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Pengendalian hayati penyakit tanaman

1. Pengendalian Hayati
Penyakit Tanaman
TUTIK KUSWINANTI

2. Pokok Bahasan
•Definisi Pengendalian Hayati, kelebihan
penerapan PH
•Mekanisme Pengendalian Hayati
•Syarat-syarat u. keberhasilan PH
•Beberapa contoh aplikasi PH

3. What is biological control?
•Pengertian Alami
–Suatu proses penyetaraan populasi, dimana
populasi suatu species lebih rendah dari
yang lainnya
DEFINISI PENGENDALIAN HAYATI (GARRETS, 1965):
SUATU KONDISI DIMANA SURVIVAL DAN AKTIVITAS PATOGEN
MENJADI MENURUN AKIBAT ADANYA ORGANISME HIDUP YANG LAIN,
SBG AKIBATNYA MAKA TERJADI PENURUNAN PENYAKIT YANG
DISEBABKAN OLEH PATOGEN

4. Mengapa Menggunakan
Pengendalian Hayati?
•Pengendalian :
–Mahal
–Labor intensif
–Spesifik Inang
SEDANGKAN:
•Pestisida Alami:
–Dari segi biaya, lebih ekonomis
–Mudah diaplikasikan
–Spektrumnya luas

5. KENYATAAN:
•Pestisida Kimiawi
–Memiliki efek samping secara ekologis terhadap lingkungan dan
kesehatan manusia
–Harus diaplikasikan sepanjang tahun
–Spektrumnya luas
•Toxic terhadap sasaran dan bukan sasaran
•Agens Pengendali Hayati
–Tidak Toksik terhadap manusia
–Tidak mengkontaminasi air
–Satu kali aplikasi, dpt bertahan sepanjang tahun
–Spesifik inang
•Hanya berdampak terhadap satu atau lebih species
Mengapa Menggunakan
Pengendalian Hayati?

6. Mekanisme Kerja Pengendali
Hayati Patogen Tanaman
• Antibiosis
• Kompetisi Ruang dan Nutrisi
• Mycoparasitisme secara destruktif

7. •Antibiosis – penghambatan suatu
organisme oleh organisme lain akibat
difusi dari antibiotik
–Produksi Antibiotik umum pada cendawan
dan bakteri penghuni tanah
–Contoh: zwittermicin A yang diproduksi oleh
Bacillus cereus untuk mengendalikan busuk
akar Phytophthora

10. •Kompetisi Nutrisi – kompetisi diantara
microorganisme untuk karbon, nitrogen,
O2, besi, dan nutrisi lainnya
–Hal yang paling sering terjadi adalah
penghambatan pertumbuhan oleh mikroba
lainnya
–Contoh
•P. fluorescens, mencegah terjadinya hawar
bakteri melalui kompetisi dgn P. tolaasii
Mekanisme Kerja Pengendali
Hayati Patogen Tanaman

12. •Mycoparasitisme secara destruktif –
parasitasi cendawan oleh cendawan lain
–Kontak langsung
–Enzym pengurai dinding sel
–Produksi antibiotik
–Contoh
•Trichoderma harzianum, BioTrek, digunakan
sebagai seed treatment u. cendawan patogen
Mekanisme Kerja Pengendali
Hayati Patogen Tanaman

14. A.It should survive and grow in the rhizosphere or spermosphere or in
the hyphosphere, near the pathogen’s resting structure, or in the soil
mass (to reduce survival)
B.It should produce, even when growing slowly on simple avaliable
substrates, a broad-spectrum highly toxic antibiotic that is effective
at low conc., and that is not readly sorbed or degraded in soil.
BAGAIMANA ANTAGONIST YG IDEAL ?
C.The antibiotic produced by one antagonist should not be inhibitory
to other associated antagonist. B. subtilis isolates generally do not
inhibit each other or saprophytic actinomycetes
D.The antibiotic produced should not cause damage to the host, as
may be the case with the frenching diseasenof tobacco and yellow
strapleaf of chrysanthemum, perhaps associated with B. cereus or
Aspergillus wentii in the rhizosphere and root rot of milo from
Periconiacircinata in the rhizosphere.

15. F.Spore germination should occur readily, or at least quickly
and prolifically as that of the pathogen. Return to dorman
stage, on the other hand, should be less rapid than that of the
pathogen
G.The antagonist should be more adaptable than the pathogen
to environmental extremes. Ideally, it should have broader
optima of temperature, water potential, and pH, and be
capable of growth at lower and higher valuesbof thesen factor
than the pathogen. Nutritional requirements of the
antagonist should not be narrower than those of the
pathogen.
BAGAIMANA ANTAGONIST YG IDEAL ?

16. Pengendalian kimiawi biasanya bersifat aktif, artinya
Memberikan terapi aksi. Jika satu bahan kimia tidak efektif,
maka dapat digunakan jenis yang lainnya.
PH, karena mekanisme kerjanya yang lambat, maka sifatnya
pasif
Walaupun mahal, penggunaan bahan kimia tetap menjadi
pilihan karena dianggap menguntungkan.
Kurangnya perhatian terhadap ekologi menyebabkan
penggunaan bahan kimia tetap tinggi
Adanya anggapan bahwa produksi bahan kimia harus dalam
skala besar karena sifatnya yang mampu bekerja dengan
cepat dalam menurunkan populasi hama/patogen.
Mengapa Pengendalian Kimiawi ttp trend?

17. 1.Serangga atau patogen biasanya dikendalikan dengan
bahan kimia setelah mereka menyerang
2.Pengendalian secara kimia umumnya lebih sederhana
aplikasinya dibandingkan secara nonkimiawi, dimana
harus mengetahui lebih jauh interaksi antara penyebab
penyakit dan agens pengendalinya
3.Aplikasi secara kimiawi hasilnya dapat dengan segera
terlihat. Petani dapat melihat misalnya serangga hama
yang berjatuhan setelah disemprot, daun atau bahagia
tanaman yang bebas penyakit. Pada pengendalian
hayati, aplikasi harus dilakukan sebelum hama/patogen
muncul, dan biasanya harus diaplikasikan lagi berapa
kali karena efeknya yg belum kelihatan.

18. Syarat Keberhasilan
Pengendalian Hayati
1.Highly effective biocontrol strain must be
obtained or produced
a.Be able to compete and persist
b.Be able to colonize and proliferate
c.Be non-pathogenic to host plant and
environment

19. 2.Inexpensive production and
formulation of agent must be
developed
a.Production must result in biomass with
excellent shelf live
b.To be successful as agricultural agent must
be
i.Inexpensive
ii.Able to produce in large quantities
iii.Maintain viability
Syarat Keberhasilan
Pengendalian Hayati

20. 3.Delivery and application must permit full
expression of the agent
a.Must ensure agents will grow and achieve
their purpose
Coiling of Trichoderma around a pathogen. (Plant
Biocontrol by Trichoderma spp. Ilan Chet, Ada Viterbo
and Yariv Brotman)
Syarat Keberhasilan
Pengendalian Hayati

21. Pengendalian Hayati Patogen
Tanaman dgn Trichoderma spp.
•Trichoderma spp. are present in nearly all
agricultural soils
•Antifungal abilities have been known
since 1930s
•Mycoparasitism
•Nutrient competition
•Agriculturally used as biocontrol agent
and as a plant growth promoter

  
                                                                                                          
 
                                                                                          

22. Mengapa kita:
membeli/mengembangkan suatu
produk yang sebenarnya telah
tersedia didalam tanah?
Pengendalian Hayati Patogen
Tanaman dgn Trichoderma spp.

23. •Modifikasi Genetik
–Wild strains
•Heterokaryotic – contain nuclei of dissimilar
genotypes within a single organism
–Biocontrol strains
•Homokaryotic – contain nuclei which are similar or
identical
•Allows genetic distinction and non-variability
–IMPORTANT FOR QUALITY CONTROL
Pengendalian Hayati Patogen
Tanaman dgn Trichoderma spp.

24. •Most strains have innate resistance to
some agricultural chemicals
–Resistance is variable
•Strains available for commercial use are
selected or modified for resistance to
specific chemicals
Pengendalian Hayati Patogen
Tanaman dgn Trichoderma spp.

25. How is it applied?
•Favored by presence of high levels of
plant roots
•Some are highly rhizosphere competent
–Capable of colonizing the expanding root
surface
–Can be used as soil or seed treatment
Pengendalian Hayati Patogen
Tanaman dgn Trichoderma spp.

26. •Action against pathogenic fungi
1.Attachment to the host
hyphae by coiling
a.Lectin-
carbohydrate
interaction
(Hubbard et al., 1983. Phytopathology 73:655-659).
Pengendalian Hayati Patogen
Tanaman dgn Trichoderma spp.

27. •Action against pathogenic fungi
2. Penetrate the host cell
walls by secreting lytic
enzymes
a.Chitinases
b.Proteases
c.Glucanases
(Ilan Chet, Hebrew University of Jerusalem).
Pengendalian Hayati Patogen
Tanaman dgn Trichoderma spp.

28. •Some strains colonize the root with
mycoparasitic properties
–Penetrate the root tissue
–Induce metabolic changes which induce
resistance
•Accumulation of antimicrobial compounds
Pengendalian Hayati Patogen
Tanaman dgn Trichoderma spp.

29. •Commercial availability
T-22
•Seed coating, seed pieces, transplant starter
•Protects roots from diseases caused by Pythium,
Rhizoctonia and Fusarium
•Interacts with the Rhizosphere, near the root hairs
and increases the available form of nutrients
needed by plants.
Pengendalian Hayati Patogen
Tanaman dgn Trichoderma spp.

32. •Future developments
Transgenes
•Biocontrol microbes contain a large number of
genes which allow biocontrol to occur
•Cloned several genes from Trichoderma as
transgenes
–Produce crops which are resistant to plant diseases
•Currently not commercially available
Pengendalian Hayati Patogen
Tanaman dgn Trichoderma spp.

33. Pertanyaan?

34. References
•Current Microbiology Vol. 37 (1998), pp.6-11 Target Range of Zwittermicin A, and Aminopolyol antibiotic
from B. cereus
•Trichoderma  for Biocontrol of Plant Pathogens: From Basic Research to Commercialized Products Gary E.
Harman Departments of Horticultural Science and of Plant Pathology ,Cornell University
•Plant Biocontrol by Trichoderma spp. Ilan Chet, Ada Viterbo and Yariv Brotman. Department of Biological
Chemistry
•Trichoderma spp., including T. harzianum, T. viride, T. koningii, T. hamatum and other spp.
by G. E. Harman, Cornell University, Geneva, NY 14456
•The Plant Cell, Vol. 8, 1855-1869, October 1996 O 1996 American Society of Plant Physiologists Biocontrol of
Soilborne Plant Pathogens. Jo Handelsman‘ and Eric V. Stabb
•BioWorks products http://www.bioworksbiocontrol.com/productsections/agprod.html
•Trichoderma image http://www.ars.usda.gov/is/pr/2002/021231.trichoderma.jpg
•Trichoderma colonization image
http://www.nysaes.cornell.edu/ent/biocontrol/pathogens/images/trichoderma3.jpg
•www.weizmann.ac.il/Biological_Chemistry/scientist/Chet/Chet.html