Petroleum Refining �Elective Course: 4 credit hour�.pptx

Petroleum is one of the most important substances consumed by man at present time.
It is used as a main source of energy for industry, heating, and transportation and it also provides the raw materials for the petrochemical plants to produce polymers, plastics, and many other products.

1. Petroleum Refining Elective Course: 4 credit hour (2.2.2) Lecturer: Dr. Salmin Saad Alshamaali Chemical Engineering Department 2023/2024

2. Recommended Course Materials : The following book constitutes the principal textbook that is recommended for the course. Petroleum Refining Gary , J.H ., and Handwerk , G.E, Kaiser, M. J. (2007)  . 5th Edition. CRC Press N.Y., New York. Petroleum Refining Technology and Economics ( 2001) Fourth Edition James H. Gary Colorado School of Mines Golden , Colorado

3. Lecture One: Origin of Petroleum

4. Introduction: Petroleum is one of the most important substances consumed by man at present time. It is used as a main source of energy for industry , heating, and transportation and it also provides the raw materials for the petrochemical plants to produce polymers , plastics, and many other products . Petroleum has been known for many centuries, the first oil-producing well was discovered in 1859 by E.L. Drake in the state of Pennsylvania and that marked the birth of modern petroleum technology and refining.

5. The word petroleum, derived from the Latin Petra and oleum , means literally rock oil and refers to hydrocarbons that occur widely in the sedimentary rocks in the form of gases (natural gas), liquids(crude oil), semisolids(bitumen), or solids(wax or asphaltite ). From a chemical standpoint, petroleum is an extremely complex mixture of hydrocarbon compounds , usually with minor amounts of nitrogen-, oxygen-, and sulfur-containing compounds as well as trace amounts of metal-containing compounds.

6. Tow assumptions are explaining the formation of petroleum as follows : A- Inorganic theory : This theory assume the oil hydrocarbon compounds produced from reaction hot water vapor with carbides which will form the hydrocarbon substances under high pressure and temperature as follows:

7. B- Organic theory : This theory assume that the petroleum is formed from the decomposition of the animals and plants dead which converted to liquids and gases hydrocarbon by effect the high temperature, Pressure and catalyst( as a small microscopic beings or Vanadium and nickel-type catalysts are the most effective catalysts in the formation of petroleum) by the following formula: (CH 2 O)n x CO 2 + y CHz In which n, x, y, and z are integer numbers and y CHz is the closed formula for the produced hydrocarbon compound.

8. Oil is the result of the decay of animal remains and plant remains (organic debris) that has occurred over millions of years. Over time , the mud and soil that covered the organic debris changed to rock and trapped the debris under the newly-formed rock sediments. Pressure and, heat changed some of the organic material into coal, some into oil (petroleum), and some into natural gas. Whether or not the debris formed coal, petroleum, or gas depended upon the nature of the debris and the localized conditions under which the changes occurred.

9. In summary, the following steps are required for the formation of hydrocarbons: a source of organic material, a process to convert organic compounds into petroleum, ( 3) a sealed reservoir space to store the hydrocarbons produced. The conditions required for the process of conversion of organic compounds into petroleum : Geologic time of about 1 million years , ( 2) maximum pressure of about 17 MPa (2500 psi), and temperature not exceeding (100 – 120 C). The main difference between various oils from different fields around the world is the difference in their composition of hydrocarbon compounds . Two oils with exactly the same composition have identical physical properties under the same conditions.

10. What is the crude oil? List the theory of the origin of petroleum?