Phsyology of male and female reproductive system.ppt

Phsyology of male and female reproductive system.

1. HORMONES SECRETED FROM
REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

2. REPRODUCTIVE HORMONES
Male and female’s anatomic
developments and reproductive
functions depends on some
qualifications exist in body.

3. REPRODUCTIVE HORMONS
The most important glands for
reproduction and gender are;
Pituitary gland, testis and ovary.

4. Cont…
The
 
pituitary
gland 
is
located 
at the
base of the brain,
just below the
hypothalamus.
This gland is called
as manager
gland.

5. Cont…
Because this gland hormones
secreted from this gland stimulates
other glands and regulates level of
hormones.

6. Cont…
Hormones as known female and male
hormones were known as gender
hormones.

7. Cont…
Hormones secreted from frontal lobe
of pituitery gland are;
Follucle stimulating hormone(FSH),
Luteinising hormone hormone (LH) and
Luteotropic hormone (LTH)
These hormons stimulates female’s
and male’s gonads and make them
secret their own hormons.

9. Cont…
Other hormones secreted from adult
females and males body are estrogen
and progesterone.
These two hormones are very
important for women’s reproductive
health.

10. Cont…
Sex hormones are very important for
sexual development.
Their first effect is seen before the
birth of a baby.

11. Cont…
Level of hormones starts to increase
approximately at the age of 8
This increase reaches an important
level especially in females body at the
age of 10 or 11.

12. Cont…
These hormones are needed for
reproduction of sperm in testis and
ovulation.

13. Cont…
Under the control of intensive
hormone production, secondary sex
characteristics of female and male
starts to develop.

14. Cont…
These characteristics are;
Growth of body
Hair increase in body
Growth of breast in women and
Deepening in man.

15. Cont…
Hormones are secreted from anterior
pituitary gland (called as
gonadotropic hormones) controlled by
the GNRH which secreted from
hypothalamus.

16. Cont…
Under the control of gonadotropin
hormone ovary secretes estrogen and
progesterone.
Hormones secreted from ovary
effects endometrium and controls
menstrual cycle.

17. HORMONES SECRETED FROM
PITUITARY GLAND

18. Cont…
Anterior lobe of pituitery controlled by
the hypothalamic-pituitary portal
system
This center is affected by the
enviromental factors such as severe
stress in women suppreses GnRH
secretion in women.

19. Cont…
Under severe stress, women may
have amenorrhea and infertility
problem.

20. Cont…
For continuation of hormones
secreted from reproductive system
function of hypothalamus, anterior
lobe of pituitary and ovary should
work regular.

21. FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE
(FSH)

22. FSH
In female body it helps formation of
epitel of tubili concorsi seminiferous
and spermatogenesis
With starting of puberty FSH affects
growth and development of primary
follicles in the overy.

23. FSH
The FSH hormone ensures the
maturation and development of egg
cells in the ovary.
Another function of FSH is secretions
of estrogen.

24. FSH
In every cycle under the control of
FSH many primary follicle develop
and grow up but only one follicle has
ability of ovulation.

25. FSH
Other follicles are regenerated at the
different stage of their development.

26. FSH
FSH is not a permanently secreted
hormon.
Its amount depends on level of
estrojen secreted from the developed
follicle
An increase seen in the secretion of
estrojen result in a decrease in
FSH(This is called negative feed back).

27. Cont…
In the first day of menstrual cycle,
level of FSH is high, level of estrogen
is low.

28. FSH
At 14. days of cycle level of estrogen
is high, level of FSH is low.
At 25. days of cycle, FSH starts to
increase for the formation of a new
cycle.

32. FSH
FSH also secreted in males body and
stimulates cells of testis and
formation of sperms.

33. LUTEINISING HORMONE

This hormon is called interstisiyel sell
stimulating hormon in men(ICSH)
It is secreted from the testis’s
interstisiyel cells for production of
testesteron
In women’s body with FSH it has a
role in ovulation and formation of
corpus luteum.

34. Cont…
LH helps crack of follicle containing ovum
and this is called ovulation.

35. Cont…
After the ovulation, LH helps formation
of corpus luteum and secretion of
progesterone.

36. LUTEOTROPIC HORMONE (LTH)

37. LUTEOTROPIC HORMONE(LTH)
Luteotropic hormone as called
Prolactine
Prolactine and estrojen hormons,
have an effect on growth of breasts
and prepares breasts for milk
production
After the birth of baby with sucking of
breast secretion of milk starts.

38. LUTEOTROPIC HORMONE(LTH)
During the lactation amount of
prolactin increases and secretion of
FSH suppressed
This change results in suppression of
menstruation
For this reason during the lactation
process menstruation ends.

39. TESTOSTERONE

40. TESTOSTERONE
Testosterone secretion starts second
month of embryonic life
It affects ıntrauterin development of
male reproductive system.

41. TESTOSTERONE
An increase has seen between 11-13
ages of male body
Amount of testosterone starts to
decrease after 40 ages
After 80 years %20 of hormone level
last in male body

42. TESTOSTERONE
It is secreted from the testis in male
body
In female body secretion occurs in
overy
In adolescent male it enable
development of seconder sex
charecteristics

43. FUNCTIONS OF TESTOSTERONE

44. FUNCTIONS OF
TESTOSTERONE
Development of
penis and scrotum
Male type hair in
body
Deepening
Storage of protein
in muscles
Storage of calcium
in bones

45. TESTOSTERONE
Increases metabolic rate
Increases number of red blood cells
Has positive effect on cardiovascular
health
Decrease amount of this hormone in
body result in Alzheimer disease

46. ESTROGEN

47. ESTROGEN
Estrogens, have an important role in
menstrual cycle
This hormone is secreted from both in
man’s and women’s body.

48. ESTROGEN
Three main estrogen is found in
women’s body
These are;estradiol, estriol and
estrone.
Main estrogen is estradiol secreted
between menarche and menopause.

49. FUNCTIONS OF ESTROGEN
Development of
primary and
secondary sex
characteristics.

50. FUNCTIONS OF ESTROGEN
Growth of breasts in puberty,
Hair in pubic and axillary area,
Storage of fat in buttocks.

51. FUNCTIONS OF ESTROGEN
Development of genital organs in
puberty
Increased vascularisation during
pregnancy
Atrophy after menopause due to
decrease of hormone level

52. FUNCTIONS OF ESTROGEN
During the endometrial cycle
estrogen controls secretory and
proliferative phases.

53. FUNCTIONS OF ESTROGEN
Increases number of epitel cells in
vagina and glycogen level of cells.
Increases in glycogen level results in
increasing number of doderline bascılus
Doderline bascilus turns glycogen to
lactic ascide and this results in
decreasing PH level of vagina and
prevents infections.

54. FUNCTIONS OF ESTROGEN
Increases breasts and breast chanell
system
Affects bone metabolism and
increases growth of bone
Regulates blood cholesterol level

55. PROGESTERONE
Secterted in normal cycle from corpus
luteum
During the second phase of cycle and
secretuar phase of endometrium
regulates biocemical and
morphological changes
In pregnancy prevents desquamation
of endometrium

56. PROGESTERONE
Under the effect
of progesterone
cervical glands
secrete a mucus
 With the effect of
cervical mucus
transmission of
sperms blocked.

57. PROGESTERONE
Another effects;
Development of breasts
Effects Hypotalamus and pituitery
glands with negative feedback
Effects LH with negative feedback
Increases basal body tempurature
and with this effect it is used for
determination of ovulation.

58. PROGESTERONE
Relaxes the uterus during pregnancy
Increases breath with stimulating
respiratory center.

59. PROSTAGLANDINS

60. PROSTAGLANDINS
Prostaglandins have found in several
tissue in the body (PGE ve PGF)
They are secreted from vesicle
seminalis and seminal fluid
Amount of prostaglandins are more in
man body than women

61. PROSTAGLANDINS
Prostaglandins secreted from
endometrium increases mobility of
uterus
Prostaglandins are used for abortus
because of their contractive effects on
uterus.

62. Cont…
Prostaglandins is found in seminal
fluid increases uterus motility during
coitus and helps sperms to reach
tubes.

63. CYCLE OF REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

64. CYCLE OF REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
Change in reproductive hormones
every month are described menstrual
cycle.

65. REPRODUCTIVE CYCLE
For continuation of reproductive
functions some changes seen in
reproductive organs should be regular
All these changes are called
reproductive cycle

66. Cont…
A cycle is accepted from the first day
of a cycle to another cycle’s first day
A cycle aproximately lasts 28 days
and between 21-35
A menstrual bleeding lasting
aproximatly 4 days and between 2-7
days is accepted normal.

67. Cont…
During the birth of a girl, ovary
contain 500.000 primary
follicle(containing oocyte I)
Before the puberty follicles are not
active, after the age of 8 follicles start
to respond FSH.

68. Cont…
With the puberty amount of estrogen
secreted from the primary follicle
increases.

69. FOLLICULAR PHASE
Follicular phase approximately lasts 12-
14 days
At the end of the endometrial phase
under the effect of estrogen many
new follicles starts to develop
Mature follicles secrete estrogen

70. FOLLICULAR PHASE
Around the follicle
two cells develop
Outer layer is
called theca
externa, inner
layer is called
theca interna.

71. Cont…
Close to ovulation vascularisation in
Theca interna increases under the
control of estrogen.

72. Cont…
Oosit I in the follicule starts to grow,
miosis I occur and after the
occurance of miosis I this new
structor is called as oosit II
As a membrain, zona pellucida covers
oosit I
Thus as new developed follicle is
named Graft or vesicular follicle.

73. OVULATION

74. OVULATION
In the graft follicle with the effect of
pressure of follıcler fluid and outer
pressure of theca interna a crack
occur
With folicule cells and folicler fluid
Oosit II is throwed from the ovary
This is called ovulation

77. OVULATION
Ovulation occurs approximately 12-
14. days of menstrual period
During the ovulation estrogen level is
maximum
For that reason FSH is suppressed,
LH is stimulated

78. Cont…
Oocyte II which is thrown from the
ovary has meiosis I and contain 23
chromosomes.

79. LUTEAL PHASE
After the ovulation at first three days
(14-17) cholesterol storage occur in
the follicle
For that reason this structor is called
as corpus luteum
After ovulation from the corpus
luteum more progesterone, less
estrojen is secreted.

80. Cont…
Progesterone persist only cycles
which ovulation has occurred.

81. Cont…
Level of estrogen vs progesterone
decreases
After the end of hormone secretion
menstruation occurs.

82. Cont…
If ovum is fertilized, life of corpus
luteum controlled by chorionic
gonadotropic hormones which
secreted from the trophoblasts.

83. Cont…
Corpus Luteum continues to grow in
the first trimester of pregnancy and
secrets the necessary hormones for
the continuation of the endometrium.

84. Cont…
After formation of plasenta, plasenta
starts to secret hormons instead of
corpus luteum.

85. LUTEAL PHASE

86. LUTEAL PHASE
The luteal phase occurs during the
second half of the menstrual cycle,
after
 
ovulation 
has occurred.
It starts after ovulation, on day 15 of
cycle.

87. LUTEAL PHASE
Luteal phase lasts after 13-15 days of
ovulation
If an ovulation phase last less than
12 days it is accepted abnormal.

88. LUTEAL PHASE
The corpus luteum secretes
progesterone and estrogen that cause
the uterine lining, or endometrium, to
thicken and be able to nourish a
fertilized egg.

89. LUTEAL PHASE
When sperm
fertilizes an egg,
embryo implants
in the uterus
several days after
ovulation.

90. LUTEAL PHASE
The early embryo begins to make
human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG),
which maintains the corpus luteum
and progesterone production.
The corpus luteum will sustain the
uterine lining and pregnancy until the
placenta develops.

91. ENDOMETRIAL PHASE

92. ENDOMETRIAL PHASE
Endometrium has
three layer;
Zona basalis
Zona spongiosa
and
Zona compacta.

93. Cont…
Zona Basalis close to myometrium
and sensitive to hormonal changes
Zona spongiosa contains endometrial
glands and reflects to hormones.

94. Cont…
Zona compacta contain 1/3 of
endometrium
Shaped during the 14-28. days of
menstrual cycle
Monthly changes occur in this layer

95. Cont…
Basal layer has a role of
reconstruction of endometrium.

96. Cont…
Endometrial cycle has three phase;
Proliferative phase
Secretory phase
Menstrual phase(first day of
menstruation is first day of menstrual
phase)

97. Cont…
After
menstruation
functional layer of
uterus formatted
from basal layer
The hormone that
provides this
structuring is
estrogen.

98. Cont…
Proliferative phase of endometrium is
under the control of ovarian cycle
 Estrogen secreted from the ovary
proliferative endometrium

99. Cont…
Proliferation of endometrium continue
until ovulation
At the same time glands in zona
spongiosa becomes longer and their
vascularisation increase.

100. SECRETUAR PHASE

101. SECRETUAR PHASE
After ovulation under the effect of
progesterone secreted from corpus
luteum tickening seen in
endometrium
Secretion starts in the endometrial
glands for need of fertilized ovum
For this reason this phase is called
secretuar phase

102. SECRETUAR PHASE
Secretuar phase is controlled by
luteal phase of ovarian cycle
During secretory phase endometrium
is ready for implantation of fertilized
ovum.

103. SECRETUAR PHASE
After ovulation in 24-48 hours
fertilization occur
If fertilization does not occur
regression of corpus luteum is seen
Decrease seen in the level of estrojen
ve progesterone
Regresstion and ischemia seen in
functional layer of endometrium

104. SECRETUAR PHASE
Last day of secretuar phase is named
ischemic phase
Endometrium is ready for
menstruation
This phase is called premenstrual
phase and lasts 14 days after the
ovulation

105. OVULATUAR CYCLE

106. MENSTRUAL PHASE
Hormones cannot
be secreted after
degeneration of
corpus luteum
 Regression of
endometrıum
starts and
menstruatıon is
seen.

107. MENSTRUAL PHASE
With the decrease of Estrojen and
progesterone level, spasm seen in
uterus artery
Blood flow to the functional layer of
uterus decreases and ischemia occurs
As a result of ischemia, cells die,
necrosis and bleeding is seen and this
bleeding is called menstruation.

108. THANK YOU