Pharmacognosy part 5

Volatile Oils

1. Phytochemistry S.Y.B.Sc . Botany Paper III Unit 1 Part 5

2. Phytochemistry Volatile Oils or Essential Oils

3. Menthol – Mentha arvensis

4. Sandal wood oil The spice  star anise  is distilled to make  star anise oil Davana oil , from the   Artemisia pallens

5. Volatile Oils or Essential Oils Volatile oil originates from plants, possess a unique  odour  or flavor, mainly used in perfumes and flavorings.

6. Volatile Oils or Essential Oils How to Differentiate Between Volatile Oil and Fixed Oil?

7. Volatile Oils or Essential Oils Volatile oil Fixed Oil Also called as an essential oil . Also called as natural non-volatile oil. Volatile oil can evaporate when placed under room temperature Fixed oils do not evaporate at room temperature They can be   extracted  easily by the  distillation process They require some specific techniques for extraction. There is no spot (no permanent stain) left after evaporation Some  type  of spot (permanent stain) left after evaporation They are unable to undergo saponification Fixed oils can be easily saponified . Mixtures of cleoptenes & stearoptenes are termed as volatile oils Esters of higher  fatty  acids &  glycerin  are called as fixed oils. Posses high refractive index Posses low refractive index These are optically active. These are optically inactive. Their primary source is leaves , roots, in petals and bark. Their major source is seeds of the plant.

8. Volatile Oils or Essential Oils Odourous principles Plant parts – Leaf, bark, Seed, Fruit, Flower etc. Evaporates at room temperature Colourless initially – on oxidation – resinify – turn dark in colour Stored in amber coloured bottle, tightly stoppered Immiscible with water

9. Volatile Oils or Essential Oils Distribution Labiatae / Lamiaceae Piperaceae Umbelliferae / Apiaceae Pinaceae Rutaceae

10. Volatile Oils or Essential Oils Chemical Composition Hydrocarbon + Oxygenated compounds of Hydrocarbons Type I – Hydrocarbon > Oxygenated Compds . of Hydrocarbons Eg . Turpentine Type II– Hydrocarbon < Oxygenated Compds . of Hydrocarbons Eg . Clove oil

11. Volatile Oils or Essential Oils Oxygenated Compounds are more soluble in Alcohol than Water Volatile oils differ in chemical composition But number of physical properties are common, like – Odour – Characteristic Refractive Index – High Mostly – Optically active Contains – Terpenes , Sesquiterpenes and Diterpenes , alcohol, aldehyde , ketones , phenols, ethers and esters

12. Volatile Oils or Essential Oils Properties Volatises at room temperature Does not leave any stain on paper On exposure – they oxidise – then resinify Do not form soap with alkali They can be steam distilled at ordinary temperature Mix freely with Chloroform, Ether and Alcohol

13. Volatile Oils or Essential Oils Extraction of Volatile oils Distillation Cold expression Fat Expression Enfleurage Maceration Solvent Extraction

14. Extraction of Volatile oils

15. Extraction of Volatile oils

16. Volatile Oils or Essential Oils Uses As flavouring agent in pharma , food, beverages, cosmetics etc. Perfume industry As medicines and Carminative(Camphor, Pudina etc.) Antiseptic, Antihelmintic , Stimulant, local counter irritant

17. The global  essential oil market  is expected to reach USD 11.67 billion by 2022, according to a new report by Grand View Research, Inc.

18. Growing consumer awareness regarding heath benefits associated with natural and organic personal care products is expected to remain a key driving factor for global essential oil market over the forecast period.

19. Growth of organic product industry has prompted major manufacturers to shift their focus from synthetic to natural additives.

20. Growing use of essential oil in the preparation of natural flavors and fragrances on account of their increasing demand across key end-use industries is also expected to fuel the market growth.