PHILOSOPHY & EDUCATION

PHILOSOPHY & EDUCATION

1. PHILOSOPHY & EDUCATION an INTRODUCTION DR MAHESWARI JAIKUMAR [email protected]

2. PHILOSOPHY Philosophy is a Greek word. “PHILOS” means “love” and “SOPHIA” means “wisdom”. Philosophy means love of wisdom.

3. Philosophy of education is "the philosophical study of  education  and its problems...its central subject matter is education, and its methods are those of philosophy .

4.   It is both part of the field of education and a field of applied philosophy, drawing from fields of : metaphysics ,  epistemology ,  axiology  and the philosophical approaches to address issues relating to education.

5. BRANCHES OF PHILOSOPHY Metaphysics:  What is the nature of reality? Epistemology:  What is the nature of knowledge? How do we come to know? Axiology:  What values should one live by?

6. Philosophy helps teachers to reflect on key issues and concepts in education , usually through such questions as follows :

7. Cont….. What is being educated? What is the good life? What is knowledge? What is the nature of learning? And What is teaching? Philosophers think about the meaning of things and interpretation of that meaning.

8.   A philosophy of education represents answers to questions about the purpose of schooling, a teacher's role, and what should be taught and by what methods.

9. DEFINITION “Philosophy is the science of sciences”- COLERIDGE.

10. “Philosophy is the science of knowledge” - FITCHE

11. “Philosophy is the mother of all arts and the true medicine of mind” - CIZERO

12. “Philosophy is a search for comprehensive view of nature” - HENDIRSON

13. “ Philosophy is an unceasing effort to discover the general truth that lies behind the particular facts to discern, also the reality that lies behind appearance” – RAYMOND TALLYS

14. MAJOR PHILOSOPHIES OF EDUCATION TODAY Essentialism. Perennialism . Progressivism. Naturalism.

15. Realism. Idealism. Humanism. Pragmatism. Existentialism.

16. EXISTENTIALISM Existentialism is a philosophy that emphasizes individual existence, freedom and choice.

17. It is the view that humans define their own meaning in life, and try to make rational decisions despite existing in an irrational universe.

18. It focuses on the question of human existence, and the feeling that there is no purpose or explanation at the core of existence.

19. It holds that, as there is no God or any other transcendent force, the only way to counter this nothingness (and hence to find meaning in life) is by embracing existence.

20. PERENNIALISM According to the   Perennialists , the aim of education is to ensure that students acquire understandings about the great ideas of Western civilization. These ideas have the potential for solving problems in any era.

21. The focus is to teach ideas that are everlasting, to seek enduring truths which are constant , not changing, as the natural and human worlds at their most essential level, do not change. 

22. Teaching these unchanging principles is critical. Humans are rational beings, and their minds need to be developed. Thus, cultivation of the intellect is the highest priority in a worthwhile education.

23. PERENNIALISM Mortimer Adler. Robert. M. Hutchins

24. PROGRESSIVISM Progressivists believe that education should focus on the whole child, rather than on the content or the teacher.

25. This educational philosophy stresses that students should test ideas by active experimentation.

26. Learning is rooted in the questions of learners that arise through experiencing the world. It is active, not passive.

27. The learner is a problem solver and thinker who makes meaning through his or her individual experience in the physical and cultural context.

28. PROGRESSIVISM John Dewey. Cecil Reddie . John Locke. Jean Jaques Rousseau.

29. ESSENTIALISM A belief that things have a set of characteristics which make them what they are, and that the task of science and philosophy is their discovery and expression; the doctrine that essence is prior to existence.

30. Refers to doctrine that certain traditional concepts, ideals, and skills are essential  to society and should be taught methodically to all students, regardless of individual ability, need. 

31. ESSENTIALISM  James D. Koerner . H. G. Rickover. Paul Copperman . Theodore Sizer .

32. NATURALISM Naturalism is the belief that nothing exists beyond the natural world. 

33. Naturalism focuses on explanations that come from the laws of nature.

34. NATURALISM Émile Zola. Thérèse Raquin

35. REALISM Realism refers to the attitude or practice of accepting a situation as it is and being prepared to deal with it accordingly.

36. Realism refers to the quality or fact of representing a person or thing in a way that is accurate and true to life.

37. The philosophical doctrine that physical objects continue to exist when not perceived is called realism.

38. REALISM Aristotle. St. Thomas Aquinas.   John of Salisbury.

39. IDEALISM Idealism refers to the unrealistic belief in or pursuit of perfection.

40. Idealism generally suggests the priority of ideals, principles, values, and goals over concrete realities. Idealists are understood to represent the world as it might or should be.

41. Idealism refers to any view that stresses the central role of the ideal in the interpretation of experience.

42. IDEALISM Plato. Augustine. Descartest . Kant & Hegel.

43. HUMANISM Humanism is defined as a rationalist outlook or system of thought attaching prime importance to human rather than divine or supernatural matters.

44.  Humanism is a system of values and beliefs that is based on the idea that people are basically good and that problems can be solved using reason instead of religion.

45.   Humanism is a doctrine, attitude, or way of life centered on  human  interests or values;  especially  ,  It is a philosophy that usually rejects supernaturalism and stresses an individual's dignity and worth and capacity for self-realization through reason.

46. HUMANISM Paul Kurtz. Abraham Maslow. Carl Rogers. Malcolm Knowles.

47. PRAGMATISM Pragmatism is defined as an approach that evaluates theories or beliefs in terms of the success of their practical application.

48.  The philosophy of pragmatism “emphasizes the practical application of ideas by acting on them to actually test them in human experiences”.

49. Pragmatism focuses on a “changing universe” rather than an unchanging one. 

50. PRAGMATISM  Charles Sanders Peirce. William James. John Dewey. George Herbert Mead.

51. PROPONENTS & CONTRIBUTORS

52. PRAGMATISM  Charles Sanders Peirce. William James. John Dewey. George Herbert Mead.

53. HUMANISM Paul Kurtz. Abraham Maslow. Carl Rogers. Malcolm Knowles.

54. REALISM Aristotle. St. Thomas Aquinas.   John of Salisbury.

55. NATURALISM Émile Zola. Thérèse Raquin

56. IDEALISM Plato. Augustine. Descartest . Kant & Hegel.

57. ESSENTIALISM  James D. Koerner . H. G. Rickover. Paul Copperman . Theodore Sizer .

58. EXISTENTIALISM Søren Kierkegaard. Friedrich Nietzsche. Martin Heidegger. Karl Jaspers. Edmund Husserl.

59. PROGRESSIVISM John Dewey. Cecil Reddie . John Locke. Jean Jaques Rousseau.

60. PERENNIALISM Mortimer Adler. Robert. M. Hutchins

61. FIVE IMPORTANT SCHOOLS OF THOUGHT & AN ANALYSIS

62. IDEALISM A philosophical theory advocating that reality depends on the mind for existence & that truth is universal and absolute.

63. REALSIM A philosophical system stressing that the laws and order of the world as revealed by science are independent from human existence.

64. PRAGMATISM An American movement in philosophy emphasizing reality as the sum total of each individual’s experiences through practical experimentation.

65. NATURALISM A belief that the laws of nature govern life and that individual goals are more important than societal goals .

66. EXIXTENTIALISM A twentieth century philosophy that centers on individual's existence and advocates that truth and values are arrived at by each person’s experience.

67. CURRICULAR FOCUS SCHOOL OF THOUGHT CURRICULAR FOCUS IDEALISM TEACHER CENTERED REALISM SUBJECT CENTERED PRAGMATISM STUDENT CENTERED NATURALISM INDIVIDUAL READINESS TO LEARN EXISTENTIALISM INDIVIDUAL CENTERED - BASED ON SELFREALIZATION

68. WEAKNESSES SCHOOL OF THOUGHT WEAKNESS IDEALISM RESISTANCE TO CHANGE, DEVELOPMENT OF BODY SECONDARY TO THE MIND

69. WEAKNESSES SCHOOL OF THOUGHT WEAKNESS REALISM TOO NARROW VIEW, EVERY THING MUST CONFORM TO NATURAL LAW OR IT IS WRONG

70. WEAKNESSES SCHOOL OF THOUGHT WEAKNESS PRAGMATISM LACKS FIXED AIM TO GIVE STUDENT STABILITY & DIRECTION

71. WEAKNESSES SCHOOL OF THOUGHT WEAKNESS NATURALISM TOO SIMPLE AN EDUCATION FOR A COMPLEX WORLD

72. WEAKNESSES SCHOOL OF THOUGHT WEAKNESS EXIXTENTIALISM OVER EMPHASIS ON INDIVIDUALITY PRECLUDES PREPARATION FOR SOCIAL LIFE

73. THANK YOU PLATO