Photography -

This PPT is only for educational purpose for the students belonging to BMM & FTNMP or other such Professional courses

1. PHOTOGRAPHY Notes By : Ashish Richhariya Course : FTNMP / BMM Designation : Faculty at Thakur College Of Science & Commerce Query : [email protected]

2. PHOTOGRAPHY

3. What is Photography? Photography is the art of capturing light with a camera, usually via a digital sensor or film, to create an image. With the right camera equipment, you can even photograph wavelengths of light invisible to the human eye, including UV, infrared, and radio . The device that is used to take photos is called a camera. Photographs are the visual records created by the impressions of light on a variety of light-sensitive surfaces. Literally also, the word photograph means “drawing with light”. The word  photograph  is made of two Greek words;  photo  means light and  graph  means drawing (or record).

4. Photography has been around for over 160 years. During that time period, it has become the most common form of image making . As ‘the’ means of visual communication, it is indispensable . As an art form, it offers opportunities, which differ greatly from painting and other picture-making techniques that rely on manual and visual skills . The world first learned how to make photographs in 1839.  History of Photography :

5. The first photo: The  world’s first photograph —or at least the oldest surviving photo—was taken by Joseph Nicéphore Niépce in 1826 or 1827 . Captured using a technique known as heliography, the shot was taken from an upstairs window at  Niépce’s estate in Burgundy.

6. Camera

7. Cameras are important to people in many aspects. They are useful in capturing memories and moments which can be preserved either in the soft or hard copy. The development of camera from the age of a room-size box to what it is currently has taken a lot effort, trial and error, and has involved several people in the process. Camera, in  photography , device for  recording  an image of an object on a light-sensitive surface; it is essentially a light-tight box with an  aperture  to admit  light  focused onto a sensitized film or plate. When a picture is taken, the camera's shutter  opens   and closes, exposing the photosensitive film with light recording the image onto the film . Today, the traditional camera like that shown in the picture is being replaced by  digital camera’s,   webcam’s, and  smart phone's.

8. History of Camera: The first portable camera was designed by Johann Zahn in 1685. Not much progress was made in the development for up to approximately 130 years later. Most of the attempts to make cameras in between were futile. It was not until the year 1814 when Joseph Nicephore Niepce clicked the first photograph . The credit for the invention of the first camera is therefore co-shared between Johann Zahn and Joseph Nicephore Niepce . Alexander Walcott invented the first camera that produced photos that did not fade quickly. From this point onwards, several people were involved in developing the methods and camera for superior quality images. The progress made involved invention of less blurred and colored photography, negatives, and smaller cameras.

9. 1500 Camera Obscura , the first pinhole camera was invented by Ibn Al- Haytham . It is a box with a small hole in it, through which light travels and strikes a reflective surface to project an image in color, upside down. The camera obscura was originally used to observe solar events and in drawing architecture . 1839 The Daguerreotype Camera by Louis Daguerre is one of the world’s most expensive cameras. Daguerre and Niépce found that if a copper plate coated with silver iodide was exposed to light in a camera, then fumed with mercury vapor and fixed (made permanent) by a solution of common salt, a permanent image would be formed. A great number of daguerreotypes, especially portraits, were made in the mid-19th century

10. 1888 George Eastman, a pioneer in photographic films usage, patented Kodak roll-film camera. 1900 The Kodak Brownie Camera by Eastman.   George Eastman invented the Kodak camera, helping make photography accessible to the public. His company remains one of the largest in the industry. The Kodak "Brownie" camera made its debut at the turn of the twentieth century and sold for one dollar. One hundred thousand of them were purchased during the first year alone. The Brownie helped to put photography into the hands of amateurs and allowed the middle class to take their own "snapshots" as well.

11. 1948 Edwin Land invented the Polaroid camera which could take a picture and print it in about one minute was invented by Edwin Land. 1978 First autofocus camera Konica C35 AF by Konica. Polarization refers to a physical property of light waves. As the waves move forward, they vibrate vertically, horizontally, and at all angles in between. The system revolutionized traditional photography by compressing darkroom processes into an integrated film unit and producing a final photograph in the seconds following the click of a camera shutter.  The Konica  C35 AF  (nicknamed " Jasupin ") is a milestone camera in that it was the world's first production  autofocuscamera . This was a "passive" rather than the subsequently more popular "active" system  

12. 1991 Kodak released the first professional digital camera system (DCS) which was widely used by photojournalists . It only took 50 milliseconds to capture the image, but it took 23 seconds to record it to the tape 2000 The world’s first camera phone . The camera and the phone components were essentially separate devices housed in the same body . 2 005 The canon EOS 5D is launched. The shutter is rated to 100,000 shots,and is capable of speeds up to 1/8000 sec, with a flash sync speed of 1/200 sec. The EOS 5D is notable for being the first full-frame DSLR camera with a standard body size 

13. Basics of Photography: CELL COMPOSITION EXPOSURE LENS LIGHTS

14. Composition in Photography Composition is the language of photography. How your subjects appear relative to each other, any additional objects, and the background communicates a lot to the viewer. Following are the 5 principles of Composition: 1. The Rule of Thirds 2. Leading Lines 3 . Reduce Clutter 4. Contrasting Colors 5. Creative Framing

15. 1.Rule of Thirds: In photography, the rule of thirds is a type of composition in which an image is divided evenly into thirds, both horizontally and vertically, and the subject of the image is placed at the intersection of those dividing lines, or along one of the lines itself.  To understand and use the rule of thirds, simply break up an image into thirds both horizontally and vertically, as seen here. The four intersection points of these lines, and the four lines themselves, are where subjects, or strong compositional lines of a photograph, can be placed to create a strong, balanced image.

16. 2. Leading Lines Leading lines are diagonal lines that naturally exist in a scene which help the viewer’s eyes move from one direction to another. The lines are created from converging perspectives as seen through the camera. They should be framed in a way that draws the viewers eyes towards the primary subject as they can draw your eyes away from the subject when used improperly .   Leading lines is an image composition technique that features line shapes—like, say, a road or river—to draw the viewer’s eye to the intended subject of the photograph.

17. 3. Reduce Clutter Clutter is pretty much anything in the photograph that takes your attention away from your primary subject. This can be anything from a Styrofoam cup, a busy tree branch, or any busy details on a focused background that doesn’t help enhance the scene . This of course doesn’t mean that you can nor should you only shoot against a plain background. Shallow depth of field is another great way to reduce clutter and give visual weight to your subject.

18. 4. Contrasting Colors Another way to make your subject stand out is by using contrasting colors. Examples of this include vibrant vs. muted colors, warm vs. cool colors, and dark vs. light colors. The last one, light and dark, is especially important because our eyes tend to move from darker colors towards lighter colors. Color contrast is used to achieve great compositions. When two opposing colors are placed together they complement and accentuate the qualities of the other color. Cold colors and warm colors almost always contrast, light colors contrast against dark ones and bold colors offset weak colors.

19. 5. Creative Framing Framing is a photography compositional technique that isolates a subject using elements within a scene as a frame. For example, you might place your subject so that they’re surrounded by a tunnel, a window, or leafy branches. In other words, it’s including a frame within your frame to direct the viewer’s eye to your subject. Framing your subjects is a great way to isolate your subject is to use framing. This can be done with either defocused foreground objects or solid color shape elements.

20. EXPOSURE When we talk about “exposure,” we simply mean the brightness or darkness of a photo.  It seems simple enough to take a photo that is correctly exposed (has the proper brightness or darkness), but in reality, it can be quite tricky. Exposure uses Aperture, Shutter speed, and ISO in conjunction to create a properly exposed image.

21. ISO: International Standards Organization ISO controls the camera’s sensitivity to light. A low ISO setting means the camera will be less sensitive to light, while a higher ISO means it will be more sensitive to light. However, the quality of the image will decrease as the ISO increases and you may see 'noise' on the image with a higher ISO. An ISO setting of 100 to 200 is usually ideal when shooting outdoors during the day, but when shooting in low light situations, such as indoors or at night, a higher ISO of 400 to 800 or higher might be necessary.

22. Understanding ISO:

23. Aperture Aperture is the opening in your lens and controls how much light gets through to the camera’s sensor as well as the depth of field. Depth of field refers to the area surrounding the focal point of the image which remains sharp. A wider aperture (indicated by a lower f-number) lets more light through, but has a narrow depth of field. While a narrow aperture (indicated by a higher f-number) lets less light through, but has a wider depth of field. A wide aperture is great when you want to isolate your subject, but when you want the whole scene to be in focus, such as with group shots, you’ll need to use a narrow aperture.

24. Understanding Aperture:

25. Shutter speed Shutter speed controls how long the shutter stays open when you take a picture. The longer the shutter stays open, the more light gets through to the camera’s sensor. A fast shutter speed is good for freezing action, while a longer shutter speed will blur motion. Long shutter speeds can give interesting effects, but usually require a tripod.

26. Histogram A histogram is a graphical representation of the tonal values of your image. In other words, it shows the amount of tones of particular brightness found in your photograph ranging from black (0% brightness) to white (100% brightness). Histogram is exposure-dependent, but is also affected by tone curve and other settings. If a certain portion of the histogram is “touching” either edge, it will indicate loss of detail, also called clipping. Highlight clipping (areas that are completely white and absent detail) occurs if the graph is touching the right side of histogram. Shadow clipping (areas that are completely black and absent detail) occurs if the graph is touching the left side of histogram. 

27. Understanding Histogram:

28. Importance of Lighting: Lighting is a key factor in creating a successful image. Lighting determines not only brightness and darkness, but also tone, mood and the atmosphere. Therefore it is necessary to control and manipulate light correctly in order to get the best texture, vibrancy of color and luminosity on your subjects.

29. 1. Flat light When you have your light source facing directly at the front of your subject, this is flat lighting. Flat lighting on a face will mean that your subject is well lit and you are unable to see any shadows along their face. Since shadows can draw out imperfections and textures, flat lighting is beneficial when photographing babies in their acne skin weeks, teens with heavy blemishes, and elderly people feeling insecure about their wrinkles . 2. Broad light With broad light (a type of side lighting), the face of your subject is at an angle and the most well-lit side of the face is closest to the camera and the shadow falls on the back side of the face. This type of light can make a face look fuller so it’s ideal for those with very narrow faces.

30. 3. Short light Another type of side lighting, short light is the opposite of broad light in that the face is at an angle and the shadow falls on the side of the face closest to the camera. This type of light works well to thin a face and is flattering on most people. 4. Split light Split lighting is another type of side lighting but it is defined as light that hits your subject from the side at a 90 degree angle. You can easily recognize split lighting in an image by half of the subject being lit and the other half in the shadows. With a face specifically, you’ll see the shadow line straight down the middle of the forehead, nose, and chin.

31. 5. Backlight Backlight is just that, light that comes from behind your subject. This is commonly seen in photos from the beloved golden hour, when the sun is low in the horizon and starting to set, but can be done at all hours of the day. Sources of backlight can include a window behind your subject in the middle of the day to a flash placed behind with a colorful gel for something fun. Also known as Semi-Silhouette 6. Rim light Rim light falls under the backlight category but deserves a spot of its own. With backlight you often see the hazy or airiness from the light in the background resulting in highlights but you don’t have that with rim light. With rim light, you’ll see the light from behind only highlight the edges of your subject

32. 7 . Butterfly light With butterfly light, the light is placed above and in front of your subject to create a small shadow under the nose resembling a butterfly (hence the name). This type of light beautifully highlights prominent cheekbones which is why you most often see it used on women. However, it emphasizes the shadows from deep set eyes. 8. Silhouette Silhouette is defined as an outline that appears dark against a light background.  More specifically, it is where your subject is seen as a black shape without detail against a brighter background.  This is an artistic outcome that many photographers like to perfect. This effect can be achieved with any kind of bright light source, but of course the most commonly used is the sun around sunrise or sunset.  The backlighting from the sun shadows everything towards you and produces this effect.

33. Lens

34. A camera without a lens is useless to a photographer. The lens is what focuses light from what you see through the viewfinder into a tiny, (typically) 35mm spot on the back of your film, DSLR, or mirror less camera. If you remove the lens from your camera, the only kind of image you can produce is white light. Consequently, a high-quality lens can help you capture great photos even with a cheap camera, while a low-quality lens can make the best camera mediocre and the resulting image quality, poor. The creative use of the lens gives photography its expressive qualities - they shape the way you “see” the world through the viewfinder.

35. The Focal Length A primary characteristic of a lens is the focal length. A lens’ focal length is defined as the distance between the lens’ optical center and the camera’s image sensor (or film plane) when focused at infinity. Shorter focal length lenses provide a wider field of view but offer less magnification. Conversely, longer focal lengths provide a shorter field of view but provide greater magnification.

36. The Lens Ratio When you look upon the front end of your lens barrel, you’ll see a ratio number (1:2.8, 1:2.8-4, 1:3.5-5.6, etc), which is the maximum aperture of the lens. The aperture determines how much light the lens transmits to the image sensor. A lens with a low f-number (wide maximum aperture), is a better quality lens and allows you to do more with it. For example, such a lens is “brighter,” allowing you to take photos in low ambient light conditions, yet still register a quality exposure. In addition, these bright lenses will enable you to achieve a very shallow depth of field.

37. Types of Lenses: Standard/Normal Lens Wide Angle Lens Telephoto Lens Zoom Lens Fisheye Lens Macro Lens Tilt-Shift Lens

38. Standard/Normal Lens The standard lens has a fixed focal length (50mm, 85mm, 100mm), and reproduces fairly accurately what the human eye sees – in terms of perspective and angle of view. For a 35mm film camera or a full-frame DSLR, the 50mm lens is considered standard. At higher focal lengths (85mm or 100mm) you have an ideal lens for portraiture because when coupled with a wide aperture they thoroughly soften any background detail, thus making it less likely to distract from the main subject

39. Wide Angle Lens A wide-angle has a shorter focal length (10 thru 42mm) when compared to a standard lens. This enables you to capture a comparatively wider angle of view. A wide-angle lens is a natural choice for capturing outdoor landscapes and group portraits. In fact, wide angle can be the only way to capture the complete setting without omitting any important elements in the image.

40. Telephoto Lens Telephoto lenses (100mm – 800mm) can provide you with a narrow field of view. These long lenses enable you to compress a distance (and compress the sense of depth, as well) and pick out specific objects from far off. They have a strong resolving power and an inherent shallow DOF, where the slightest lateral moment can take a subject out of view. Telephoto lenses are great for wildlife, portrait, sports, and documentary types of photography .They enable you to capture subjects from hundreds of feet away.

41. Zoom Lens Zoom lenses have variable focal lengths, and are extremely useful. Some can range between a wide-angle and a telephoto (i.e. 24 to 300mm) so you have extensive versatility for composition. The trade-off with zoom lenses is the aperture. Because of the number of elements required in constructing these lenses, they have a limited ability to open up and allow in light.

42. Fisheye Lens A fisheye lens is a specialized, wide-angle lens that provides extremely wide images by changing straight lines into curves. It can sometimes produce circular, convex, or oval images by distorting the perspective and creating a 180° image. The range of focal length varies between 7~16mm in a fish-eye lens.

43. Macro Lens Macro lenses are used for close-up or “macro” photography. They range in focal lengths of between 50-200mm. These lenses obtain razor-sharp focus for subjects within the macro focus distance, but lose their ability for sharp focus at other distances. These lenses enable the photographer to obtain life-size or larger images of subjects like wasps, butterflies, and flowers.

44. Tilt-Shift Lens The Tilt-Shift lens enables you to manipulate the vanishing points, so when you’re shooting buildings you can alter the perspective of an image so the parallel lines don’t converge, thus eliminating the distorting quality of the lens. The tilt-shift lens also enables you to selectively focus an image; where only specific portions of the image are in focus and out of focus within the same plane.

45. Designing

46. Photography in design can be more impactful than graphics or illustration as it communicates the message with a sense of realism, and often packs more of a visual punch, too. However, when your design features photography, some key aspects can get lost in the creation. In this post, eleven top designers share their wisdom of how to maximize the power of photography in design. Successful photos rely on order, and the main elements that bring and emphasize order in a composition are: line, shape, form, texture, pattern, and color. Every photograph, intentionally or not, contains one or more of these element, which are known as the elements of design.

47. Lines can be vertical, horizontal, diagonal, or curved. Lines can be short or tall, can be thick or thin. Lines can lead you away, or move you forward in an image. A line's emotional effect on an image cannot be overlooked. They sometimes feel restful, soothing, rigid, active, guiding, or threatening. Thick lines can be experienced as rigid and dependant, or can be experienced as dominating or stern. Curved lines are often perceived as soft, soothing, settling, and relaxing. Line ELEMNTS OF DESIGN

48. Shape The second most fundamental element of design is shape, because shape is the principal element of identification. The most important thing to keep in mind when shape is the essential element in an image is that it is best defined when the subject is front lit or backlit. For that shape to be successfully identifiable, it needs to be in strong contrast with its surroundings so that it is detached from the clutter around it. Shapes in images can also be seen as silhouettes - these are best shot several minutes before sunset up to several minutes following it, as well as several minutes before sunrise up to several minutes following it.

49. Texture No design element is more capable of moving your deep emotions than texture. The challenge of seeing and capturing texture is mostly based on one element - light. Texture can be accentuated by the side light of early sunny mornings or early evenings, or by overhead light when the sun is vertical and high in the sky. Furthermore, it is worth noting that texture as a background can create an exciting and emotion-filled composition. And with the correct use of texture, pictures can become more alive and almost three dimensional.

50. Pattern Life is full of patterns. It is all part of our cosmic existence, for without patterns our lives would be utter chaos. Most patterns we don't recognize or we overlook because of our busy, routine-driven, daily lives. Two techniques come into practice while working with patterns; you can emphasize the pattern, or you can break it: Emphasizing  a pattern can accentuate a sense of size and expansion. The idea is to zoom in onto the pattern and fill the frame with it. Emphasized pattern can include faces amongst a crowd, a line of homogenous plants, bricks of a wall, etc

51. Color Color is characterized by attributes such as value, hue, and saturation. Colors, and how they're arranged, can either make or break a shot. Different colors can send out different messages, and they indeed have an important visual weight and impact on a photo. Vibrant colors are energetic, interesting, and active. So are reds and yellows. Blues and greens are comforting and soothing. The path towards creating creative photos benefits from a high understanding of colors and their impact on an image, as well as a high awareness of colors surrounding you.

52. Types of Photography: With great cameras now built in to smart phones, making an image has become less about artistry and more about utility. We take pictures of things we want to remember—this could be anything from a wedding or vacation to what we ate for breakfast. Technology has expanded its visual possibilities, with different apparatuses and lenses making it possible for us to capture different types of photography in ways we wouldn’t have dreamed before.

53. Aerial Photography Aerial photography has a long and rich history, which started in 1858 when photographer Gaspard-Félix Tournachon tethered a camera to a balloon. Since then, it’s only gotten better thanks to the advent of drones. Photographer Andy Yeung  tells us, “What I like most about working with drones is that we can see things we normally don’t have access to. Plus, drones add a layer between traditional aerial pictures and ground pictures, making the creative process more interesting.”

54. Black and White Photography Modern black and white pictures keep photography’s oldest tradition alive. Now, shooting with this limited palette is a stylistic choice rather than a necessity, and image makers use it as a way to add timeless drama to their compositions. When shooting a photograph in black and white, it’s most important to remember contrast; the shadows will look more defined, and your extreme tones will appear crisp and clean.

55. Dance Photography Photography offers an ideal way to capture the beauty of dance. The best images are moments frozen in time that showcase the artistry and strength of its subjects. But, photographing these images aren’t as effortless as they look. To capture a dancer especially one in mid air split-seconds count, so you need to have a fast shutter speed on your camera. Also, you must consider the best angle at which to point your device; dance is more than just body movement, so be sure to photograph a dancer’s face to really get the essence of their performance.

56. Food Photography One of the biggest trends in social media still is taking pictures of your food. Professional chefs and amateurs alike can make our mouths water with one appetizing image. To ensure that the dish will look delicious, there are a few tips to remember: make sure your food is well lit (try photographing in natural light); pay attention to your props; and shoot quickly food doesn’t last forever before it melts or collapses!

57. Macro Photography Macro photography makes things that are small appear larger than life. It’s got a broad range of applications, but one of our favorites is in photographing tiny bugs and plants. Exotic insects have their amazing colors and characteristics magnified, and as a result, we see all of the details that we would normally miss.

58. Interior Photography Anyone can snap a photo of their home, but great interior photographers create awe-inspiring views of a confined space. Some of the most impressive images are of grandiose settings like opera houses. These particular places are designed to be spectacular, but with the right angles and composition, even something as ordinary as stairs can be exciting.

59. Natural Landscape Photography When photography was first invented, some of the earliest images were of the outdoors. So, it’s no surprise that natural landscapes remain a popular type of photography—there’s so much beauty out there! One subject that image makers are continually drawn to are mountains.

60. Documentary Photography Arguably, one of photography’s greatest strengths is revealing what’s normally unseen or goes unnoticed; documentary images provide a better understanding of the world at large. Sometimes, these people or places are hiding in plain sight.

61. Wedding Photography Every year, countless couples have their nuptials photographed. Many of these images are straightforward portraits. Some photographers, however, go to the extreme to capture these celebrations in unconventional ways. From shooting underwater to hiking to the top of a mountain, a band of galloping horses can’t stop some wedding photographers from getting the perfect shot.