Physical Development in Infancy and early childhood.pptx

Principles of development

1. Name of the School: School of Liberal Education Course Code: K1PM107T Course Name: Life Span Human Development Topic: Physical Development in Infancy Faculty Name: DR. ALKA PANDEY Program Name: M .A. 1 ST year

2. Physical Development in Infancy It refers to the development of body structure and its components . It includes height, weight, skeleton, muscles, bones, teeth and body proportions . Principles of physical development : Physical development follows the principles of growth and development; cephalocaudal . (Physical growth occurs downward from top to the bottom of body . Ex. Infant gains control over head movements first and then trunk later leg movements) and proximodistal ( The control of movements proceeds from central areas of body to outer or peripheral areas . For example, infants gain control over their trunk, then arm movements, hand movements and finally finger movements. Likewise they gain control over leg, foot finally toe movements)

3. Physical Development in Infancy Note: The process of physical development is not uniform throughout the human life span. Certain aspects of physical growth are at a faster rate while others may grow very slowly. There are major sex differences in growth pattern between boys and girls. This variation in growth and development gives rise to a specific body structure for boys and girls. There are individual variations in physical growth. These may be due to heredity or environment.

4. C Component of Physical Growth and Development in Infancy Weight : The average birth weight of an Indian Infant is 2.8 to 3.0 Kgs . Initially a baby loses weight and regains it by 10 days after the birth. The weight doubles by 4 months . Later on the weight gain is less rapid. The weight triples by the end of first year . Weight gain is slow during the second year of life, due to the greater expenditure of energy in creeping, sitting and walking. Height The average height of a new born infant is about 50cms or 19-21 inch. height measures around 60cms by 6 months . By the end of second year the infant gains in height by 25 cms (i.e75-85cms). Thereafter there is an increase of 7.5cm /year until 7 years of life.

5. Components of Physical Development Development of teeth: T he time of eruption of the first tooth varies and depends on heredity, nutrition and health . Girls are slightly advanced in teeth development over boys. The sequence of eruption is more important than their time of eruption, as it may lead to developmental irregularities. The first teeth to make appearance are the lower incisors around 6-8 months followed by upper incisors . The molars appear later. By one year the baby has 4-6 teeth and by second year 16 teeth .

6. Development of skeleton / body frame: it includes Bone development Muscle development Bone development : T he earliest form of bone is cartilage which is very soft, pliable structure. The cartilage gradually becomes bone through the process of ossification . (The process involves the deposition of calcium and other minerals on the surface of cartilage to make it hard and rigid. As most bones are not ossified during infancy , they are softer, more pliable and more sensitive to pressure and sudden movements. The time rate of ossification differs for various bones. Some of the bones of head and wrist ossify very early in life while others mature later. The soft spots in the skull ossify completely by 2 years.) Sex variations are seen in bone growth; girls are developmentally more advanced than boys . Components of Physical Development

7. Development of muscles : the neonate has all muscle fibres . These fibres are small in relation to the overall size of the infant. However, during infancy period the muscles grow in size, increase in length, breadth, and thickness . Muscle growth follows the cephalocaudal and proximodistal direction , that is head and neck muscles develop earlier than the muscles of trunk, arms and legs. Development of body proportions : small children differ from adults in size as well as in body proportions. After birth, the trunk and limbs of the body grow faster while head growth slows down giving rise to smaller head and longer limbs as the child grows older.

8. Motor development : It refers to the development of posture, locomotion and hand and leg skills. These are the result of bone and muscular development and maturation . Large muscle skills - leg skills , fine muscle/hand skills/finger skills are subsumed under motor development. Principles of motor development Mass to specific trend: on the performance of any activity, a g eneral coordinated action comes first, followed by the development of more specialized specific actions. Eg. In throwing a ball , the child uses first his entire body then shoulders and finally arms. Development moves from large to small muscles : the child masters his larger muscles and then the fine muscles . Hence children are able to cut paper, sew button only after they are able to sit, stand, walk, hold, lift, and reach and other gross motor activities. Cephalocaudal & proximodistal trend : development m oves from the central axis of the body to the extremities as well as from head downwards . For Instance, a child is able to lift his head within 2 months whereas it takes him one year to stand on his feet. Shoulder muscles develop prior to the finger muscles.

9. Bilateral to unilateral trend : a very young child is equally proficient with both sides of the body . As children grow older they develop a marked preference and greater efficiency in one side of the body . Develop from maximum to minimum muscular involvement : as the children grow, their muscular coordination also develops which helps them in performing a task with minimum muscular involvement. There is an order in motor development : motor development follows an orderly step by step pattern of development in any given activity. There are certain active stages that the child has to pass through. Motor development during infancy : it is one of the major tasks of infancy . The fine motor system governs the movement of hands, fingers, feet, toes, and hips . Gross motor system governs the movement of head, body, arms and legs . Even in the activity pattern, head is the first to be controlled, while control over the legs and feet, movement of walking comes last.

10. Gross Motor Skills From birth, the child attempts to move his limbs and muscles, acquires control over them. 2- 3 months The infant first gains control over head and neck, next he can move his trunk, legs and arms and control over fingers come last. By 3 months infant can raise his chest and can roll over on his trunk.

11. Around 4-5 months, the infant can reach further and grasp an object. Grasping objects is an important developmental milestone as it allows the infant to experience both the sensation of touching objects and manipulating them. By 4months the infants can sit with support By 6 months infant can sit alone and around 7-8 months he can stand with the help of furniture By 9 months an infant can walk with support Around 11 months he can stand alone Around 12 months he can walk alone and explore environment Around one and a half to two and a half years, walking skills become refined and the toddler is proficient at moving about. He can open cabinets, climb stairs , pull the table cloth, and feed himself. By 2 years, the child can run, jump and climb up steps and walk down without assistance.

12. Fine motor skills : The toddler can move things, push and pull objects, put things in containers, stretch and bend. The two primary events of infancy are locomotion ( Locomotion includes the act or the ability to move from place to place )and prehension .   Prehension includes reaching and grasping . It is one of the important achievements in infancy. It also forms the basis for a wide range of important infant/toddler skills, self help skills, block building, tracing, scribbling and so on.

13. Gross Motor Skills (Large Muscle Movements) Crawling : Moving on hands and knees. Walking : Taking steps independently. Running : Faster movement on two legs. Jumping : Lifting both feet off the ground simultaneously. Climbing : Ascending or descending stairs, playground equipment, etc. Throwing : Using arm and shoulder muscles to propel an object (e.g., a ball). Kicking : Striking an object with the foot. Balancing : Maintaining stability while standing, walking, or on one foot. Riding a Tricycle/Bicycle : Coordinating leg movements for pedaling. Swimming : Coordinated use of arms and legs in water.

14. Fine Motor Skills (Small Muscle Movements) Grasping : Holding objects with fingers or the whole hand. Pinching : Using the thumb and fingers to pick up small objects. Buttoning and Zipping : Fastening clothing using fingers. Drawing and Writing : Holding and manipulating a pencil or crayon to create shapes, letters, etc. Cutting : Using scissors to cut paper or other materials. Tying Shoelaces : Coordinating fingers to loop and knot laces. Stacking Blocks : Placing objects on top of each other with precision. Turning Pages in a Book : Using fingers to flip pages one at a time. Feeding Themselves : Using utensils like a spoon or fork. Pasting and Gluing : Using fingers to apply adhesive materials.

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