Pharmacology two Ppt For Nursing students

This Course is For Bsc Nursing students

1. The 8
th
lecture
In
Anatomy and Physiology
For the
1
st
Class

2. Nervous System (Part II)
The Central Nervous System (CNS)

3. Central Nervous System (CNS)
•Itisasoftorgananditconsistsofthebrainandthespinal
cord.
•Insectioning,showsregionofgray(graymatter)and
regionofwhite(whitematter).
•Graymattercontainsneuronalcellbodies,dendrites,
andglialcells.Whilewhitemattercontainsmainly
myelinatedaxons.
•Incrosssectionofthebrain,graymatterformsthebrain
cortexandWhitematterformsthemorecentralregion.
•Incrosssectionofspinalcord,whitematterisperipheral
andgraymatteriscentral.

4. Cross Section of the Brain

5. Cross Section of the Spinal Cord
White
matter is
peripheral
and gray
matter is
central.

6. •CNSiscoveredwithmembraneswhichiscalled
meninges[threemembranouslayerstheseare
(duramater,arachnoidandpiamater)].
•Duramateristheexternallayer,andthearachnoidis
themiddlewhilethepiamateristheinnerlayerwhich
containsalargenumberofbloodvessels.
•Thecerebralspinalfluid(CSF)isfoundedinthe
spacebetweenarachnoidandpiamater.
•TheCSFprotectsthebrainfrominjury.Andalso
helpstocarrynutritionandremovewaste
products.

8. Brain ventricales
•These are cavities within brain.
•The ventricles are continuous with one anther
as well as with the central canal of the spinal
cord.
•There are 4 ventricles in the brain.

9. Blood brain barrier
•Thebloodbrainbarrieristhefunctionalbarrier
thatpreventsthepassageofsomesubstances,
suchasantibioticsandchemicalsandbacterial
toxicmatter,frombloodtonervetissue.

10. The Brain
•Parts of the brain are:
1.Cerebrum
2.Cerebellum
3.Brainstem

11. Cerebrum
•Thecerebrumisthelargestandmostdevelopingportionofthebrain.
•Thecerebrumisdividedinto:
Telencephalon
Diencephalon(consiststhalamus,hypothalamus,andpineal
body)
•Thetelencephalonisdividedintotwohemisphere.Thelefthemispherecontrolthe
majorityoffunctionsontherightsideofthebody,whiletherighthemisphere
controlsmostoffunctionsontheleftsideofthebody.
•Thecerebrumcontainsgroovesandfolds.
•Thegroovesarecalledsulciwhilethefoldsarecalledgyri.Thelargegroovesdivide
thecerebrumintolobes,sotherearesixlobesinthecerebrum.
•Thelobesofcerebrumare:frontal,parietal,temporal,occipital,insular,and
limbiclobes.

13. Lobes of cerebellum

14. •Thefrontalisinvolvedinplanningorganizing,problemsolving,and
selectiveattention.Theportionknownastheprefrontalcortexcontrol
personalityandvarioushighercognitivefunctionssuchasbehaviorand
emotions.Thebackofthefrontallobeconsistsofthepremotorand
motorareaswhichproduceandmodifymovements.
•TheParietallobeprocessthesensoryinformations(touch,pressure)
andintegratesomoto-sensoryinformations.Damagetotherightparietal
lobecancausespecialvisuo-specialdefect.Damagetotheleftparietal
lobemaydisruptapatientabilitytounderstandspokenand/orwriting
language.
•TheTemporallobe:arecenterofmemoryinlearning,auditionand
requiredforrecognizedifferentthingslikefaces,signs,environment).
•TheOccipitallobe:isimportantforvisionandvisualprocessing.
•TheInsularlobeisimportantforpain,bladdercontrolandGustation
(taste).
•limbiclobeisimportantforemotion.

15. The thalamus
•: refers to paired oval masses of gray matter
that lie on the either side of the third
ventricle.
•Thalamus consists of many thalamic nuclei
(synapses among neurons inside the CNS).
Thalamus is usually considered as a functional
gateway of cerebral cortex.

16. Hypothalamus
•Functions of thehypothalamus:
•master control of the autonomic nervous
system
•regulation of body temperature
•control emotional behavior
•control food intake
•control water intake
•regulation of sleep-wake (circadian) rhythem

17. Cerebellum
The cerebellum is also called little brain. And it
lies behind the pons and the medulla.
Functions of the cerebellum
It responsible for motion, balance, learning new
things.

18. Brainstem
•Thebrainstemconsistsof
1.Midbrain:iscontinuousabovewithcerebral
hemispheres.
2.Pons
3.Medullaoblongata:itiscontinuousbelowwith
thespinalcord.

19. Functions of the brainstem
•Autonomicactivitiesinthebody,like
breathing,digestion,heartbeat,------ect

20. Spinal Cord
•Thespinalcordisencased(located)inthe
bonyvertebralcolumn.
•Itattachedtothebrainstem.
•Itcarryinformationfromjoint,muscle,skin,
andotherorganstothebrainandvasversa.
•Thenerveexitthespinalcordthroughthe
spinalnotchesbetweenvertebrae.

21. Spinal Cord Segments
•Thespinalcordisalong,thincollectionofnerves
fromthebrainthatextendstoapproximatelythe2
nd
lumbervertebra.
•Itisdividedinto4mainregions:
1.Cervicalspinalcord
2.Thoracicspinalcord
3.Lumberspinalcord
4.Sacralspinalcord
•Thereare30segmentsinthespinalcord.Each
segmenthasonepairofnerveoneachside.

22. Spinal
cord
segments

23. The spinal cord communicates via the
spinal nerves

24. Cross Section of the Spinal Cord
•The gray matter of the spinal cord forms an H-shaped
mass.
•Central canal is an opening located in the horizontal bar
of the this H and the central canal contains CSF.
•the gray matter of the legs of the H forms the anterior
horns.
•the gray matter of the arms of the H forms the posterior
horns.
•The anterior horns contain motor neurons whose axons
make up the ventral roots of the spinal nerves.
•The posterior hornsreceive sensory fibers from neurons
in the dorsal roots

26. •Dorsal root ganglia are present at each spinal
segment.
•Each pair of dorsal root ganglia contains sensory
neuron cell bodies.
•Adjacent to the dorsal root there is a ventral root.
•Ventral root contains the axons of motor neurons,
also exit the spinal cord.
•Together the dorsal root and the ventral root form
the spinal nerve.
•So the spinal nerve are the mixed nerve because they
contain both sensory and motor nerve fibers.

27. Cross Section of the Spinal Cord

28. Cross Section of the Spinal Cord