles,andantennae.
Wingedandwinglessformsoccur.The
adultisyellowcolouredwithdarkgreen
legs.
Biology&LifeHistory:Femalesgive
birthtolivingyoungwithoutmatingand
agenerationrequiresonlyaweek.There
areseveraloverlappinggenerationsper
year.
Aphids: Rhopalosiphummaidis& Macrosiphum
miscanthi: Aphididae: Hemiptera

17. Damagesymptoms
Likeotheraphids,thenymphsand
adultssuckthesapfromplants,
particularlyfromtheirears.
Theyappearonyoungleavesorearsin
largenumbersduringthecoldandcloudy
weather.
Thedamageisparticularlyseverein
yearsofcoldandcloudyweather.
Aheavilymanured,well-irrigatedand
succulentcropwillharbourthepestfora
longerperiodandsuffergreaterdamage.

18. Management
Spray the base of attacked plants with a contact (or) systemic
insecticide like dimethoate 30 EC or methyl demeton25 EC 500
ml in 500 L of water

19. The fall armyworm S.N.: Spodoptera frugiperda Familiy:
Noctuidae Order: Lepidopeta

28. Damaging symptoms in early stages
of the crops

29. Managemet of Fall army worm
Cultural Methode
Mechanical method
Chemical method

30. Cultural Control
Deep ploughing
Balanced use of the ferilizer
Collection and destruction of the
stubbles
Trap Crops

31. Mechanical Method
Installation of bird perches
Installation of the Pheromone Traps

32. Chemical Control
Name of the Insecticide Dose/10 liter
Azadiractin 1500 ppm 50 ml
Bacilus thurengenesis var krustaki 20 Gm
Chlorantraniliprole 18.5% SC 3gm
Emamectin Benzoate 5% SG 4gm

34. Termites: Odontotermesobesusand Microtermesobesi
:Acrididae: Isoptera

35. Identificationofthepest
Creamcoloured,tinyinsects
resemblingantswithdark
colouredhead.
Thesearethesocialinsect
livingincolony

37. lifecycle:
soonafterfirstshowers,thesexualforms
leavetheircolonyfornuptialflightduring
eveningaftermating,theyshedtheirwings
andqueenandkingsettledowninthesoil.
femaleburrowsinsoillaytheeggs
establishedthenewcolony.
Queenlaystheeggs70,000-80,000eggsin
24hours.itlivesfor5-10years.
onlyonequeeninthecolony
Icubationperiodisoneweekandwithinone
weeklarveadevoloptoformsoldiersor
workers.Thereproductivecastmaturein1-2
yeras

39. Symptomsofdamage
Termitesdamagethewheatcropsoon
aftersowingandnearmaturityresulting
inPoorgerminationandlessyield.
Characteristic semi-
circularfeedingmarksontheleavesin
thestandingcrop
Thedamagedplantsdryup
completelyandareeasilypulledout.
Theplantsdamagedatlaterstages
giverisetowhiteears.

40. Management
Treattheseed@4mlofchlorpyriphos20EC/kgof
seed.
Floodirrigatethefurrowstoavoidtermiteattackinthe
furrowsatthetimeofplanting
Soilapplication-Applylindane1.3D125kg/ha
SprayapplicationofImidacloprid200SLat250mlin
250lofwater/ha

41. Distributionandstatus:Cosmopolitan.
Sporadicandhasgainedprominenceasa
pestofwheatonlyrecently,particularlyafter
theintroductionofMexicanvarietiesin
India
Hostrange:Wheat,sugarcanemaize,jowar,
bajra,barugrass(Sorghumhalepense)and
othergraminaceouscrops.
Id:Freshlylaideggsareround,lightgreen,
turnpaleyellowandfinallyblack.Freshly
emergedlarvaeareveryactive,dullwhite
andlaterturngreen.
Cutworm/ armyworm: Mythimnaseparata:

42. Biology&LifeHistory:
SO:singlyinrowsorinclustersondryorfreshplantsoronthesoil.
IP:4-11daysinsummer&19daysinwinter.
LP:13-14days,butinwinteritwas88-100days.
PrePP:1-11days.
SP:inacocoonatthesoilbellowthedepthof0.5-5cm,butitmay
alsooccurunderdryleavesamongthestubbleorfreshtillersnearthe
water-channels.
PP:9-13daysinmayand36-48daysinwinter.AP:1-9days.

43. Thefreshlyemergedlarvaespinthreadsfrom
whichtheysuspendthemselvesintheairand
thenwiththehelpofaircurrentsreachfrom
oneplanttoanother.
Intheearlystages,theyfeedontenderleaves
inthecentralwhorlandlaterfeedonolder
leavesandskeletonizethemtotally.
Thegrown-upcaterpillarsthrowoutfaecal
pellets,whicharequiteprominent.
Inthecaseofasevereattack,wholeleaves,
includingthemid-rib,areconsumedandthe
fieldlooksasifgrazedbycattle.
Thelarvaefeedvoraciouslyandmigratefrom
onefieldtoanother.
Thepestmayalsoeatawayears,including
theawnsandimmaturegrains.
Natureofdamage

44. Management
The pest can be suppressed by collecting and destroying
the caterpillars.
Spray 500 ml of dichlorvos 85 SL or 3 kg of carbaryl 50
WP or 1.0 L of quinalphos 25EC in 500 L of water per
ha.