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1. BASICS OF Phonetics & PhonolGY Phonetics Branches Of Phonetics Articulatory Phonetics Auditory Phonetics Acoustic Phonetics 3. Phonology Phone Phoneme & Allophone By MS. LAILA AFRIDI M.Phil Applied Linguistics Visiting Lecturer at NUML

2. Questions to keep in mind;

3. DEFINITIONS Phonetics is derived from Greek word phone which means sound or voice . It was first used in the early 1800s. It is sub-discipline in linguistics concerned with pronunciation and sound . The people who are engaged in the study of phonetics are called phoneticians. Phonetics studies the characteristics of human sound making, especially those used in speech , and provides methods for their description, classification and transcription. Phonetics studies the speech organs which produce sounds of language; it studies waves, the physical form in which sounds are transmitted through the air from one person to another; and it studies the way in which human beings perceive sounds through the medium of the ear.

4. Three Branches Of Phonetics Articulatory Phonetics : It is the study of the way speech sounds are made or articulated by the vocal organs, or production of sounds from lungs to lips. It is the branch of phonetics concerned with describing the speech sounds of the world’s languages in terms of their articulations, that is, the movements and or positions of the vocal organs i.e articulators. It identifies precisely which speech organs are involved in producing the different soundsof the world’s language. Speech sounds are made by modifying airstream at the points of lungs, trachea, larynx, vocal cords, epiglottis,oral cavity and nasal cavity

5. MANNER OF ARTICULATION

6. Phonetic chart

7. FRONT, CENTRAL, AND BACK VOWELS

8. ACOUSTIC PHONETICS & AUDITORY PHONETICS 2. Acoustic Phonetics: It is the study of physical properties( amplitude, intensity, frequency , duration) of speech sound, as transmitted between mouth to ear, and objective in nature. 3. Auditory Phonetics: It is the study of perceptual( loudness, pitch , quality , length) response to speech sounds , as mediated by ear, auditory nerve and brain , as well as subjective in nature .

9. Phonology Branch of linguistics(segmental phonology) that study the ways in which sounds are used in different languages to form syllables , words by following some system. I t is the study of the systems or patterns of sounds of a particular language, their internal structure ., and their composition into syllables, sound-change rules and ordering, words and phrases. Speaker’s unconscious knowledge about the sound pattern of language. Covers theoretical( abstract& mental ) aspects of sounds in language rather the actual physical articulation of sounds. Phonology looks at speech sounds as unit in linguistic structure, and studies: -  inventories and distribution  role in construction of meaningful utterances

10. Phone & Phoneme For any language , a basic phonological description comprises of phone & phoneme. Phone :is a Greek word for sound or voice. The smallest perceptible discrete segment of sound in a stream of speech ( Crystal 2008) For example; /p/ , /t/ ,/d/ , /k/ , /g/ are phone without any concern to meaning or syntactic system of words. Phoneme : The smallest contrastive unit of language( linguistic unit) which brings change in meaning. 44 phonemes: 24 consonants, 12 pure vowels and 8 diphthongs. It is abstract in nature and can be realized by the comparison of words, e.g.  ta p vs ta b ,  t in vs b in ,  b i g vs b a g

11. Phone & Phoneme Phone Phoneme The wave of single sound or vibration. Speech sound without concerning to phonology of specific language. Any sound of language, individually produced and recognized by the speaker of the language. Represented by enclosing symbol into bracket[p], [t] etc. The smallest unit of speech distinguishing one word from the other. Definite number of phonemes in any language. In English t here are 44 phonemes grouped in 20 vowels and 24 consonants The minimal meaningful elements in the sound system of language. Abstract segment and based on the spoken language. Recorded as special symbols IPA( International Phonetics, Alphabets). Written between slashes / /

12. ALLOPHONE ALLOPHONES ARE PHONEMES VARIENTS. FOR EXAMPLE: The sound of {p} in words “ pen” , “spin” , “ sip” How?

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