PhilosophicalPerspectives of Ethics.pptx

ETHICS GEC8

1. Philosophical Perspectives of Ethics

2. 3 major approaches to ethics Virtue Ethics Deontology Consequentialism

3. Virtue Ethics

4. Excellent c haracter traits that enable us to be and to act.

5. Virtue ethics [ aretḗ ] -character-based approach to ethics -offers explanation of what makes someone good or bad.

6. So crates

7. Corrupting the minds of the youth

8. P lato

9. Cardinal Virtues Fundamental virtues  

10. Four cardinal virtues Prudence Fortitude Temperance Justice

11. Prudence Footprint of wisdom Ability to discern the appropriate course of action to be taken in a given situation at the appropriate time, with consideration of potential consequences

12. Fortitude Ability to confront fear, uncertainty, and intimidation

13. Temperance Practice of self-control, abstention

14. Justice Impartiality, fairness, righteousness

15. Aris totle

16. Excellence is rare

17. EXCESSIVE

18. EXCESSIVE Vices Vices GOLDEN MEAN

19. EXCESS MEAN: MORAL VIRTUE DEFICIENCY Rashness Courage  in the face of fear Cowardice Licentiousness/Self-indulgence Temperance  in the face of pleasure and pain Insensibility

20. Irascibility Patience /Good temper Lack of spirit/unirascibility Boastfulness Truthfulness  with self-expression Understatement/mock modesty Buffoonery Wittiness  in conversation Boorishness

21. Obsequiousness Friendliness  in social conduct Cantankerousness Shyness Modesty  in the face of shame or shamelessness Shamelessness Envy Righteous indignation  in the face of injury Malicious enjoyment/Spitefulness

22. “It is easy to perform a good action, but not easy to acquire a settled habit of performing such actions .” – Aristotle

23. Aq uinas

24. Aristotelian eudaimonism And Christian Theology

25. Aquinas believes that we can never achieve complete or final happiness in this life. “BEATITUDE” -supernatural union with God We need virtues but we also need God to transform our nature

26. “Knowledge should come from all dimensions”

27. 2 kinds of law Natural laws Eternal laws

28. Eternal laws Come from God’s revelation Within the sphere of faith---it mandates believing first

29. Natural laws Discovered by man through the use of reason Within the sphere of philosophy---observation first before conclusion

30. Four cardinal virtues Prudence Fortitude Temperance Justice

31. “THE CARDINAL THEOLOGICAL VIRTUES” FAITH - strong belief “in” God HOPE - a feeling of expectation and desire for a certain thing to happen “LOVE/Charity”

32. ‘Love is patient and kind. It bears all things, hopes all things, endures all things. Love never fails.’​— 1 Corinthians 13:4-8 .

33. MISERICORDIA Suffering with others Acting to alleviate their suffering

34. Kant

35.   Actions are good or bad according to a clear set of rules

36. Actions must conform to moral law Agent must have the right motive

37. How can we say if our actions fit the moral law or it is really our duty?

38. Categorical imperative   Introduced in Kant's  Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals It is a way of evaluating  motivations  for action

39. 1. Universalizability principle "Act only according to that  maxim w hereby you can at the same time will that it should become a universal law."

40. 2. The formula of humanity “Act in such a way that you treat humanity, whether in your own person or in the person of any other, never merely as a means to an end, but always at the same time as an end.”

41. Consequentialism is  a theory that says whether something is good or bad depends on its outcomes.

42. Bentham & Mill

43. Unlike other forms of consequentialism, such as  egoism  and  altruism , utilitarianism considers the interests of all sentient beings  equally .

44. The principle of utility and greatest happiness 1. Aimed at producing the greatest utility 2. Greatest utility for the greatest number of people Hedonistic calculus Hedonism- seeking PLEASURE and avoidance of PAIN

45. Pain Pleasure